32

American Section of the Theosophical Society.

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR-NEW YORK STATE-1918 (INCLUDING SOLDIER). (The vote on pages 183 and 185 is civilian only).

Olive M. Johnson, Soc.-Labor, 5,183; Whitman, "no party," 266; blank ballots, 43,630; void, 16,892; scattering, 530; whole number of votes, 2,192,970. Smith's plurality, 14,842.

Lieutenant Governor-Walker, Dem., 965,471; Schoeneck, Rep., 930,066; Bloor, Soc., 130,206; Colvin, Proh., 48,142; Gillhaus, Soc.-Labor, 5,605.

Secretary of State-Bard, Dem., 886,306; Hugo, Rep., 1,005,426; Hughan, Soc., 134,52); McCarthy, Proh., 40,072; Moonelie, Soc.-Labor, 5,405.

State Comptroller-Coler, Dem., 909,255; Travis, Rep. and Proh., 1,007,483; Shehan, Soc., 136,680; Berns, Soc.-Labor, 5,996.

State Treasurer-Cohen, Dem., 839,777; Wells, Rep., 1,028,752; Noonan, Soc., 137,823; Humphrey, Proh., 44,606; Kavinsky, Soc.-Labor, 5,268.

Attorney-General-Morschauser, Dem., 878,300; Newton, Rep., 990,863; Wilcox, Soc., 136,992; Spriggs, Proh., 43,229; Donohue, Soc.-Labor, 6,929. State Engineer and Surveyor-La Du, Dem., 865,573; Williams, Rep., 991,521; Wilcox, Soc., 138,566; Passage, Proh., 40,628; Galotta, Soc.-Labor, 5,667.

Ass. Smith Whit.] Ervin
Soc.
DIST. Dem. Rep.

BROOKLYN.

VOTE FOR COVERNOR-NEW YORK CITY-1918 (INCLUDING SOLDIER). MANHATTAN. BROOKLYN-Cont. Ass. ISmith Whit. Ervin! Ass. Smith/ Whit. Ervin DIST. Dem. Rep. Soc. Soc. DIST. Dem. Rep. 21 10,072 11,470 778 22 3.107 10,779 7,891 23 4,645 3,410 2,437

10,381 8.385 666 Total 202,225 124,861) 29,459

1,035

9.770 3,140 1,773

9,832 4,195 920

3

1 8,026 4,293
250
7,044 5,066 2.597
7,010
250
1,539
9,220 3,858 1,130

6

7.135 4,377

2,830

9,072 3,1201

392

8

8,744 5,092

1

198

QUEENS. 10,959 3,017|

9 9,692

5,854

749

10

10,268 7,226

327

8,116 7.288 926

5

2,517

12

11,976 7,447

625

9,821 6,571 611

13

5,833

1.959

1.381

5,617 5,485 2,195

14 4,897

1,393

2,143] Total] 59,655] 29,729 7,145

15

9,251 2,910

517

RICHMOND.

15

8,758 7,338 1,062

8,811 3,852 8251

16

8,867 4,752

955

16

12,996 2,890 2,586 7

9,184 3,257 2,639

17

8,429 8,662

1

672

17

5,481 3,067 3,212 8 13,073 7,094

9.293 7.183

2.158

3,153

275

18

7,598 2,482

2,126

19 7,295 6,580 848 Total 78,555] 31,345] 20,222

THE ALFRED B.

1,970 Total 12,862. 6,506 619
559,278,293,516
2,016|G.To. 559,278 293,516) 86,427

NOBEL PRIZES.

1916: Literature-Verner Heidenstam, Sweden. 1917: Peace-International Red Cross of Geneva, No 1918 prize was awarded. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, with the consent of Congress in 1918, distributed his prize among charitles.

Na

AMERICAN SECTION OF THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Headquarters. Krotona. Hollywood, Los Angeles, Cal. National President-A. P. Warrington. Monal Secretary-Craig P. Garman. National Treasurer-Col. George H. Dunbar. Publicity DirectorRay M. Wardall, Seattle, Wash. Editor—Mrs. May S. Rogers.

19

5,318 2,179

20

14,582 8,377

Church Memoranda for 1919.

THE WORLD ALMANAC FOR 1919.

33

THE Astronomical calculations are given in local Mean Time, except as otherwise indicated, and were made expressly for this work by Arthur Newton.

Chronological Eras.

The year 1919 corresponds to the year 7427-28 of the Byzantine era: 5679-80 of the Jewish era, the year 5680 commencing at sunset, September 24; 2672 since the foundation of Rome, according to Varro; 2695 of the Olympiads, or the third year of the 674th Olympiad, commencing July 1; 2579 of the Japanese era and to the eighth year of the period entitled Taisho; 1337-38 of the Mohammedan era, the year 1338 beginning at sunset, September 25, 1919. The 144th year of the Independence of the United States of America begins on July 4, 1919.

Dominical Letter.
Epact...

Name.

Date of Beginning of Epochs, Eras, and Periods.

THE Roman Catholic Days of fasting are the forty days of Lent, the Ember Days, the Fridays of the four weeks in Advent, and certain vigils or evenings prior to the greater feasts, while all Fridays of the year are days of abstinence from flesh meat. In the American Episcopal Church the days or fasting or abstinence to be observed, according to the Book of Common Prayer, are the forty days of Lent, the Ember Days, the three Rogation Days, and all the Fridays of the year except Christmas Day. In the Greek Church the four principal fasts are those in Lent, the week succeeding Whitsuntide, the fortnight before the Assumption, and forty days before Christmas.

EMBER AND ROGATION DAYS.

Ember

EMBER and Rogation Days are certain periods of the year devoted to prayer and fasting. Days (twelve annually) about the beginning of the four seasons, are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the ürst Sunday in Lent, in Spring; after the feast of Pentecost (Whit Sunday), Summer; after the festival of the Holy Cross Autumn, and after the festival of St. Lucia, Winter. Ember Weeks are the weeks in which the Emoer Dare appear. Rogation Days occur on one Fes of St. Mark, April 25, and on the three days immediately preceding Ascension Day.

DIVISIONS OF TIME.

THE interval between two consecutive meridian | transits of a fixed star having no proper motion, or the interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution on its axis, is invariable. Very slightly differing from this is a Sidereal Day, which is the interval between two consecutive transits of the Vernal Equinox over any meridian. Vernal Equinox is employed in two senses: it may mean either the date when Spring commences, or else, as here, the point in the heavens occupied by the sun's centre when Spring commences. The interval between two consecutive transits of the Sun over any meridian is called an Apparent Solar Day, and its length varies from day to day by reason of the variable motion of the earth in its orbit and the inclination of this orbit to the equator on which time is measured.

A Mean Solar Day is the average or mean of all the apparent solar days in a year; it is equal to 1 day 3 minutes and 56.555 seconds, when measured in units of the Sidereal Day. Mean Solar Time is that shown by a well-regulated clock or watch, while Apparent Solar Time is that shown by a well-constructed sun-dial; the difference between the two at any time is the Equation of Time, and may amount to 16 minutes and 22 seconds. The Astronomical Day begins at noon and the Civil Day at the preceding midnight.

The interval during which the earth makes one absolute revolution round the Sun is called a Sidereal Year, and consists of 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and 9.6 seconds, which is invariable.

The Tropical Year is the interval between two consecutive returns of the Sun to the Vernal Equinox. If this were a fixed point, the Sidereal and Tropical Years would be identical; but in consequence of the disturbing influence of the Moon and planets due to the spheroidal figure of the earth, the Equinox has a slow, retrograde mean motion of 50",26 annually. so that the Sun returns to the Equinox sooner every year than he otherwise would by 20 minutes 23.6 seconds; the Tropical Year, therefore, consists of

365 days 5 hours 48 minutes and 46 seconds. The Tropical Year is not of uniform length: It is now slowly decreasing at the rate of .530 second per century, but this variation will not always continue. Julius Cæsar, in B. C. 45, was the first to reform the calendar by ordering that every year whose date number is exactly divisible by 4 contain 366 days. and all the other years 365 days. The intercalary day was introduced by counting the strt day before the Kalends of March ttce, hence the name bissextile, from bis, twice, and sex, six, He also changed the beginning of the year from the first of March to the first of January, and also changed the name of the fifth month (Quintilis) to July, after himself. The average length of the Jullan year is therefore 365 days, which, however, is too long by 11 minutes and 14 seconds, and this would accumulate in 400 years to about three days. The Julian Calendar continued in use until A. D. 1582, when the Gregorian Calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII. with the view of keeping the Equinox to the same day of the month. Of the centurial years only those which are exactly divisible by 400 thenceforward contained 366 days. The length of the mean Gregorian Year may therefore be set down at 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds, and the error will amount to one day in 3,000 years. The Gregorian Calendar was introduced into England and her colonics in 1752, at which time the Equinox had retrograded 11 days since the Coune 1 of Nice in A. D. 325, when the rule for Easter Day was established and the Equinox occurred on March 21; hence September 3, 1752, was called September 14, and at the same time the commencement of the legal year was changed from March 25 to January 1, so that the year 1751 lost the months of January and February and the first 24 days of March. The difference between the Julian and Gregorian Calendars is now 13 days. Russia and the Greek Church still employ the Julian Calendar for civil and ecclesiastical purposes.

In the Orient, the Gregorian Calendar was adopted by Japan in 1873, by the Chinese Republic in 1912, and by the Turkish Parliament in January, 1917.

STANDARD TIME.

(From a statement prepared by the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C.) THE United States adopted standard time in 1883, on the initiative of the American Railway Association, and at noon of November 18, 1883, the telegraphic time signals sent out daily from the Naval Observatory at Washington were changed to the new system, according to which the meridians of 75° 90°, 105° and 120° west from Greenwich became the time meridians of Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific standard time respectively.

Theoretically, the divisions should be half way between the above meridians, but for general convenience the ralireads change their time at the ends of railroad divisions, so that Eastern standard time is used from the Atlantic Coast to an irregular line through Buffalo, Salamanca, Pittsburgh, Wheeling, W. Va.; Holloway, Ohio; Huntington, W. Va.; Bristol, Tenn.; Norton, Va.; Asheville, N. C; Atlanta. Augusta, Ga.; Columbia, S. C.; Central Junction, Ga. Some of these cities use Eastern and some Central time, while the railroads use one time in one direction and the other time in the other direction.

The same applies to the cities on the dividing lines between the Central and Mountain divisions, the line running through Bismarck, N. Dak., South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas to El Paso; also to the cities on the dividing line between the Mountain and Pacife division, the line running through Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona.

By the Daylight Saving Act of 1918, standard time is made the legal time throughout the United States; in addition to the four time meridians already mentioned, the meridian 150° west from Greenwich is established the time meridian of standard Alaska time; authority to readjust the boundary lines between the time zones is lodged with the Interstate Commerce Commission. By the same act, the time in each of the five zones is advanced one hour from March to October.

For Time Difference table see Index.

Almost all countries throughout the world use standard time based on the meridians 15° apart from Greenwich, while some use standard time based on the longitude of their national observatories.

Mohammedan Calendar, 1919.

THE ANCIENT AND MODERN YEAR.

35

THE Athenians began the year in June, the Macedonians in September, the Romans arst in March and afterward in January, the Persians on August 11, the ancient Mexicans on February 23, the Mohammedans in July. The Chinese year, which begins late in January or early in February, is similar to the Mohammedan in having 12 months of 29 and 30 days aternately; but in every nineteen years there are seven years which have 13 months. This is not quite correct, and the Chinese have therefore formed a cycle of 60 years, in which period 22 intercalary months occur.

Ritualistic Calendar.

COLORS FOR THE ALTAR IN USE IN RITUALISTIC EPISCOPAL CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. White-From the First Service (First Vespers) of Christmas Day-to the Octave of Epiphany, inclusive (except on the Feasts of Martyrs); on Maundy Thursday (for the celebration); from the First Service of Easter Day to the Vigil of Pentecost (except on Feasts of Martyrs and Rogation Days); on Trinity Sunday, Conversion of St. Paul, Purification, Annunciation,. St. John Baptist, St. Michael, St. Luke, All Saints, Saints who are not Martyrs, and Patron Saints (Transfiguration and Dedication of Church).

Red-From First Vespers of Pentecost to the First Vespers of Trinity Sunday (which includes Ember Days): Holy Innocents (If on a Sunday), and Feasts of all Martyrs.

Violet-From Septuagesima to Maundy Thursday (Easter Eve); Advent Sunday to Christmas Eve; Vigils, Ember Days except in Whitsun Week), and Rogation Days; Holy Innocents (unless on Sunday). Black-Good Friday and at funerals. Green-All other days.

These regulations as to colors are general. A more minute code changing with each year is published in the church almanacs.

The year 5679 is an embolismic imperfect year of 383 days; the year 5680 is an ordinary common year of 354 days.

36

Old English Holidays.

TIME DIFFERENCE.

TWELVE O'CLOCK NOON UNITED STATES STANDARD EASTERN TIME AS COMPARED WITH THE CLOCKS IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES:

* At places marked the time noted is in the morning of the FOLLOWING day. For cities situated in countries where "SUMMER" time has not been adopted, one hour must be subtracted from the time given in the above table, during the Spring and Summer months. (See statement below). “EASTERN” time includes: New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Norfolk, Charleston, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Montreal, Quebec. Ottawa. Toronto, etc. "CENTRAL," which is one hour slower than Eastern time, includes: Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Detroit, New Orleans, Memphis, Savannah, Pensacola. Winnipeg, etc.

“MOUNTAIN," which is two hours slower than Eastern time, includes: Denver, Leadville, Colorado Springs, Helena, Regina (N. W. T.), etc. "PACIFIC," which is three hours slower than Eastern time, includes: San Francisco, Portland (Oregon), Victoria, Vancouver, Tacoma, Seattle, etc.

By the law of the State of Ohio, which the Legislature recently refused to change, Central time is the legal time in all of that State. The trunk line railways at Cleveland, with the exception of the Erie, use Central time. There is a city ordinance which names Eastern time as the city time, but as above stated, it is at variance with the State law. Detroit has likewise adopted Eastern time.

DAYLIGHT THE movement known by this name proposed "to set the clock ahead" one hour in the Summer months, or to be more exact, from May 1 to October 1; the idea being to substitute an hour of sunlight at one end of the day for an hour of artificial light at the other.

The father of the movement was an Englishman, William Willett, who in 1907 published a booklet on the "Waste of Daylight." In 1908 a Daylight Saving bill was introduced in the House of Commons but failed of passage. The measure was opposed on the ground of being needless, deceptive and confusing.

On April 6, 1916, the German Federal Council passed a measure providing that on May 1, 1916, all clocks should be set ahead one hour. The measure was adopted for hygienic and economic reasons. Within three months twelve European countries had followed the lead of Germany and "Summer Time" was in use in Germany, Holland, Austria, Turkey, England, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal. Noya Scotia had the honor of introducing the new order in the New World.

Practically no confusion resulted; everything went on as before, people doing exactly the same things at the same hour o'clock, but in reality the whole routine of life had been brought one hour nearer sunrise. The scheme had brought about

SAVING.

in the simplest way a vital change affecting millions. A simple "twist of the wrist" had given these nations their place in the sun.

So gratifying was the experience of 1916, that the scheme was again put in operation in the Spring of 1917, but at a much earlier date; in France the change was made on Saturday midnight, March 24.

The world-wide interest felt in the matter was further shown in 1917, when Australia and Iceland adopted daylight saving.

In England, where the change was avowedly a war measure and not designed to outlast the war, a prime consideration was the conserving of the coal supply for naval and military uses. Also, It is estimated that the British people are saving $12,000,000 on gas and electric light bills in a single season. The American friends of the measure have the United States would amount to no less a sum contended that the annual conservation of coal in than $40,000,000.

On March 16, 1918, the Congress of the United States passed and on March 19, 1918, President Wilson approved the Daylight Saving Act, under the terms of which standard time throughout the United States and Alaska is advanced one hour for the period in each year beginning at 2 A. M. on the last Sunday of March and ending at 2 A. M. on the last Sunday of October.

OLD ENGLISH HOLIDAYS.

THESE holidays, with their names, had their origin in medieval England when the state religion was that of the Church of Rome, and they are still observed generally or in some parts of Britain.

JANUARY 6. TWELFTH DAY, or Twelfth-tide, sometimes called Old Christmas Day, the same as Epiphany. The previous evening is Twelfth Night, with which many social rites have long been connected.

*FEBRUARY 2. CANDLEMAS: Festival of the Purification of the Virgin. Consecration of the lighted candles to be used in the church during the year.

FEBRUARY 14. OLD CANDLEMAS: St. Valentine's Day. MARCH 25. LADY DAY: Annunciation of the Virgin. April 6 is old Lady Day.

JUNE 24. MIDSUMMER DAY: Feast of the Nativity of John the Baptist. July 7 is old Midsummer Day. JULY 15. ST. SWITHIN'S DAY. There was an old superstition that if rain fell on this day it would continue forty days.

AUGUST 1. LAMMAS DAY. Originally in England the festival of the wheat harvest. In the Church the festival of St. Peter's miraculous deliverance from prison. Old Lammas Day is August 13.

SEPTEMBER 29. MICHAELMAS: Feast of St. Michael, the Archangel. Old Michaelmas is October 11. NOVEMBER 1. ALL-HALLOWMAS: All-hallows, or All Saints' Day. The previous evening is All-ballowe'en, observed by home gatherings and old-time festive rites.

NOVEMBER 2. ALL SOULS' DAY: Day of prayer for the souls of the dead.

NOVEMBER 11. MARTINMAS: Feast of St. Martin. Old Martinmas is November 23.

DECEMBER 28. CHILDERMAS: Holy Innocents' Day Lady Day, Midsummer Day, Michaelmas and Christinas are quarter (rent) days in England, and Whitsunday, Martinmas, Candlemas and Lammas Day in Scotland.

Shrove Tuesday, the day before Ash Wednesday, and Maundy Thursday, the day before Good Friday, are observed by the Church. Mothering Sunday is Mid-Lent Sunday, in which the old rural custom obtains of visiting one's parents and making them presents.

* Also known as "Groundhog Day."