-267

STRIGILIS.

PORTHMEUS.

TRIENS.

387

III 259 QUID SUPEREST DE CORPORIBUS P e corporibus, no doubt rightly. Beer compares Caes. b. G. 1 26 § 5 (cited in lexx.), and Ov. am. III 9 39 40 iacet ecce Tibullus; vix manet e toto, parva quod urna capit. 59 60 si tamen e nobis aliquid.. | restat. Add Cic. p. Sulla § 15 nihil sibi ex pristina dignitate superesse. Curt. x 2 § 27.

261 SECURA PATELLAS Pers. III 26 cultrixque foci secura patella. PATELLAS Hor. ep. 1 5 2 Obbar. In the Archiv f. lat. Lexikogr. 1 194 Havet, citing Varro Eumen. fr. 160 Bücheler (in Non. p. 543) patella esurienti posita provocat Neapolitanas piscinas, says 'je ne comprends pas comme patella pourrait signifier ici un plat ou une assiette. C'est évidemment ici un nom de coquillage, tout comme le patella des naturalistes d'aujourd'hui... En ce sens, patella paraît être un ära§ eipηuévov.' Surely the authority from whom Nonius took the example, and who had the context before him, was better able to judge of the sense than we; but even as the text stands, there is no need to invent a new meaning for so common a word: 'setting a dish before his hungry friend, he challenges the fishponds of Naples.' Dish for 'meat on the dish.' So plat, Schüssel. 263 STRIGLIBUS Marquardt Privatleben 281. Böttiger cites Rhodius on Scribon. 39 p. 81 and Eschenbach de unctionibus veterum c. 3. Theokritus being in a bath, where two fellows desired to borrow his strigil or cleanser of him, the one of which was a stranger, the other a noted thief, answered the first thus, 'I will not lend it you, because I do not know you'; and the second thus, 'I will not lend it you, because I do know you' (Plut. 11 534, de vitioso pudore 14. HOLYDAY). Apul. fl. §§ 35 36. GUTO Varro 1. 1. v 124. Hor. cited on 204. see the story of the Attic page who brought gutum Samium ore tenus... inanem, tamquam si inesset oleum, and turned it upside down, and at last declared that the oil must have frozen (Gell. XVII 8 §§ 5-8). Böttiger cites Casaubon on Theophr. ch. 5 p. 75. Eschenbach 1. c. p. 483 seq. Diogenes takes his oλn (ampulla) with his scrip, cloak and staff, into Charon's boat (anth. Pal. vII 67 5. 68 5). Apul. fl. §§ 35 36.

266 PORTHMEA Eur. Alk. 253-4. Theokr. 17 49 σтvyvòv (here taetrum) ἀεὶ πορθμῆα καμόντων. anth. Pal. VII 63 1 τὸν κύνα Διογένη, νεκυοστόλε, δέξο με, πορθμεῦ. 66 3 (Diogenes log.) πάντα φέρω πορθμῆϊ. 67 1 2 Αίδεω λυπηρὲ διηκόνε, τοῦτ ̓ ̓Αχέροντος | ὕδωρ ὃς πλώεις πορθμίδι κυανέῃ. 68 12*Αϊδος ὦ νεκυηγέ, κεχαρμένε δάκρυσι πάντων, | ὃς βαθὺ πορθμEVELS TOÛT' 'Axépovтos vowp. append. 236 (ed. Jacobs, Lips. 1814, 1 831 = Kaibel 646a) 3 οὐκ ἔστ ̓ ἐν "Αιδου πλοῖον, οὐ πορθμεὺς Χάρων. in a painting of Polygnotus Paus. x 28 § 1) ὁ πορθμεὺς ἐπὶ ταῖς κώπαις. ib. § 2 from the cyclic poem Minyas ἔνθ ̓ ἤτοι νέα μὲν νεκυάμβατον, ἣν ὁ γεραιός | πορθμεὺς ἤγε Χάρων, οὐκ ἔλλαβον ἔνδοθεν ὅρμου. anth. Lat. Iv 56 5 (Burm. q. v. II 40 41) vexit aqua porthmeus. Valckenaer diatr. c. 25 p. 280. DS. 1 96 §§ 7 8 the rationalistic version: the fashionable burying ground of Memphis was near the Acherusian lake; bodies were ferried over, and the ferryman (Tоpoμeùs in Egyptian Xápwv) received an obol as his fare. GURGITIS II 150 Stygio ranas in gurgite nigras.

ergo

267 NEC HABET QUEM PORRIGAT ORE TRIENTEM Plaut. Poen. prol. 20 ipse abiit ad Acheruntem sine viatico. Apul. met. vi 18 nec mora cum ad flumen mortuum venies, cui praefectus Charon protinus expetens portorium, sic ad ripam ulteriorem sutili cumba deducit commeantes. et inter mortuos avaritia vivit. nec Charon ille..., tantus deus, quidquam gratuito facit et moriens pauper viaticum debet quaerere, et aes si forte prae manu non fuerit, nemo eum exspirare patietur. huic squalido seni dabis nauli nomine de stipibus, quas feres, alteram: sic

388

PAVING.

ROMAN MOHOCKS.

III 267tamen, ut ipse sua manu de tuo sumat ore. Examples of coins found Marquardt Privatleben 338-9. Kallim. fr. 110 Schneider TOυveka KaÌ νέκυες πορθμήϊον οὔ τι φέρονται | μούνῃ ἔνι πτολίων, ὅ τε τέθμιον οἰσέμεν ἄλλους | ἐν στομάτεσσι νεὼς Αχερουσιάδος ἐπίβαθρον | ἀνθρώπους δανίκην. Luc. catapl. 18 f. οὐδὲ τὸν ὀβολὸν ἔχω τὰ πορθμεία κατα βαλεῖν.

III 269 270 CEREBRUM TESTA FERIT CIL III 1 2083 tegula nam Romae Proculum prolapsa peremit. Ov. Ibis 299 300 (301 302 aut ut Achilliden, cognato nomine clarum, | opprimat hostili tegula iacta manu, where Ellis cites Paus. 1 13 § 7); the death of Abimelech (judges 9 53, 2 Sam. 11 21); Hdn. vii 12 § 5.

270 FENESTRIS the ground-floor had no windows to the street, but the upper storeys had, as we see at Herculanum (Marquardt Privatleben 241).

270 271 Aristoph. Ach. 6167 ὥσπερ ἀπόνιπτρον ἐκχέοντες ἑσπέρας, | ἅπαντες ἐξίστω παρήνουν οἱ φίλοι.

272 SILICEM VI 350. lava. B.c. 293 (Liv. x 47 § 4) via a Martis ad Bovillas silice perstrata est; completed B. C. 189 (ib. XXXVIII 28 § 3). B.C. 174 (XLI 27 § 5) censores vias sternendas silice in urbe, glarea extra urbem substruendas marginandasque primi omnium locaverunt. (ibid. § 7) et clivum Capitolinum silice sternendum curaverunt. See on paving the streets Beckmann hist. of inventions. H. Nissen Pompeianische Studien (Leipz. 1877) 516-524 the word street, 'Strasse,' strata viarum, shews to whom the west owes the pavement which distinguishes its cities from the East. Isid. orig. xv 16 attributes the invention to the Phoenicians. Solomon is said (Ios. ant. vIII 7 § 4) to have paved the roads to the holy city, and in the days of Claudius the Jews proposed to pave Jerusalem itself (ibid. xx 9 § 7). Many inscriptions record the paving (often by rich citizens) of Italian and provincial towns. See too Mommsen in Hermes XII 486-491. Burn Rome and the Campagna lii-liv. Mommsen StR. 112 494. 522. Hirschfeld Verwaltungsgesch. 1 152. Under and after the Antonines we find (Wilmanns 1262) a procurator ad silices, and (ib. 1291) a procurator silicum viarum sacrae urbis. Jordan Topographie d. St. Rom 1 4 who cites Promis Alba Fucense 95 seq. silex in the best time denotes hard stone generally (e.g. limestone of the Apennines CIL 1 1 1161. Cato in Festus 281); travertine; the black basaltic lava, the usual paving stone; and even marble. A paviour is silicarius (Blümner Technologie III 8). See Pauly 'viae'. Many monographs have appeared on the Roman roads of England, Germany and other countries: but a Bergier for the 19th century has not yet arisen to combine all their results.

276 VOTUM MISERABILE=IX 147.

278 EBRIUS AC PETULANS VI 297 petulans madidumque Tarentum.

seq. Iv 137 n. Gracchus in Gell. x 3 § 5. Schiller's Nero 119 seq. Ael. v. h. 1x 29. Capitolin. Ver. 4 § 6 fertur.. in tantum vitiorum Gaianorum et Neronianorum ac Vitellianorum fuisse aemulum, ut vagaretur nocte per tabernas ac lupanaria obtecto capite cucullione vulgari viatorio et comissaretur cum triconibus, committeret rixas, dissimulans quis esset, saepeque efflictum livida facie redisse et in tabernis agnitum, cum se absconderet. Tert. apol. 35 pr. of public holidays: grande videlicet officium

vicatim epulari..... catervatim cursitare ad iniurias, ad inpudentias, ad libidinis inlecebras. 39 fin. of Christian feasts: inde disceditur non in catervas caesionum nec in classes discursationum nec in eruptiones lascivia

-287

rum.

MOHOCKS.

LIGHTING OF STREETS.

389

Sen. contr. 30 (cf. n. on 292) § 2 'accusa' inquit. pauper divitem, lugens candidatum ego accusem? ambulare mihi meo arbitrio non licet.... 'cur me' inquit 'sequeris?' quasi aliud iter pauperes, aliud divites habeant. § 3 incedere magno comitatu, splendido cultu, non est fortunae meae; ista divites possunt; satis est si vivimus.. 'quare' inquit 'me sequeris per publicum?' facinus indignum commissum est: dives et pauper eadem via incessimus. § 4 fin. 'cur me sequeris?' magistratus post terga sua non summovent. § 5 quid iste accusanti fecisset, qui persequitur tacentem? §7 venit iste cum turba clientium ac parasitorum et adversus paupertatem totam regiam suam effundit. 'cur me non accusas, non postulas?' vix temperabat quin diceret quid ego in te accusatorem non audeam, qui occidendum curavi eum qui tantum mecum litigaverat?' §13 'quare me sequeris per publicum?' facinus indignum, iudices, factum est: pauper et dives eandem terram calcavimus. Suet. Nero 16 fin. vetiti quadrigariorum lusus, quibus inveterata licentia passim vagantibus fallere ac furari per iocum ius erat. On the lesser quinquatrus (13 June) the tibicines were entitled to stagger drunk, masked and in woman's attire, through the streets (Ov. f. VI 651-92. VM. II 5 § 4. Becker-Marquardt Iv 452). Iulia, daughter of Augustus, was banished by her father, who published her shame (Sen. ben. vi 32 § 1) admissos gregatim adulteros, pererratam nocturnis comissationibus civitatem, forum ipsum ac rostra, ex quibus pater legem de adulteriis tulerat, filiae in stupra placuisse. See Schwarz de comissationibus veterum. Altona 1744. Erasmus cites 'nightcaps' somewhat parallel: prov. 4 16 (of evil men) 'they sleep not, except they have done mischief; and their sleep is taken away, except they cause some to fall'; and Aristoph. vesp. 89-91 ἐρᾷ τε τούτου, τοῦ δικάζειν, καὶ στένει, | ἢν μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ πρώτου καθίζηται ξύλου. | ὕπνου δ ̓ ὁρᾷ τῆς νυκτὸς οὐδὲ πασπάλην.

III 280 MOX DEINDE ind. s. v. mox. cf. Reid on Cic. acad. 11 § 44. 282 SOMNUM FACIT 242 n.

283 COCCINA Cf. vII 136 n. Marquardt Privatleben 312, 552-3 gay colours in the vestis cenatoria.

285 MULTUM FLAMMARUM Borghesi v 532-3 sees here the light borne before the emperor and members of his household (Lips. exc. on Tac. an. 17. Reimar on DCass. LXXI 35 n. 155). AENEA XIII 115. cf. vIII 86. xv 81. In the tabulae honestae missionis down to A.D. 134 the bronze plate is always called tabula aenea-never ahenea-from A.D. 138 tabula aerea. The Domitii Ahenobarbi and the formula hoc aere aeneaque libra, as well as the general use of the republican time, shew that aeneus is the proper designation of that which is made of bronze; aereus is not found before Vergil and in the earlier time it generally=aeratus, bronzed (Mommsen in Hermes I 467).

285-287 Beckmann hist. of inventions (II 172-185 Bohn) proves from Libanius and Jerome, that the streets of Antioch were lit up by night; he doubts whether the same can be proved of Rome by Suet. Caes. 31 ex consuetudine convivio se frequenti dedit. dein post solis occasum, mulis e proximo pistrino ad vehiculum iunctis, occultissimum iter modico comitatu ingressus est; et cum luminibus exstinctis decessisset via, diu errabundus, tandem ad lucem duce reperto, per angustissimos tramites pedibus evasit. Amm. xiv 1 § 9 haec confidenter agebat in urbe ubi pernoctantium luminum claritudo dierum solet imitari fulgo

rem.

cod. Iust. VIII 12 19 ad praebenda luminaria. In Petron. 79 pr. Cumae (?) was evidently in the dark neque fax ulla in praesidio erat, quae iter aperiret errantibus, nec silentium noctis iam mediae promittebat occurren

390

LIGHTING.

CONSISTO. PRES. IND. III 287

tium lumen. Illuminations at festival seasons are often mentioned Friedländer 13 275-6. A.D. 32 the praetor L. Seianus sent 5000 slaves to light home the spectators at the Floralia (DCass. LVIII 19 § 2 the slaves were shorn in mockery of the bald Tiberius).

FILUM

III 287 Becker Gallus 113 338-9. H. Blümner Technologie (as cited VII 135) II 160. Lanterns were covered with bladder, or oiled linen, or horn ib. 359. The Roman streets were not lighted. On lamps, candles, cet. see Saglio in dict. des ant. 1 869-875 'candela' 'candelabrum'. Marquardt Privatleben 689-691. DISPENSO Plin. ep. 11 10 § 3 n. Maecenas in Sen. ep. 114 § 5 tenuis cerei fila. Plin. xix § 17 (of linum) quod proximum cortici fuit, stuppa appellatur, deterioris lini, lucernarum ferme luminibus aptior; of papyrus anthol. Lat. 94 95 R. Paulin. c. 14 (=18, Fel. nat. III) 100 lumina ceratis adolentur odora papyris (see the notes Par. 1685 11 p. 91). Blümner p. 161.

288 COGNOSCE VI 474. Cic. Att. vi 2 § 10. Ov. am. 1 4 11. Stat. s. v 5 65. PROOEMIA Sen. contr. 30 § 13.

289 Sil. XVI 70 71 nec pugnae species, sed poenae tristis imago | illa erat, hinc tantum caedentum atque inde ruentum. cf. (as vapulo=passive of pulso) x11 130 amet, ametur; so perdo and pereo (Plin. ep. III 5 § 16 n.).

STARIQUE IUBET Aen. IX

376 state, viri. PARERE NECESSE EST Catull. LXII 62.

291 QUID AGAS, CUM IV 14.

292 UNDE VENIS? Hor. s. 1 9 62. 1141 unde et quo Catius? Heind. on Plato Lysis pr. ποῖ δὴ πορεύει καὶ πόθεν; ACETO Spartian. Pescenn. 10 § 3 iussit vinum in expeditione neminem bibere, sed aceto universos esse contentos.

SECTILE PORRUM Verg. moret. 84 Forb. Magerstedt der Feld-, Garten- und Wiesenbau der Römer (Sondershausen 1862) 375-7.

295 ACCIPE CALCEM Tert. spect. 18 calces et colaphi. cf. λàg and TÚ (Synes. ep. 104 pr.). The complaint of Plutus (Luc. Timon 17 f.) ἀγανακτῷ πρὸς ἐνίων μὲν ἀτίμως λακτιζόμενος.

296 CONSISTAS Orelli inscr. 4085 quinquennali collegii. . fabrum soliarium baxiarium... qui consistunt in scola sub theatro Aug(usto) Pompeian(o). Henzen 6302 collegium cocorum Aug(usti) n{ostri), quod consistit in Palatio. Technically consistere denotes permanent residence in a place or a district, apart from the privileges of natives. In speaking of collegia, it is used of their ordinary places of meeting, of persons away from their homes it is applied to the province or town in which they reside. dig. v 1 19 § 2 si quo consistit, non dico iure domicilii, sed tabernulam pergulam horreum armarium officinam conduxit. MOMMSEN in Hermes vII 310-3. Varro 1. 1. v § 15 locarium, quod datur, in stabulo et taberna ubi consistant. See Georges. Dirksen manuale.

Very frequent in Cyprian.

QUAERO IV 28 n. xv 17 n. Varro 1. 1. vi § 12 agone? question before a sacrifice. Sen. contr. 11 § 20. Jordan (in Preller röm. Myth. 13 179) correctly denies that Agonalia can be derived from the question agone? but wrongly requires the fut. or conj. pres. Natürlich ist Varros Etymologie falsch; die Frage hätte ja auch nur agamne lauten können'. Aen. II 367 quae prima pericula vito? Iv 534 Forbiger. Gell. xvII 8 § 8 'verbero', inquit ridens Tubero, 'nonne is curriculo atque oleum petis?' Stallbaum on Plat. symp. 176. Winer-Moulton 354. Dräger hist. Synt. 12 286-7. Roby 1461.

-307 WOLF AND LAMB.

VADIMONIA.

BANDITS.

391 III 296 PROSEUCHA ind. Philo leg. ad Gai. 20 quater. 22 pr. (11 567 f. M). 23 ter. 25. 43 f. 46. anecdota Delphica 25. Jew beggars schol. Iv 117. 297-301 XVI 9-25. Cic. Phil. 2 § 5 1. 7 n. quod est aliud...beneficium latronum, nisi ut commemorare possint eis se dedisse vitam, quibus non ademerint? § 60. Sen. ep. 53 § 10. n. q. iv pr. § 8. Suet. Vit. 7 Vitellius shook off terrore calumniae his most importunate creditors, cum libertino cuidam acerbius debitum reposcenti iniuriarum formulam, quasi calce ab eo percussus, intendisset, nec aliter quam extortis quinquaginta sestertiis remisisset. Liban. 11 168 R ŵs év Tŵ μǹ μeizw Tetovoévai KEKEρdaкóтas. ib. Iv 868 of a plagosus Orbilius: if the boy have done ill, there are indignations, revilings, blows, threats for the future: if he has done his task perfectly, leaving no room for blame, κέρδος τὸ μὴ παθεῖν Kaкws. Cf. the proverb (from Hom. 369) Kúkλwπos dwped, to be eaten last paroem. II 491 Leutsch. Rigault on Phaedr. 1 8 (wolf and crane). Eunap. vit. soph. Iulian. p. 483 25 factions among students at Athens 'the boldest of the pupils of Apsines had laid hands in this civil war on those of Julian. χερσὶ δὲ βαρείαις καὶ Λακωνικαῖς χρησάμενοι, τῶν πεπονθότων περὶ τοῦ σώματος κινδυνευόντων, ὥσπερ ἀδικηθέντες, κατη γόρουν. Menander γεωργῷ in Stob. f. xcvi 5 ευκαταφρόνητόν ἐστι, Γοργία, πένης, | κἂν πάνυ λέγῃ δίκαια· τούτου γὰρ λέγειν | ἕνεκα μόνου νομίζεθ ̓ οὗτος τοῦ λαβεῖν. [ καὶ συκοφάντης εὐθὺς ὁ τὸ τριβώνιον | ἔχων καλεῖται, κἂν ἀδικουμενος τύχῃ.

298 299 VADIMONIA FACIUNT cf. 213 n. Plaut. Lucr. Cic. p. Quinct. §§ 46. 57 (the word vad. occurs very often in this speech, several times in Verr., once each in Q. Rosc. Tull. Catil.; not in dig. inst. codd. nov.). Liv. XXIII 32 § 4. VM. 11 7 § 1. Gai. III § 224. IV §§ 184, 185, 186 ter. Rein Privatr. 892-3. V. F. I. = vadimonium fieri iubere (Valerius Probus in Huschke iurispr. anteiust.2 76). Huschke infers (p. 83 n.) that the 4th book of Gaius was written early in the reign of M. Aurelius, before the abolition of the vadimonia (AV. Caes. 16 § 11 vadimoniorum...sollemni remoto). Yet vadimonium continued in use metaphorically e.g. Symm. ep. 11 16.

299 LIBERTAS PAUPERIS here freedom is a privilege of the rich; in the dens of vice (v 172-8) is liberty, equality (aequa libertas) and fraternity among high and low. cf. II 112.

300 PUGNIS CONCISUS Hor. s. II 6 66 pugnis caesus ferroque petitus. 301 PAUCIS CUM DENTIBUS Mart. XIV 68 1 peccantis famuli pugno ne percute dentes.

305 GRASSATOR XIII 145 n. XIV 174 n. Sen. contr. 30 § 6. cod. Theod. Ix 30 1-3. Friedländer 112 29-32=115 39–48. Plin. xIx § 59 window-gardens in the town houses of the poor, antequam praefigi prospectus omnes coegit multitudinis innumerae saeva latrocinatio. DCass. LIV 4 8 4 the guards of the insulae carried bells. LXXVI 10 Bulla, a captain of 600 bandits, plundered Italy for two years, before Severus could seize him (A.D. 204).

306 ARMATO CUSTODE Godefroy on cod. Theod. xII 14. Tert. apol. 2 latronibus vestigandis per universas provincias militaris statio sortitur. Apul. met. vII 7 Hild. denique noluit esse Caesar Haemi latronis collegium et confestim interivit.... tota denique factione militarium vexillationum indagatu confecta atque concisa,

307 POMPTINA PALUS Luc. 111 85 et qua Pomptinas via dividit uda paludes. Sil. vIII 379-382. E. H. Bunbury in dict. geogr. GALLINARIA PINUS Gustav Loewe (Rhein. Mus. XXXIV 491 = glossae nominum, Leipz. 1881 p. 244) traces to Suet. a gloss (Mai class. auct. vi 514 a)