Production of Alcoholic Beverages in the U. S-1896-1917. 237

WHAT AMERICANS DRINK.

ISOURCE-The production of domestic wines has been estimated by the Department of Agriculture. by J. W. Schopp of Bonfortis Wine and Spirit Circular (Inc.), New York, and others. The production of domestic spirituous and malt liquors has been derived from the reports of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The table does not include for any year withdrawals of distilled spirits for scientific purposes and for use of the United States, or since 1906 withdrawals for denaturation, free of tax. For 1916 these amounts were 2,745,790 and 84,532,233 tax gallons, respectively.]

Foreign
Spirits.

Proof Gals.

5,065,390

6,064,393

1,405,510

1,643,416

1,530,376

2,230,711

3,721,138

3,059,588

1,323,579
1,480.259 88,960,330 1,348,097
1,440,810 67,743,431 1,541,504
1.146,131
1,411,448 79,266,860 915,985
84,739,631 1,387,593
94,265,035 1,705,468 26,242,492
100,004,878 1,941,189
1,403,204 104,140,707 2,182,230
1,515,072 113,715,776 2,439,106 32,634,293 5,604,525
1,637,331 116,794,496 2,655,560 37,538,799 5,772,418
1,595,021 116,544,802 2,729,826 29,369,408 5,690,309
1,781,643 122,961,612 3,108,328 39,847,044 6,638,179
1,993,688 134,308,693 3,782,055 50,079,283 7,659,565
1.670.031 119,951,185 3,758,098 44,421,269 7,700,377
1,850,700 114,913,702 4,365,634 53,609,995 8,169,554
2,204,184 126,593,951 4,340,549 50.684.343 9,863.735
2,434,045 132,315,123 3,836,821 56,655.006 7,204,226 1,959,671.296
2,449,331 133,502,079 3,544,921 50,619,880 5.804.831 1,925,361,507 7,169,677
2,801,767 140,521,880 4121.981 48,683,849 6,643,612 2,022,678,149 7,669,223
2,704,752 136,521,805 4,220,670 44.973.643 7,444,787
2,516,054 121,690,596 2.952.448 27,255,690
2,984,743 133,267,803
3.668,669 161,012,068

Consumption per capita in gallons: Distilled spirits (1850) 2.24; (1900) 1.28; (1917) 1.60. Wines, (1850) 0.27; (1900) 0.39; (1917) 0.41. Malt liquors (1850) 1.58; (1900) 16.09; (1917) 17.94. Total for all kinds (1850) 4.08; (1900) 17.76; (1917) 19.95.

According to Section 3,249, United States Revised Statutes, "proof spirits shall be held to be that alcoholic liquor which contains one-half its volume of alcohol of a specific gravity of 0.7939 at 60° Fahrenhelt." The official gallon prescribed is one containing 231 cubic inches, or 58,372.2 grains, equal to 8.3369 pounds of distilled water at its maximum density, weighed in air of temperature of 62° Fahrenheit and barometric pressure of 30 inches. The taxable gallon differs from the proof gallon by reason of the fact that in computing taxable gallons under Section 3.251. Revised Statutes, all fractional parts of a gallon less than one-tenth are excluded,

PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN THE U. S.-1896-1918.

Rum. Gin.

Pure,
Neutral,

Beer &

Other

or

Cologne
Spirits.

Miscel- Fruit laneous. Brandy.

Tax.
Gallons Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons.
16,935,862 19,153,066 9,960,301 1,490,228 1,098,376
6,113,726 4,269,220 9,503,353 1,294,157 1,159,314
13,439.459 8,818,240 11,672,795 1,340.547 1,267,579)
17,256,331 10,792,565 11,974,354 1,194,379 1,266,823
19,411,829 14,296,568 10,735,771 1,614,514 1,597,081
26,209,804 18,263,709 10,775,117 1,724,582 1,636,299
26,209,804|18,263,709
20,336,250 21,587,221 11,483,305 2,202,047 1,752,281
26,068,555 22,407,053 12,034,127 2.247,907 1,913,404
20,247,089 18,371,345 11,486,082) 1,801,179 2,110,216)
26,742,168 20,410,422|11,610,799 1,791,987 2,187,709
24,965,943 21,469,720 11,173,614 1,730,102] 2.323,289)
33,090,791 23,550,196 16,123,379 2,022,407 2,947,688
14,120,484 13.587,868 16,849,154 1,895,922) 2,756,753)
Whiskey.

Rum.

Gin.

Tax. Gals. Tar. Gals, | Tax. Gals.

High
Wines.

Fermented Liquors. Tax. Bòls. of Gallons. Gallons, Gallons. Gallons.|31 Gals. 198.299 25,564,738 22,187,833 3,403,852 34,462,822 206,739 16,877,306|23,041,833) 1,813,427 174,124 20,613,205 23,436,264 2,906,198 37,529,339 420,833 25,876,229 27,983,051| 3,097,769|36,697,634 249,743 24,173,671|33,405,523| 3,760,487|39,471,593454,627 30,228,804 35,227,657 4,047,602) 40,614,258 341,222 37,429,734 33,491,342 4,220,400 44,550,127 286,433 54,620,400 22,198,323 6,430,673 46,720,179 309.990 57.997,506 21,988,545 5.193,262 43,265.168 192,067 60,944,811|23,930,831| 4.448.584|49,522,029 179,313 59,626,733 24,194,411 4,444,072 54,724,553 124,935 60,802,852 29,911.665 6.138,305 58,622,002 50.062/50,935,821 26,793,676 6,899,823 58,814,033 Commerc'l Alcohol. Alcohol.

6,446,83856,364,360 7,636,434 59,544,775

Taz. Gals. | Tax. Gals.

1,952,374

2,483,743

2.253,950

7.953,132 63,283,123

1912..

9,321,823 62,176,694

1913

99,615,828 2,750,846

8.252,875 65,324,876

1914

1915

1916

1917.

88,698,797 3,026,085 4.012,542
44,552,490 2,814,313 3,636,285
69,210,672 2,986,940 4,118.064
57.651,834 2,842,922 6,736,667

7.307,597 66,159,473

8.521,951/59,808,210 4.159.951158,633.624

145,535,701

8.231,097 80,817,879

238

GARDEN

Garden Planting Map for Eastern United States.

PLANTING MAP FOR EASTERN UNITED
(By the United States Department of Agriculture.)

STATES.

The dates given for planting in the seven zones into which the eastern part of the United States ha been divided are considered to be the best for planting. Earlier and later plantings often can be made, however, with fair chances of success.

ZONE.

PLANTING DATES BY VEGETABLE GROUPS.

* For the crops grown. † Season too short for this group. Group 1 (may be planted two weeks before last killing frost).--Early cabbage plants from hot bed or seed box, radishes, collards. onion sets, calty smooth peas, kale, early potatoes, turnips, and mustard. Group 2 (may be planted about the date of the last killing frost)--Beets, parsnips, carrots, lettuce, salstiy, spinach, wrinkled peas, cauliflower plants, celery seed, onlon seed, parsley, sweet corn, and Chinese cabbage, Group 3 (should be planted two weeks after last killing frost-Snap beans, okra, and tomato plants. Group 4 (cannot be planted until ground is well warmed up, about a month after last hard frosts)-Lima beans, pepper plants, eggplant, cucumbers, melons, squash, and sweet potatoes.

Because of the greatly varying altitudes in the Western States this portion of the country cannot be divided into definite zones. The best planting dates can be indicated only by the average date of the last killing frost in each section, as is done on the accompanying map. Planting of the vegetable groups given below should be governed by the frost dates indicated. Group 1 (may be planted two weeks before last killing frost)-Early cabbage plants from hot bed or seed box, radishes, collards, onion sets, early smooth peas, kale, early potatoes, turnips, and mustard. Group 2 (may be planted about the date of the last killing frost)-Beets, parsnips, carrots, lettuce, salsify, spinach, wrinkled peas, cauliflower plants, celery seed, onion seed, parsley, sweet corn, and Chinese cabbage. Group 3 (should be planted two weeks after last killing frost)-Snap beane, okra, and tomato plants. Group 4 (cannot be planted until ground is well warmed up, about a month after last hard frosts)—Lima beans, pepper plants, eggplant, cucumbers, melons, squash, and sweet potatoes.

Baptist Young People's Union of America.

SAFE DATES FOR PLANTING IN THE OPEN,
EASTERN ZONES.

Onion seeds.
Parsley.
Parsnip.
Peas, wrinkled.
Peppers..
Potatoes, Irish..
Potatoes, sweet.
Pumpkins..

May 15-June 15|Radish.......

The dates given on this sheet are general averages. The nearest station of the United States Weather Bureau will be glad to give more specific information regarding the frost-free date in any particular community.

HARVEST SEASONS OF THE WORLD.
(Compiled by the Chicago Board of Trade.)

BAPTIST YOUNG PEOPLE'S

HEADQUARTERS, 125 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago. President-Dr. John Wellington Hoag, Detroit. First Vice-President-W. F. Reynolds, Brockville, Ontario. Second Vice-President-M. M. McGorrill. Portland, Me. Third Vice-President J. S. Newell, St. Louis. Recording Secretary-J. C. Dance, Fairmont, W. Va. General Secretary-James Asa White, Chicago. Treasurer—0. O. Montague, Chicago.

240

Garden Planting Map for Western United States.

GARDEN PLANTING MAP FOR WESTERN UNITED STATES. (By the United States Department of Agriculture. Based on average dates of last killing frost in spring.)

TOBACCO HINTS BY GOVERNMENT EXPERTS.

With respect to date of planting tobacco seed beds, April 1 is about right for New England, while the normal season extends through March and April in the Middle States and in the Central or Western States, while in the Southern States seed beds are planted in Florida in January and early February, seldom later than March 1 in South Carolina and continuing on through March in North Carolina. As regards fertilizing tobacco crops in New England as much as 20 tons of manure per acre is not unusual, but commercial fertilizers are of much more importance than manure in this section. In the Middle States manure is frequently more important than commercial fertilizer. In the Southern States manure is seldom used, except in Florida, whereas commercial fertilizers are very important, the average application being about 800 pounds per acre. If the time required for maturity is reckoned as beginning at the time of sowing the seed the period for New England is too short, the actual time being approximately 12 to 18 weeks. In the Southern States the minimum time for maturity is too high, the correct minimum being approximately 12 weeks. As regards tobacco varieties, those grown in New England are Broadleaf, Connecticut Havana and Cuban; in the Middle States the varieties are Seedleaf, Maryland and Oronoco; in the Southern States, Oronoco and Cuban. 'To the list given for the Central and Western States should be added Seedleaf.

(1) The standard varieties of seed planted in the several sections of the United States are as follows: Corn-New England, leaming, sanford, flint: Middle States, leaming, white dent, yellow dent; Central and Western States, leaming, sanford, flint, white dent: Southern States, hickory king, gourd-seed, Cox prolific. Wheat-Middle States, fultz; Central and Wetsern States, fultz, poole, üife: Southern States, fulcaster. Oats-New England, Clydesdale and Welcome, Middle States, white, black; Central and Western States, Sixty-day, Swedish Select and Silver mine; Southern States, Red rustproof. Barley--New England and Middle States, Manchuria and Oderbrucker; Western States, coast; Southern States, Tennessee Winter. Rye-New England, white: Middle States, white, Winter; Central and Western States, Winter: Southern States, excelsior Winter. Buckwheat-Middle States, silver hull; Central and Western States, silver hull. Potatoes-New England, green mountain, carmen 3, rose; Middle States, rose, carmen 3, rural 2; Central and Western States, hebron, rural, early rose, early Ohio. Tobacco-Central and Western States, yellow prior, Spanish, white burley, Hay, clover-Middle States, medium red. Sweet Potatoes Middle States, yellow Jersey; Southern States, yellow Jersey. Cotton-Southern States, Texas stormproof. Spring wheat is to some extent grown in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and many other States. It matures in eighteen to twenty weeks. went

(2) In Texas the black loam is a good soil for cotton, corn, wheat and most other field crops.