392

VIVARIA.

INCLINO.

VIRGA.

III 307CARRACUTIUM vehiculum altissimarum rotarum capsique devexi, quo solo in Campania pro harena silvae Gallinariae ferebantur, antequam lapide

sterneretur.

III 308 SIC INDE HUC OMNES TAMQUAM Bücheler in Rhein. Mus. xxix (1874) 637-8 sic inde huc tamquam aliud alii obducuntur cumulanturque tenuiter ac moleste et cum adsit quod non requiras, deest illud quo certius definiatur omnes. toleranda haec quispiam dixerit in Iuvenale, nec ego ei restiterim pervicacius. verum una littera adiecta et removere incommoda illa et sententiae augere gravitatem mihi videbar si sice legerem vel sicae id est sicarii omnes. nam frequenter res hic poeta pro hominibus usurpat, buccas gulam fossam abollam pro bucconibus guloso cinaedo philosopho al. Friedländer justly says that the reference of omnes cannot be doubtful cl. 305 grassator.

VIVARIA Varro r. r. 1 12 the leporarium. Marquardt Privatleben 139. Pauly v 1543-4. VI 2601, 2609, 2695. Badham fish-tattle (1854) 33--48. Read the life of Frank Buckland.

314 UNO CONTENTAM CARCERE ROMAM Sen. de ira 11 9 § 4 circumscriptiones furta fraudes infitiationes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora.

316 SOL INCLINAT SO Hor. and Curt. in lexx. Mützell on Curt. vi 11 § 9. Tac. XII 39 inclinabat dies. pass. in Cic. and Sen. n. q. 1 8 § 6 incipiente aut inclinato die.

317 MULIO VIRGA ANNUIT Xen. de re eq. 8 § 4 páßôos. et Massyla meum virga gubernet equum. Nemes. cyn. 267. denarii of L. Cornelius Piso (Cohen p. 70 n. 13).

Mart. 1x 23 14

seen on the

318 319 QUOTIENS TE ROMA TUO REDDET AQUINO Mart. VIII 45 1 2 Priscus ab Aetnaeis mihi, Flacce, Terentius oris | redditur. ib. 7 cum te, Flacce, mihi reddet Cythereia Cypros. lexx. Hor. in Klotz.

322 ADIUTOR Scripsit Iuv. quod non solum f v Vind. sed etiam P... praebet auditor quidque indicaverit poeta licet non pronuntiaverit apparet. caligatus enim auditor qui in gelidos agros amici causa proficiscitur est homo simplex rusticus nativo sensu nondum destitutus, opponitur auditorum coronae quali Romae utebantur 'vates' delicatae ei atque fucatae orationis blanditias captanti: hic neque more probo videas nec voce serena | ingentes trepidare Titos cum carmina lumbum | intrant et tremulo scalpuntur ubi intima versu. tali ex consessu poetam 'refici properaturum' facile sibi persuadet Umbricius ille, sed saturis nobilium corona quasi semper stipatis num caligatus auditor sufficere possit ambigit. BEER.

CALIGATUS Dr Ireland in Gifford: Umbricius.. is made to persevere in his preference of the country, by telling his friend, that he will visit him in a dress which shall mark his determination never to live in Rome again. In this sense, the last line of the satire agrees with the general purpose of it.'

IV Nägelsbach (Philologus 111 470 seq.) comments on the want of connexion between 1-33 and 37-154. So Badham long before 'This satire is perhaps as entertaining as any poem of the kind in existence. It has however some abruptness in the beginning, and would undoubtedly read better if it began with the thirty-seventh line cum iam semianimum cet. The early mention of Crispinus, who is not particularly conspicuous in the ridiculous consultation about the turbot, does not seem a happy introduction to the main object of the piece: nor is there anything which might not be spared in the first thirty lines.'

-IV 9

PORTICUS. RUS IN URBE.

VITTATA.

393 IV 1 ITERUM CRISPINUS Plin. ep. v 20 § 1 iterum Bithyni. see ind. Crispinus.

2 AD PARTES Ov. am. 1 8 87 servus et ad partes sollers ancilla parentur. nux 67 68 at cum maturas fisso nova cortice rimas | nux agit, ad partes pertica saeva venit. SILVESTRI.

2 3 NULLA VIRTUTE REDEMPTUM A VITIIS Sen. rh. 1. c. (exc. contr. Iv praef. § 11) redimebat tamen vitia virtutibus et plus habebat quod laudares quam cui ignosceres.

4 SPERNATUR also in Fronto p. 144 Naber and gl. Philox.

5 6 QUANTIS IUMENTA FATIGET PORTICIBUS VI 60. Vopisc. Aurel. 49 § 2 miliarensem... porticum in hortis Sallustii ornavit, in qua cotidie et equos et se fatigabat, quamvis esset non bonae valetudinis. Suet. Nero 31 (in Nero's golden house) tanta laxitas, ut porticus triplices miliarias haberet. Plin. Iv 2 § 5 (of Regulus) tenet se trans Tiberim in hortis, in quibus latissimum solum porticibus immensis, ripam statuis suis occupavit. v 11 (12) § 1. Mart. 1 12. 82. SILVESTRI. Add Plin. ep. II 17 §§ 4 5. v 6 §§ 15, 21, 29-31.

.....

....

6 NEMORUM Cic. Verr. 1 § 51 quae signa nunc, Verres, ubi sunt? illa quaero, quae apud te nuper ad omnes columnas, in silva denique disposita sub divo vidimus? Nep. Att. 13 § 2 domum habuit in colle Quirinali.. cuius amoenitas non aedificio, sed silva constabat. Sen. rh. exc. contr. v 5 p. 277 12 K intra aedificia vestra undas ac nemora conprehenditis. ib. 1. 29 in summis culminibus mentita nemora et navigabilium piscinarum freta. Plin. xv § 47 et in tecta iam silvae scandunt. Sil. xiv 646 (of Syracuse) domos aequare superbas | rura. Becker Gallus II3 223-4. 239. Friedländer 13 14 2.

7 IUGERA QUOT VICINA FORO Tac. h. 111 70 cur enim e rostris fratris domum, imminentem foro et irritandis hominum oculis, quam Aventinum et penates uxoris petisset.

8 XIII 2 n. 3 n. 174 n. 192-239. FELIX like beatus, evdaíμwv, often =prosperous, wealthy. Here (ver. 5-7) however rich in houses, lands, horses, the vicious may be, happy he cannot be. CORRUPTOR a seducer by profession (Nägelsbach Stilistik § 54 3). Cf. xiv 86 n. aedificator. 9 CUM QUO XIII 155 n. Plin. XVIII § 28. Sen. ep. 48 § 8. Tac. xvi 34. VITTATA ind. Ov. a. a. 1 31 vittae tenues, insigne pudoris. Aen. II 165-8. Luc. 1 592 Vestalemque chorum ducit vittata sacerdos. Tac. an. 1 57. Sen. contr. 2 lemma sacerdos casta e castis pura e puris sit. VITTATA Herm. Jahn2. 'non solum lemmata S, cum quibus lectio Σ aperte concinit, sed etiam P vitiata praebent, res igitur digna quae iterum in discrimen vocetur. vitiatam esse puellam ex toto loco prodire Hermanno concedo, efferatur autem necesse est ex more Iuvenaliano notio in qua criminis cardo vertitur monstrumque fuisse Crispinum revera evincitur, ut qui auctor fuerit stupri famosi. nam ex verbis • vitiata iacebat' sacerdotem iam antea vitiatam fuisse elici qui putant obscoenam vim vocis iacere vel nude positae intendunt, quam idem fere valere atque verbum substantivum multi loci arguunt velut xv 6 legitur Thebe centum portis obruta iacet pro Thebe... obruta est; neque aliter ex verbis Iuv. cum quo vitiata iacebat nos audire puto sensum a quo vitiata erat. quod vero notione vitiata diriorem facti speciem oculis proponi dicunt vereor ne ea lectione accepta species ineptior quam dirior proponatur, quippe cum eidem enuntiato poena criminis participio subitura adiuncta sit; cf. Goebelii verba (Ueber eine bisher ganz unbeachtet gelassene Wiener Juvenal-Handschrift. Vienna acad. 1859) p. 40: Nur bedachte der Aenderer nicht, dass eine Vestalin sanguine adhuc vivo terram

394

VITTATA.

VESTALS CONDEMNED.

IV 9

subitura keine vittas mehr traegt.' BEER, in answer to words of Hermann (vind. Iuv. 8) which seem to me still to need no defence: 'vitiatam puellam iam totus loci tenor satis prodit nisi quod non iam vitiata erat quando cum corruptore cubabat, sed hoc demum concubitu vitiabatur; eiusdem autem stupri longe dirior species oculo proponitur si virginem ipsis sacerdotii insignibus indutam cum corruptore iacentem informamus.' Gratitude alone induces me to add in reply to Dr Beer: 1) iacet is not anywhere=est; in sat. xv obruta iacet means 'it is left in its ruins,' uncared for. 2) iacebat is not here used nude' but with cum, as in the passages cited by me from Ov. met. When Potiphar's wife said to Joseph 'lie with me,' her proposal was as infamous in substance as if she had bluntly said vitia me. In fact cum quo vitiata iacebat = a quo vitiata vitiabatur. 3) to Goebel's criticism I reply that subitura does not imply that Cornelia was in the hands of justice at the time; for years she escaped. For parallels to cum quo vittata iacebat sacerdos see II 3--13, 19—21, 29—33, 67-78, 102-114, esp. 117–136, 143–148. VI 78-91, 114-135, 225 flammea conterit. esp. 385-397. esp. x 329–341 e.g. dudum sedet illa parato | flammeolo Tyriusque palam genialis in hortis | sternitur, et ritu decies centena dabuntur | antiquo, veniet cum signatoribus auspex |...non nisi legitime vult nubere. The sacrilege gave zest to the incest (v1 50 paucae adeo Cereris vittas contingere dignae), as to the adultery of Clodius (vi 335-345). The monks of Medmenham, the modern rage for the defilement of infancy, join with St Paul and Seneca (ep. 122 § 5 omnia vitia contra naturam pugnant, omnia debitum ordinem deserunt: hoc est luxuriae propositum gaudere perversis) in supporting vittatae here. Trample religion under foot in its holiest symbols, add cruelty to lust, and you spur a jaded appetite. nam quo non prostat femina templo? After Opimia was convicted (DH. VIII 89 f.), she was stript of her vittae and led to her living tomb: sparks of grace would have remained in Crispinus if the Vestal had doffed the emblem of innocence before her sin; as it was, the vittae (and their goddess) were consciae sceleris. Take a parallel case. The flamen dialis might not appear without his apex in the open air; only by a late indulgence did the pontiffs dispense with his wearing it in doors (Gell. x 15 §§ 17 18); when it was too hot to wear the cap (pilleum), they began to bind the head only with a thread (Serv. Aen. vIII 664), nam nudis penitus eos capitibus incedere nefas fuerat.

IV 10 Plut. Tib. Gracch. 15 § 4. Liv. VIII 15 §§ 7 8. DH. Ix 40. Ov. f. vI 457-460. Hdn. v 6 § 2. Marquardt StV. 1 323 13. Domitian punished four Vestals for unchastity. The first three, Varronilla and the two sisters Ocellata, were allowed the choice of death (A D. 82 Suet. Dom. DCass. ll. cc. Euseb. chron. Clinton fasti Rom. Philostr. Apoll. và 6). A. D. 91 Domitian buried the fourth alive (Clinton, Plin. 1. c. Euseb. chron.); it was with her therefore, Cornelia, that Crispinus committed incest. The fut. subitura is strictly accurate, as the Dacian war, in which Fuscus died (Iuv. ver. 111-2) began 86 A.D. (Borghesi oeuvres v 516-7). The Vestal Minucia buried alive Hier. adv. Iovin. 1 41 (11 307). Inscriptions on statues of Vestals have lately been discovered. Case of the Vestal Ilia (Plut. Rom. 3 §§ 4-6).

12 CADERET SUB Suet. Otho 5 in foro sub creditoribus caderet. IUDICE MORUM Stat. s. v 1 41 42 hic est castissimus ardor, ¦ hic amor a domino meritus censore probari. DCass. LXVII 2 § 3. On the coins of Domitian CENS(or) PER(petuus) is a common title. cf. DCass. LIII 18 § 5. LXVII 4 § 3 no emperor before or after assumed the title. The censors maintained simplicity of furniture, dress and diet Iuv. 1x 141--2 argenti

-23 COST OF MULLETS.

WINDOWS. APICIUS.

395

vascula puri, sed quae Fabricius censor notet. Sen. ep. 95 § 41 quid et cena sumptuosa flagitiosius et equestrem censum consumente? quid tam dignum censoria nota, si quis, ut isti ganeones loquuntur, sibi hoc et genio suo praestet? et totiens tamen sestertio aditiales cenae frugalissimis viris constiterunt. eadem res, si gulae datur, turpis est, si honori, reprehensionem effugit.

IV 14 QUID AGAS, CUM? =III 291.

15 MULLUM mullets brought alive into the dining-room, swimming in the sauce Sen. n. q. III 17 18.

SEX MILIBUS Plut. quaest. conv. Iv 4 2 § 9 fish the most costly bov: Cato did not exaggerate, but spoke simple truth, when, inveighing against the luxury and extravagance of the city, he declared that at Rome a fish fetches more than an ox. For they sell a dish of fish for a greater price than the meat from a ἑκατόμβη βούπρωρος (a hundred sheep headed by an ox). Ath. vII vIII on fish. p. 348b one Telestagoras wealthy and of good repute, received many presents: so that dealers, when offered a low price, would say, 'we would rather give it to T. than let it go for so little.' Once some youths, cheapening a large fish, received this answer. Macrob. Sat. III 15 16.

16 AEQUANTEM PARIBUS SESTERTIA LIBRIS Stanley cites Aesch. Ag. 959 960 (θάλασσα) τρέφουσα πολλῆς πορφύρας ἰσάργυρον | κηλίδα. He there adds Theopomp. in Ath. 526° ἰσοστάσιος γὰρ ἦν ἡ πορφύρα πρὸς ἄργυρον ἐξεταζομένη. Blomfield adds Achaeos ib. 689 ισαργύρου... KUTρioυ Xiov. esp. Archestratos ib. 305 of a sea-fish (κάπρos) TÒV KάTρOV ἂν ἐσίδῃς ὠνοῦ καὶ μὴ κατάλειπε, | κἂν ἰσόχρυσος ἔῃ, μή σοι νέμεσις καταπνεύσῃ | δεινὴ ἀπ' ἀθανάτων. τὸ γάρ ἐστιν νέκταρος ἄνθος. | τούτου δ' οὐ θέμις ἐστὶ φαγεῖν θνητοῖσιν ἅπασιν, | οὐδ ̓ ἐσιδεῖν ὅσσοισιν, where observe the mockheroic rhythm and tone. cf. auro contra (Hand 11 120. lexx. contra. Brix on Plaut. mil. 658). 'worth its weight in gold,' or rather '£ for lb.' 17 UT PERHIBENT, QUI DE MAGNIS MAIORA LOQUUNTUR the comic poet Ephippus in his Geryones (Ath. 346f seq.) when a fish is caught bigger than Crete, Geryon has a dish that can contain a hundred of the size: all the subjects fell their woods when the king boils his fish; they raise a pyre wide as the city and light it; they bring a lake for the brine; 100 wagons are engaged for eight months in bringing salt; five quinqueremes row round the kettle.

19 SENIS ORBI Cic. parad. § 39 hereditatis spes quid iniquitatis in serviendo non suscipit? quem nutum locupletis orbi senis non observat? Sen. ep. 68 § 10 digerere in litteram senes orbos. Stat. s. IV 7 33-40. Friedländer 13 326-332.

20 EST RATIO Mart. IV 80 4. ULTERIOR VII 30 spes nulla ulterior. 21 SPECULARIBUS sometimes mica, sometimes glass Mari. VIII 68 5 6 a greenhouse condita perspicua vivit vindemia gemma | et tegitur felix, nec tamen uva latet. question whether they belong to the instrumentum domus or the ornamentum (dig. xxx 7 12 § 16. cf. § 25). Blümner Technologie ш 66. Marquardt Privatleben 735-6 collects the evidence (also for panes of glass. Nissen Pompeianische Studien ind. Fenster.' Glas').

·

ANTRO Plin. XXXVII § 17 viatoria cubilia.

23 MISER ET FRUGI because he allowed P. Octavius, who had been prefect of Egypt, to buy a mullet over his head (Sen. cited on 15. BORGHESI). Plin. VIII § 209 he discovered a mode of enlarging the liver of sows (cf. sat. v 114 n.) fico arida saginatis, a satie necatis repente mulsi potu dato. 1x § 66 mullum exspirantem versicolori quadam et numerosa

396

APICIUS.

PRICE OF FISH AND LAND.

IV 23varietate spectari proceres gulae narrant, rubentium squamarum multiplici mutatione pallescentem, utique si vitro spectetur inclusus. M. Apicius ad omnes luxus ingenium maius in sociorum garo—nam ea quoque res cognomen invenit-necari eos praecellens putavit, atque e iecore eorum alecem cogitare provocavit. XIX § 137 (of the cyma, a choice part of the cabbage) hic est quidam ipsorum caulium delicatior teneriorque cauliculus, Apicii luxuriae et per eum Druso Caesari fastiditus, non sine castigatione Tiberii patris. § 143. Tert. apol. 3 f. defends the name Christian by the analogy of Platonists, Epicureans, Pythagoreans. aeque medici ab Erasistrato et grammatici ab Aristarcho, coci etiam ab Apicio. Bücheler in Rhein. Mus. xxxv 395: 'scholiasta Queroli etiam ad Apici fercula II 1 p. 22 Iuvenalis mentionem inicit Apicius proprium nomen glutonis.. cuius et Iuv. in primo libro meminit, sed locutionem illam non accepit scriptor ab Aquinate, nomen Apicii gulosae luxuriae docimentum fuit Senecae Martiali aliis.' Heliogabalus (Lampr. 18 § 4) made A., Otho and Vitellius his models; in imitation of A. he ate camels' heels, crests plucked from live fowl, the tongues of peacocks and nightingales (ib. 20 §5); he surpassed the dinners of Apicius and Vitellius (24 § 3). Sen. vit. beat. 11 § 4 adspice Nomentanum et Apicium, terrarum ac maris, ut isti vocant, bona conquirentes et super mensam recognoscentes omnium gentium animalia. vide hos eosdem e suggestu rosae [so Madvig adv. II 341, 367] spectantes popinam suam, aures vocum sono, spectaculis oculos, saporibus palatum suum delectantes. mollibus lenibusque fomentis totum lacessitur eorum corpus et, ne nares interim cessent, odoribus variis inficitur locus ipse, in quo luxuriae parentatur: hos [Madvig] esse in voluptatibus dices. nec tamen illis bene erit, quia non bono gaudent.

IV 24 PAPYRO 'de hoc usu papyri docte iam egit Caylus mém. de l'acad. des inscr. XXVI 280. cf. Bartel's Reisen III 67' (Böttiger).

25 26 POTUIT FORTASSE MINORIS PISCATOR QUAM PISCIS EMI cf. 15 sex milibus. v 56 n. For the same price a nightingale, which draws the same lament from Plin. h. n. x § 84 ergo servorum illis pretia sunt, et quidem ampliora quam quibus olim armigeri parabantur. scio HS. vi candidam alioquin, quod est prope invisitatum, venisse quae Agrippinae Claudii principis coniugi dono daretur. The elder Cato (Plut. 4 § 5) never exceeded the same price (1500 drachmae = denarii) for farm labourers. Wallon II 160-176. G. Boeger de mancipiorum commercio apud Romanos (Berlin 1841) 20-24. Marquardt Privatleben 170-1. Mart. x 31 addixti servum nummis here mille ducentis | ut bene cenares, Calliodore, semel. | nec bene cenasti mullus tibi quattuor emptus | librarum cenae pompa caputque fuit. | exclamare libet: 'non est hic, improbe, non est | piscis: homo est; hominem, Calliodore, comes'. C. Badham ancient and modern fish-tattle (1854) c. 4 'ancient estimation of fish.'

26 PISCATOR QUAM PISCIS παρnyμévov as vi 347-8 sed quis custodiet ipsos | custodes?

26 27 PROVINCIA TANTI VENDIT AGROS v 56 n. a similar valuation Plin. x § 92 interiit nuper incendio [mensa] a Cethegis descendens HS. XIII permutata, latifundii taxatione, si quis praedia tanti mercari malit. SILVESTRI. Ath. 297 298 Kylabras, a shepherd, sold the site of Phaselis to Lakios, taking stock-fish (rapixous) in payment.

27 SED MAIORES APULIA VENDIT Höck Gesch. Roms 1 (3) 90 'in consequence of the luxury of the great, tillage had greatly decreased in the peninsula and especially in the neighbourhood of the capital. To check the mischief Tiberius caused the senate to renew an old ordinance,