McGrew v. Steamboat Meinotte.

the river. It appears that just below Newport there is a projection of rocks on the Virginia side, extending out some twenty-five yards, and nearly opposite these rocks, on the Ohio side, there is a deposit of logs and snags reaching out some thirty or forty yards from the shore, leaving still a navigable width of more than three hundred yards. There appears to have been nothing to hinder the Melnotte from passing down on the larboard or Virginia side of the Hornet, if her pilot had decided to take that side. In passing the Hornet, a little below Newport, and nearly opposite the rocks on the Virginia side, and the logs and snags on the Ohio side, the larboard side of the Melnotte came in contact with the starboard wing barge of the Hornet with such force as to crush in the planks, and cause it to take water rapidly, and, shortly after, to sink. This suit is prosecuted to recover compensation for the injury to the barge, the coal lost as the result of its sinking, and for the delay and expense resulting from the collision.

The theory of the libellants, on which they claim a decree in their favor, is that the Hornet with her cumbrous tow was at the point of the collision, in her right place, near the middle of the river, and pointing straight down the stream; and that the Melnotte, in passing, suddenly veered from a straight course toward the Hornet, and as a consequence of this erroneous movement, was brought in contact with the barge. On the other hand, the respondents set up in their answer, and insist that the evidence proves, that the Melnotte was in her right place, pointed straight down the river, and that the collision was caused by the improper divergence of the Hornet from her line of navigation toward the Ohio shore.

It is proper to notice here that this is not the ordinary case of a collision between two boats passing in opposite directions. Both were descending the river. And it was the undoubted right of the Melnotte, being a fast passenger boat, to get ahead of the tow-boat. But the law is well settled, that a boat astern attempting to pass one that

McGrew v. Steamboat Melnotte.

is ahead, is held to stricter vigilance and greater precaution than are required of the latter. The boat ahead is under no obligation to give way, or to change her course, to facilitate the passage of the boat which is astern. And the latter, having a choice of the time and place to pass, incurs all the risk of the attempt, and unless the forward boat is guilty of a clear error of navigation, will be responsible for all the consequences of such an attempt. 1 Abbott Ad. 108. This principle applies with greater force and stringency to a case like the present, where the boat making the attempt to pass is lightly laden, and easily controlled, and the other, from its cumbrous attachments, is moved with difficulty, and requires a good deal of time to effect a change of course. I am not to be understood, in referring to this principle, as asserting or intimating that the Hornet is not responsible for any fault of navigation which may be clearly established by the proofs, leading to the collision which occurred. It is noticed solely as justifying a more rigid rule of accountability as applicable to the Melnotte than applies to the Hornet. For, if from any cause there was difficulty or danger in passing, it was incumbent on the Melnotte to have stopped, and to have waited for a more favorable opportunity to effect her purpose.

I proceed to notice, very briefly, the general bearing and aspect of the evidence on the question, to which of these boats is the fault attributable, by which the libellants have suffered loss. It is a familiar principle of the maritime law, that to entitle them to indemnity for the whole of their loss, they must not only show that their adversary is in fault, but that in the management of their boat there was no material error, to which the collision can be charged. To sustain their claim, the evidence of the master and pilot on watch at the time of the collision, and of one of the crew stationed as a watch on the barges, has been introduced. They swear that the Hornet was in the proper place of a descending boat, pointed straight down the river, and that the Melnotte, just before the collision, veered from

McGrew v. Steamboat Melnotte.

her course toward the Hornet, and struck the wing barge, as already noticed. The phase of the occurrence thus presented by these witnesses, leaves no doubt as to which boat was in fault. And, if they are entitled to credit, there can be no hesitation in the conclusion that the respondents' boat was guilty of a palpable error, quite sufficient to charge upon her the responsibility for the damage which has been sustained. But the respondents have introduced the depositions of the pilot and carpenter of the Melnotte, and other persons who were on the boat at the time, to prove that there was no divergence from her proper line of navigation, and that the collision is wholly due to a change in the course of the Hornet, by which she was turned from her straight course downward, to the Ohio shore, and thus her starboard wing barge was brought in contact with the Melnotte.

Upon these contradictory views of the facts, the question for decision is upon the preponderance of the evidence. And, really, I can see no sufficient ground for the rejection of the testimony of the witnesses for the libellants as untrue or incredible. These witnesses were in the most favorable position to know the exact course and position of the Hornet before and when the collision occurred. They are before the court without any impeachment of their moral characters, and so far as the court can know, have testified with fairness and candor. It would require the most satisfactory opposing evidence, to justify the court in repudiating their testimony. Now, it is true, that they are contradicted by the pilot of the Melnotte, and others on that boat. The pilot swears positively that his boat was heading straight down the river when the collision occurred, and the other witnesses for the respondents state it as their belief and opinion that such was her course. It is to be remarked, however, in regard to all these witnesses, that they seem not to have been apprised of the proximity of the two boats, until they were within some twelve or fifteen feet of each other. The collision occurred almost instan

McGrew v. Steamboat Melnotte.

taneously after, and it is not strange that, from the darkness of the night, and the excitement of the occasion, they should have mistaken the position of the boats, at the moment of, and immediately after the collision.

But if there is any ground for a doubt, arising from the conflicting statements of the witnesses as to the facts connected with the collision, it is removed by the strong probabilities of the case. These directly sustain the theory of the collision, as claimed by the libellants. It is stated both by their witnesses and those testifying for the respondents, that very shortly before the collision, the Hornet was in her proper place, and pointed straight down the river. The respondents insist that she suddenly changed her course, and veered toward the Ohio side, and thus struck the Melnotte. But she could have had no possible object or motive in such a change of course; and it is exceedingly improbable, that with seven coal boats in tow, rendering it difficult to change her position from side to side, she should have diverged from the course she was pursuing. Besides, it is doubtful, if from the time she is conceded to have been in her right course, to the time of the collision, she could have changed her line of navigation so far as to have been in the position described by the respondent's witnesses, when the collision occurred. Such a movement could not have been made but with great difficulty and a considerable lapse of time. The probabilities, I think, are strongly in favor of the conclusion, that from the darkness of the night, or some other cause, the pilot of the Melnotte was apprehensive of running on the logs or snags along the Ohio shore, and to avoid this suddenly turned his boat toward the Virginia side, and thus struck the barge of the Hornet.

There is another fact which may properly be adverted to, as bearing on the question of fault. It is clear from the evidence, that the Melnotte had no sufficient lookout, preceding and at the time of the collision. The master, whose watch it was, was sick and not on duty, and there was no one on the deck as a lookout, but the carpenter of the

Western Insurance Co. v. Steamboat Goody Friends.

boat. It was no part of his duty to act in that capacity, nor is there any evidence that he was at all qualified for the duty. It has been often held by the Supreme Court of the United States, that on boats navigating the western waters, a competent and vigilant watch should be constantly employed to assist and advise the pilot in his duties; and that the absence of such a watch is prima facie evidence of fault in the boat thus deficient. 12 How. 459; 21 Id. 570; 23 Id. 293. If, in the case before the court, the question of fault was left in doubt, by reason of the conflict in the testimony as to the circumstances of the collision, the want of a competent and sufficient watch on the Melnotte furnishes legal presumption that she was in the wrong.

I am clear, therefore, in the opinion, that the Melnotte must be held responsible for the injury which has resulted from the collision, and accordingly decree against her for damages. These will embrace the value of the coal lost, the cost of repairing the barge, and the expenses of the steamboat during the time she was delayed, with interest from the time of the collision. The evidence on these points seems to be full and clear, and the decree will be for the sum proved, on the basis indicated.

(DISTRICT COURT.)

THE WESTERN INSURANCE COMPANY AND THE FIREMEN'S INSURANCE COMPANY V. STEAMBOAT GOODY FRIENDS.

By the well-established rules of navigation on the western rivers, an ascending boat has the right to indicate a preference as to her course of navigation, and having done so, the descending boat is bound to conform to her choice as indicated by her signals, unless there are circumstances rendering it improper to do so.

If there are such circumstances, it is the duty of the descending boat so to indicate that the other boat may be navigated accordingly.

It is a paramount law of navigation that a collision must be avoided when it is practicable to avoid it.