York, 158; suppressed by Wash-
ington, 159; in Philadelphia, im-
pressed by Continental army, 196;
make raids on frontier, 266; strong
in Southern States, 267; raids under
Tryon, 269.
Trent, Captain, his incompetence in
dealing with Indians and French,
i. 72.
Trenton, campaign of, i. 180-183.
Trumbull, Governor, letter of Wash-
ington to, refusing to stand for a
third term, ii. 269-271; other let-
ters, 298.
Trumbull, John, on New England
army before Boston, i. 139.
Trumbull, Jonathan, his message on
better government praised by Wash-
ington, ii. 21; letters to, 42; Wash-
ington's friendship for, 363.
Tryon, Governor, Tory leader in New
York, i. 143; his intrigues stopped
by Washington, 158, 159; conspires
to murder Washington, 160; makes
raids in Connecticut, 269.
VALLEY FORGE, Continental Army at,
i. 228-232.
Van Braam, Jacob, friend of Law-
rence Washington, trains George in
fencing, i. 65; accompanies him on
mission to French, 66.
Vergennes, requests release of As-
gill, i. 329, 330; letter of Washing-
ton to, 330; proposes to submit
disposition of a subsidy to Wash-
ington, 332.
Virginia, society in, before the Revo-
lution, i. 15-29; its entire change
since then, 15, 16; population, dis-
tribution, and numbers, 17, 18;
absence of towns, 18; and town
life, 19; trade and travel in, 19;
social classes, 20-24; slaves and
poor whites, 20; clergy, 21; plant-
ers and their estates, 22; their life,
22; education, 23; habits of gov-
erning, 24; luxury and extrava-
gance, 25; apparent wealth, 26;
agreeableness of life, 27; aristo-
cratic ideals, 28; vigor of stock, 29;
unwilling to fight French, 71; quar-
rels with Dinwiddie, 71; thanks
Washington after his French cam-
paign, 79; terrified at Braddock's
defeat, 88; gives Washington com-
mand, 89; fails to support him, 89,
90, 93; bad economic conditions in,
104, 105; local government in, 117;
condemns Stamp Act, 119; adopts
non-importation, 121; condemns
Boston Port Bill, 123; asks opinion
of counties, 124; chooses dele-
gates to a congress, 127; prepares
for war, 132; British campaign in,
307, 315-318; ratifies Constitution,
ii. 40; evil effect of free trade upon,
116, 117; nullification resolutions,
266; strength of its aristocracy,
WADE, COLONEL, in command at West
Point after Arnold's flight, i. 285.
Walker, Benjamin, letter of Washing-
ton to, ii. 257.
Warren, James, letters of Washing.
ton to, i. 262, ii. 118.
Washington ancestry, i. 30-40; early
genealogical researches concerning,
30-32; pedigree finally established,
32; origin of family, 33; various
members during middle ages, 34;
on royalist side in English civil
war, 34, 36; character of family,
35; emigration to Virginia, 35, 36;
career of Washingtons in Maryland,
37; in Virginia history, 38; their
estates, 39.
Washington, Augustine, father of
George Washington, birth, i. 35;
death, 39; character, 39; his estate,
41; ridiculous part played by in
Weems's anecdotes, 44, 47.
Washington, Augustine, half brother
of George Washington, keeps him
after his father's death, i. 48.
Washington, Bushrod, refused ap-
pointment as attorney by Washing-
ton, ii. 62; educated by him, 370.
Washington, George, honors to his
memory in France, i. 1; in England,
2; grief in America, 3, 4; general
admission of his greatness, 4; its
significance, 5, 6; tributes from
England, 6; from other countries,
6, 7; yet an "unknown man, 7;
minuteness of knowledge concern-
ing, 8; has become subject of myths,
9; development of the Weems myth
about, 10, 11; necessity of a new
treatment of, 12; significant differ-
ence of real and ideal portraits of,
13; his silence regarding himself,
14; underlying traits, 14.
Early Life. Ancestry, 30-41; birth,
39; origin of Weems's anecdotes
about, 41-44; their absurdity and
evil results, 45-48; early schooling,
48; plan to send him to sea, 49, 50;
studies to be a surveyor, 51; his
rules of behavior, 52; his family
connections with Fairfaxes, 54, 55;
his friendship with Lord Fairfax,
56; surveys Fairfax's estate, 57, 58,
59; made public surveyor, 60; his
life at the time, 60, 61; influenced
by Fairfax's cultivation, 62; goes
to West Indies with his brother, 62;
has the small-pox, 63; observations
on the voyage, 63, 64; returns to
Virginia, 64; becomes guardian of
his brother's daughter, 64.
Service against the French and
Indians. Receives military train-
ing, 65; a military appointment, 66;
goes on expedition to treat with
French, 66; meets Indians, 67;
deals with French, 67; dangers of
journey, 68; his impersonal ac-
count, 69, 70; appointed to com-
mand force against French, 71, 72;
his anger at neglect of Virginia As-
sembly, 73; attacks and defeats
force of Jumonville, 74; called mur-
derer by the French, 74; surrounded
by French at Great Meadows, 76;
surrenders, 76; recklessness of his
expedition, 77, 78; effect of ex-
perience upon, 79; gains a Euro-
pean notoriety, 79; thanked by
Virginia, 79; protests against Din-
widdie's organization of soldiers,
80; refuses to serve when ranked
by British officers, 81; accepts posi-
tion on Braddock's staff, 82; his
treatment there, 82; advises Brad-
dock, 84; rebuked for warning
against surprise, 85; his bravery in
the battle, 86; conducts retreat, 86,
87; effect of experience on him, 87;
declines to solicit command of Vir-
ginia troops, 88; accepts it when
offered, 88; his difficulties with As-
sembly, 89; and with troops, 90;
settles question of rank, 91; writes
freely in criticism of government,
91, 92; retires for rest to Mt.
Vernon, 93; offers services to Gen-
eral Forbes, 93; irritated at slow-
ness of English, 93, 94; his love
affairs, 95, 96; journey to Boston,
97-101; at festivities in New York
and Philadelphia, 99; meets Martha
Custis, 101; his wedding, 101, 102;
elected to House of Burgesses, 102;
confused at being thanked by As-
sembly, 102; his local position, 103;
tries to farm his estate, 104; his
management of slaves, 105, 106, 108,
109; cares for interests of old sol-
diers, 109; rebukes a coward, 110;
cares for education of stepson, 111;
his furnishing of house, 112; hunt-
ing habits, 113-115; punishes a
poacher, 116; participates in colo-
nial and local government, 117;
enters into society, 117, 118.
Congressional delegate from Vir-
ginia. His influence in Assembly,
119; discusses Stamp Act with
Mason, 119; foresees result to be
independence, 119; rejoices at its
repeal, but notes Declaratory Act,
120; ready to use force to defend
colonial rights, 120; presents non-
importation resolutions to Bur-
gesses, 121; abstains from English
products, 121; notes ominous move-
ments among Indians, 122; on good
terms with royal governors, 122,
123; observes fast on account of
Boston Port Bill, 123; has contro-
versy with Bryan Fairfax over Par-
liamentary policy, 124, 125, 126;
presides at Fairfax County meeting,
126; declares himself ready for ac-
tion, 126; at convention of counties,
offers to march to relief of Boston,
127; elected to Continental Con-
gress, 127; his journey, 128; silent
in Congress, 129; writes to a Brit-
ish officer that independence is not
desired, but war is certain, 130, 131;
returns to Virginia, 132; aids in
military preparations, 132; his opin-
ion after Concord, 133; at second
Continental Congress, wears uni-
form, 134; made commander-in-
chief, 134; his modesty and courage
in accepting position, 134, 135; po-
litical motives for his choice, 135;
his popularity, 136; his journey to
Boston, 136, 137; receives news of
Bunker Hill, 136; is received by
Massachusetts Provincial Assembly,
Commander of the Army.
command at Cambridge, 137; his
impression upon people, 137, 138,
139; begins reorganization of army,
139; secures number of troops, 140;
enforces discipline, his difficulties,
140, 141; forced to lead Congress,
142; to arrange rank of officers,
142; organizes privateers, 142; dis-
covers lack of powder, 143; plans
campaigns in Canada and elsewhere,
143, 144; his plans of attack on
Boston overruled by council of war,
144; writes to Gage urging that
captives be treated as prisoners of
war, 145; skill of his letter, 146;
retorts to Gage's reply, 147; con-
tinues dispute with Howe, 148; an-
noyed by insufficiency of provisions,
149; and by desertions, 149; stops
quarrel between Virginia and Mar-
blehead soldiers, 149; suggests ad-
miralty committees, 150; annoyed
by army contractors, 150; and crit-
icism, 151; letter to Joseph Reed,
151; occupies Dorchester Heights,
152; begins to like New England
men better, 152; rejoices at pro-
spect of a fight, 153; departure of
British due to his leadership, 154;
sends troops immediately to New
York, 155; enters Boston, 156; ex-
pects a hard war, 156; urges upon
Congress the necessity of preparing
for a long struggle, 156; his grow-
ing hatred of Tories, 156, 157; goes
to New York, 157, 158; difficulties
of the situation, 158; suppresses
Tories, 159; urges Congress to de-
clare independence, 159, 160; dis-
covers and punishes a conspiracy to
assassinate, 160; insists on his title
in correspondence with Howe, 161;
justice of his position, 162; quiets
sectional jealousies in army, 162;
his military inferiority to British,
163; obliged by political considera-
tions to attempt defense of New
York, 163, 164; assumes command
on Long Island, 164; sees defeat of
his troops, 165; sees plan of British
fleet to cut off retreat, 166; secures
retreat of army, 167; explains his
policy of avoiding a pitched battle,
167; anger at flight of militia at
Kip's Bay, 168; again secures safe
retreat, 169; secures slight advan-
tage in a skirmish, 170; continues
to urge Congress to action, 170, 171;
success of his letters in securing a
permanent army, 171; surprised by
advance of British fleet, 172; moves
to White Plains, 173; blocks Brit-
ish advance, 174; advises abandon-
ment of American forts, 174; blames
himself for their capture, 175; leads
diminishing army through New Jer-
sey, 175; makes vain appeals for
aid, 176; resolves to take the offen-
sive, 177; desperateness of his situ-
ation, 178; pledges his estate and
private fortune to raise men, 179;
orders disregarded by officers, 180;
crosses Delaware and captures Hes-
sians, 180, 181; has difficulty in re-
taining soldiers, 181; repulses Corn-
wallis at Assunpink, 181; outwits
Cornwallis and wins battle at Prince-
ton, 182; excellence of his strategy,
183; effect of this campaign in sav-
ing Revolution, 183, 184; withdraws
to Morristown, 185; fluctuations in
size of army, 186; his determina-
tion to keep the field, 186, 187; crit-
icised by Congress for not fighting,
187; hampered by Congressional
interference, 188; issues proclama-
tion requiring oath of allegiance,
188; attacked in Congress for so
doing, 189; annoyed by Congres-
sional alterations of rank, 189; and
by foreign military adventurers,
191; value of his services in sup-
pressing them, 192; his American
feelings, 191, 193; warns Congress
in vain that Howe means to attack
Philadelphia, 193; baffles Howe's
advance across New Jersey, 195;
learning of his sailing, marches to
defend Philadelphia, 195; offers bat-
tle at Brandywine, 196, 197; out-
generaled and beaten, 197; rallies
army and prepares to fight again,
198; prevented by storm, 199; at-
tacks British at Germantown, 199;
defeated, 200; exposes himself in
battle, 200; real success of his ac-
tion, 201; despised by English, 202;
foresees danger of Burgoyne's in-
vasion, 203; sends instructions to
Schuyler, 204; urges use of New
England and New York militia, 304;
dreads northern advance of Howe,
205; determines to hold him at all
hazards, 206, 207; not cast down by
loss of Ticonderoga, 207; urges
New England to rise, 208; sends all
possible troops, 208; refuses to ap-
point a commander for Northern
army, 208; his probable reasons,
209; continues to send suggestions,
210; slighted by Gates after Bur-
goyne's surrender, 211; rise of op-
position in Congress, 212; arouses
ill-feeling by his frankness, 212,
213; distrusted by Samuel and John
Adams, 214; by others, 214, 215;
formation of a plan to supplant him
by Gates, 215; opposed by Gates,
Mifflin, and Conway, 215, 216;
angers Conway by preventing his
increase in rank, 216; is refused
troops by Gates, 217; defends and
loses Delaware forts, 217; refuses
to attack Howe, 218; propriety of
his action, 219; becomes aware of
cabal, 220; alarms them by showing
extent of his knowledge, 221; at-
tacked bitterly in Congress, 222;
insulted by Gates, 223; refuses to
resign, 224; refuses to notice cabal
publicly, 224; complains privately
of slight support from Pennsylvania,
225; continues to push Gates for
explanations, 226; regains complete
control after collapse of cabal, 226,
227; withdraws to Valley Forge, 227;
desperation of his situation, 228;
criticised by Pennsylvania legisla-
ture for going into winter quarters,
229; his bitter reply, 229; his un-
bending resolution, 230; continues
to urge improvements in army or-
ganization, 231; manages to hold
army together, 232; sends Lafay-
ette to watch Philadelphia, 233;
determines to fight, 234; checked
by Lee, 234; pursues Clinton, 235;
orders Lee to attack British rear-
guard, 235; discovers his force re-
treating, 236; rebukes Lee and
punishes him, 236, 237; takes com-
mand and stops retreat, 237; re-
pulses British and assumes offen-
sive, 238; success due to his work
at Valley Forge, 239; celebrates
French alliance, 241; has to con-
front difficulty of managing allies,
241, 242; welcomes D'Estaing, 243;
obliged to quiet recrimination after
Newport failure, 244; his letter to
Sullivan, 244; to Lafayette, 245; to
D'Estaing, 246; tact and good effect
of his letters, 246; offers to coöpe-
rate in an attack on New York, 247;
furnishes admirable suggestions to
D'Estaing, 247; not dazzled by
French, 248; objects to giving rank
to foreign officers, 248, 249; opposes
transfer of Steuben from inspector-
ship to the line, 249; his thoroughly
American position, 250; absence of
provinciality, 251, 252; a national
leader, 252; opposes invasion of
Canada, 253; foresees danger of its
recapture by France, 254, 255; his
clear understanding of French mo-
tives, 255, 256; rejoices in condi-
tion of patriot cause, 257; foresees
ruin to army in financial troubles,
258; has to appease mutinies among
unpaid troops, 258; appeals to Con-
gress, 259; urges election of better
delegates to Congress, 259; angry
with speculators, 260, 261; futility
of his efforts, 261, 262; his increas-
ing alarm at social demoralization,
263; effect of his exertions, 264;
conceals his doubts of the French,
264; watches New York, 264; keeps
dreading an English campaign, 265;
labors with Congress to form a
navy, 266; plans expedition to chas-
tise Indians, 266; realizes that things
are at a standstill in the North, 267;
sees danger to lie in the South, but
determines to remain himself near
New York, 267; not consulted by
Congress in naming general for
Southern army, 268; plans attack
on Stony Point, 268; hatred of rav-
aging methods of British warfare,
270; again has great difficulties in
winter quarters, 270; unable to act
on offensive in the spring, 270, 272;
unable to help South, 272; advises
abandonment of Charleston, 273;
learns of arrival of French army,
274; plans a number of enterprises
with it, 275, 276; refuses, even after
loss of Charleston, to abandon Hud-
son, 276; welcomes Rochambeau,
277; writes to Congress against too
optimistic feelings, 278, 279; has
extreme difficulty in holding army
together, 280; urges French to at-
tack New York, 280; sends Mary-
land troops South after Camden,
281; arranges meeting with Ro-
chambeau at Hartford, 282; popu-
lar enthusiasm over him, 283; goes
to West Point, 284; surprised at
Arnold's absence, 284; learns of his
treachery, 284, 285; his cool be-
havior, 285; his real feelings, 286;
his conduct toward André, 287; its
justice, 287, 288; his opinion of
Arnold, 288, 289; his responsibility
in the general breakdown of the
Congress and army, 290; obliged to
quell food mutinies in army, 291,
292; difficulty of situation, 292; his
influence the salvation of army, 293;
his greatness best shown in this
way, 293; rebukes Congress, 294;
appoints Greene to command South-
ern army, 295; sends Knox to con-
fer with state governors, 296; se-
cures temporary relief for army,
296; sees the real defect is in weak
government, 296; urges adoption |
of Articles of Confederation, 297;
works for improvements in execu-
tive, 298, 299; still keeps a Southern
movement in mind, 301; unable to
do anything through lack of naval
power, 303; rebukes Lund Wash-
ington for entertaining British at
Mt. Vernon, 303; still unable to
fight, 304; tries to frighten Clinton
into remaining in New York, 305;
succeeds with aid of Rochambeau,
306; explains his plan to French
and to Congress, 306; learns of De
Grasse's approach, prepares to move
South, 306; writes to De Grasse to
meet him in Chesapeake, 308; fears
a premature peace, 308; pecuniary
difficulties, 309; absolute need of
command of sea, 310; persuades
De Barras to join De Grasse, 311;
starts on march for Chesapeake,
311; hampered by lack of supplies,
312; and by threat of Congress to
reduce army, 313; passes through
Mt. Vernon, 314; succeeds in per-
suading De Grasse not to abandon
him, 315; besieges Cornwallis, 315;
sees capture of redoubts, 316; re-
ceives surrender of Cornwallis, 317;
admirable strategy and management
of campaign, 318; his personal in-
fluence the cause of success, 318;
especially his use of the fleet,
319; his management of Cornwallis
through Lafayette, 319; his bold-
ness in transferring army away from
New York, 320; does not lose his
head over victory, 321; urges De
Grasse to repeat success against
Charleston, 322; returns north, 322;
saddened by death of Custis, 322;
continues to urge Congress to ac-
tion, 323; writes letters to the
States, 323; does not expect Eng-
lish surrender, 324; urges renewed
vigor, 324; points out that war ac-
tually continues, 325; urges not to
give up army until peace is actually
secured, 325; failure of his appeals,
326; reduced to inactivity, 326;
angered at murder of Huddy, 327;
threatens Carleton with retaliation,
328; releases Asgill at request of
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