-75

GEOMETRES. PICTOR.

ALIPTES.

357

(p. 179 S) vel quot iuncturas geometrica forma favorum. Sidon. twice in hendecasyllables shortens the o ep. Iv 11 (= 21 Baret) tractator, geometra musicusque._ c. 23 (=20 Baret) 119 non hunc, cum geometricas ad artes. Plut. Pomp. 55 g 1. CIG 6215. Plutarch, in the charming episode on Archimedes (Marcell. 14-19) and his contempt (shared by a great mathematician of our day) for the practical applications of his science, seems to have Roman readers and their debellare superbos in view. Cicero's reverence for Archimedes is much to his honour: he names him twelve times, Pliny once (and again in his list of authorities): when your faith in the novus Arpinas is shaken by the unrelenting scorn of Mommsen and his satellites, read Tusc. v c. 23 (his pious care for the tomb of A.), introduced by the ironical disparagement humilem homunculum a pulvere et radio excitabo.

On the ancient geometry see M. Cantor Vorlesungen über Gesch. der Mathematik. I (to 1200 A.D.) Leipzig 1880. James Gow hist. of gr. mathematics. Cambr. 1884. Archimedes, Euclid, Pappus, have lately been well edited. In education Krause d. Erziehung (1851) 87 88, 103. Grasberger 1 321–342. Ast, Bonitz, Wytt. indd. to Plat. Aristot. Plut. and the indd. to the three in Didot. Kuhn ind. Galen. Plato's feeling is truly represented by the apocryphal sayings ò eòs yewμeтрeî (Plut. II 718) and μηδεὶς ἀγεωμέτρητος εἰσίτω (Zeller Ir3 1 357 3).

PICTOR the profession of a gentleman Plin. xxxv § 77 (of pictura) semper quidem honos ei fuit, ut ingenui eam exercerent, mox ut honesti, perpetuo interdicto ne servitia docerentur. ideo neque in hac neque in toreutice ullius qui servierit opera celebrantur. Blümner promises to treat of painting in vol. IV of his Technologie u. Terminologie der Gewerbe u. Künste (Teubner). For the literature of ancient art see C. B. Stark Systematik u. Gesch. der Archäologie der Kunst. Leipzig Engelmann 1880. Painting a branch of liberal education Aristot. pol. v (vi) 3 pr. p. 1337 b 25 (γράμματα μουσικὴ γυμναστικὴ universally recognised; γραφικὴ by 'some'). Plin. 1. c. huius [i.e. of Pamphilus, master of Apelles] auctoritate effectum est Sicyone primum, deinde et in tota Graecia, ut pueri ingenui omnia ante graphicen, hoc est picturam in buxo, docerentur recipereturque ars ea in primum gradum liberalium. Scenes in a drawingschool and a studio in O. Jahn Darstellungen des Handwerks und Handelsverkehrs (Abh. d. K. S. Gesellsch. XII, 1868) 296-305. Freedmen as painters, architects, sculptors Wallon hist. de l'esclavage II 444-5, 491-2.

ALIPTES When the athlete stript for his exercise, he rubbed himself first with oil, whereby the γυμναστική became an ἀλειπτική, ἀλείφεσθαι = γυμνάζεσθαι. Hence αἱ λιπαραὶ παλαῖστραι, nitida, uncta palaestra; large sums were bequeathed to supply oil for the gymnasium. Wrestlers also rubbed themselves with dust (Kovicolai, кoviσтpa) or a mixture of wax and oil (Kýpwua). The skin was afterwards cleaned by the strigilis, an operation represented in the ȧrovóuevo of Polykletos and Lysippos (HermannBlümner gr. Privatalterth.3 350). Plut. 11 638 (quaest. conv. II 4 an important chapter on wrestling) wrestling μόνον τῶν τῆς ἀγωνίας εἰδῶν πήλου καὶ κονίστρας καὶ κηρώματος τυγχάνει δεόμενον. The ἀλείπτης also kept an eye on the diet and morals of his charge Plut. II 59f Wytt. äpwvos év TOÚTOLS καὶ ἄτολμος, ὥσπερ ἀθλήτην ἀλείπτης ἐῶν μεθύειν καὶ ἀκολασταίνειν. Wytt.ib. 133. Hence Plato often classes the γυμναστής (-ικός) or παιδοτρίβης with the physician, a union first introduced by Herodikos (rep. 406ab. Phaedr. 2274. Grasberger Erziehung im klass. Alterth. 1 266-8. 341-5. 375 -6). cf. Galen vi 77 K. Krause Gymnastik 1 230-240. Aristot. eth. Nikom. 11 6 7 p. 1106 a 36 où yàp ei тw déxa μvaî payeîv noλù dúo dè ¿Xiyov,

358

AUGUR. SCHOENOBATES. MEDICUS. MAGUS. III 76— ὁ ἀλείπτης ἓξ μνᾶς προστάξει. Philo de somn. I 43 (Ι 658 pr. Μ) τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἰατρικῆς τέχνης ἀλειπτικήν. Epikt. II 10 § 8 ὁ θεός σοι λέγει, δός μοι ἀπόδειξιν, εἰ νομίμως ἤθλησας, εἰ ἔφαγες ὅσα δεῖ, εἰ ἐγυμνάσθης, εἰ τοῦ ἀλεί TTOV KOVσas.' 20 § 10. 26 § 22. All the words of this family are largely used of moral discipline, see HSt., άλeiπTηs, åλeipw (esp. Thdt.) and generally col. 1416-23. larраλeiπтηs has not been found in any Greek author. Pliny ep. x 6 (22) § 1 thanks Trajan for conferring civitatem Romanam on his iatraliptes the freedman Harpocrates; and again for conferring on the same (ib. 10 (5) § 1) civitatem Alexandrinam. M. Aurelius in Fronto ep. ad M. Caes. 11 12 pr. (p. 35 Naber) meus me alipta faucibus urguebat. The letter ascribed to Hadrian (Vopisc. Saturnin. 8 § 3 nemo Christianorum presbyter non mathematicus, non haruspex, non aliptes) is acknowledged to be a forgery. See Cic. Sen. in lexx. aliptes, esp. the wise words with which Celsus (1 1) begins his first chapter sanus homo, qui et bene valet et suae spontis est, nullis obligare se legibus debet; ac neque medico neque alipta egere. It is the very doctrine of Galen de sanit. tuenda vi 14 f. (vi 449 450 K).

III 77 AUGUR see Becker-Marquardt 11 (3) 68-88, IV 345-361. Rein in Pauly 12 2135-8 'augures'. Mezger ib. II 1113-85, esp. from 1169 'divinatio'. Preller-Jordan röm. Mythol. and Marquardt röm. StV. ind. 'augures', 'augurium'. Mommsen röm. StR.2 ind. 'augur', ‘auguria', 'auspicia'. esp. A. Bouché Le-Clercq histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité Iv (Paris 1882) 175-372. Read Cic. de divin.

SCHOENOBATES Muson. in Stob. fl. xxix 75 (11 10 29 Meineke) oi δ ̓ ἐπὶ κάλων μετέωροι βαίνοντες. Epikt. III 12 § 2 δύσκολον γάρ ἐστι καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ σχοινίου περιπατεῖν καὶ οὐ μόνον δύσκολον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπικίνδυνον. τούτου ἕνεκα δεῖ καὶ ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ σχοίνου περιπατεῖν ; Bekker anecd. 652 ματαιοτεχνία δὲ ἡ σχοινοβατική, ἤγουν ἡ ἐν σχοίνῳ περίπατος. The word σχοινοBárns only occurs in a gloss (ox. funambulus. cf. funambuli kaλoßáraı). In Cael. ap. Cic. fam. vIII 1 f. edd. no longer read schoenobaticam facere. A synonym catadromarius in CIL VI 10157. See Friedländer 115 274-5. Georges funambulus.

MEDICUS Friedländer 15 114, 299 seq. Hertzberg Gesch. Grie. chenl. II 174, 295. III 313, 558. Beside the histories of medicine (esp. Sprengel 14 by Rosenbaum) consult the translations of Hippokrates, Aretaeos, Paulus Aegineta, with the learned commentary by Adams, Littré's Hippokrates, Daremberg's Oribasios, Daremberg-Ruelle's Rufus of Ephesus.

MAGUS see Fabricius-Schaffshausen bibliogr. ant. (1760) 618— 620; an excellent article by the lamented Scudamore in Cheetham's dict. of christ. antiq. 'magic' refers to the older Latin literature and to Maury la magie et l'astrologie dans l'antiquité. Paris 1869. Add Winer RW. 'Salomo', 'Wahrsager', 'Zauberei'. Georgii's exhaustive article in Pauly 'magia' Iv 1377-1418 and on the relation of magic to the Roman state Rein ib. 1418-20, who cites Godefroy on cod. Theod. Ix 16 (III 122–146). Add Becker-Marquardt Iv 99–137. Preller-Jordan röm. Myth. ind. 'Zauber'. Döllinger Heidenthum u. Judenthum 656-663. MüllerZöckler in Herzog's RE. f. prot. Theol. 'Magier, Magie'. Christian hist. de la magie. Paris 1870. Boissier la religion Rom. II 187-9. For an insight into the subject consult (with the commentaries) Theokr. 2, Verg. ecl. 8, Hor. epod. 5, Luc. vI 427-824, Apul. met. and apol. Clem. recogn. Our time, with its table-turning, spirit-rapping, mesmerism, and many more pretentious sorceries, has no right to cast a stone (as Schindler and his English compeers do) at antiquity. Perhaps works on the black art were never more prized than now.

-82

GREEK JACKS OF ALL TRADES.

359

III 77 78 Markland ms. 'distinguo, medicus, magus: omnia novit Graeculus esuriens; in caelum, iusseris, ibit.'

78 GRAECULUS Holden on Cic. Sest. §§ 110, 126. Plin. ep. x 40 (49) § 2 cited on 68. Burman on Petron. 46 p. 307. Seyffert-Müller on Cic. Lael. § 16 pp. 93-4. See the vaunts of such a Jack of all trades, Hippias (Plato Hipp. min. 366-8. Hipp. mai. 282de. Cic. de or. III § 127. Cope in journ. of class. and sacr. philol. III 62-3) a master in arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, poetry, literature, natural, moral and political philosophy, mnemonics, money-making, and also in the manual arts, having made his own clothes, shoes, ring, strigil. Technical terms were borrowed from Greece by Rome (Saalfeld index graecorum vocabulorum in linguam lat. translatorum. Berl. 1874. Tuchhändler de vocabulis graecis in lat. translatis, ib. 1876). See generally on Greek degeneracy Hertzberg Gesch. Griechenl. 1 345; on the private tutors, grammarians, secretaries, domestic philosophers, in the houses of leading Romans, Teuffel 261-6. Suet. Tib. 11. 56 57. For there was a better side of the Greek influence, represented by Plutarch, Epiktetos, Dio Chrysostom, which led captive the best men of Rome, and made Greek authors e. g. of Musonius and Antoninus (see Capitolin. M. Ant. phil. 2-4 for his studies, music, geometry, grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, painting, athletics, cet.) and of the doctors of the early Roman church. Hadrian, under whom Iuv. wrote, was devoted to Greek and lived much at Athens, on the decoration of which he spent vast sums (Spart. Hadr. 1 § 5), inbutus inpensius Graecis studiis, ingenio eius sic ad ea declinante ut a nonnullis Graeculus diceretur. IN CAELUM IV 122 n. DChrys. or. 21 (1 504 R) no one contradicted Nero on any point, or said that any command of his was impossible of execution: ὥστε καὶ εἰ πέτεσθαι κελεύοι τινά, καὶ τοῦτο ὑπέσχετο αὐτῷ καὶ συχνὸν χρόνον ἐτρέφετο ἔνδον παρ' αὐτῷ ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις, ὡς πτησόμενος. Lucian asinus 4 I was eager to find a witch and see some miracle, ἢ πετόμενον ἄνθρωπον ἢ λιθούμενον. Tillemont hist. eccl. [S. Pierre art. 34, Paris 1693, 1 185-7] on the attempt of Simon Magus to fly. HEINRICH. IUSSERIS OV. am. 1 4 29 quod tibi miscuerit, sa pias, bibat ipse, iubeto. On the constr. Heindorf Hor. s. 1 1 45. R. Beer (spicil. Iuv. 65) 'litterae primae manus post caelum in Pithoeano erasae sunt, conspicitur tantum ||| ||| |||seris; veram bonae recensionis scripturam solae schedae Arovienses servarunt in caelum miseris, ibit exhibentes.' IUSSERIS, IBIT VI 526-7 si candida iusserit Io, ibit ad Aegypti finem.

196.

79 IN SUMMA Plin. ep. 11 4 § 8 n.

MAURUS VI 337. xr 125. XIV SARMATA II 1. xv 125. travellers' tales (xv 14-26, see Lucian v. h. Rohde Gesch. d. gr. Romans 194-242) peopled the orbis incognitus, South and North, with Gorgons and Hydras and Chimaeras dire.

80 MEDIIS NATUS ATHENIS Aen. vII 371-2 si prima domus repetatur origo, Inachus Acrisiusque patres mediaeque Mycenae. In the very centre of civilisation, the 'eye of Greece.'

81 HORUM EGO NON FUGIAM CONCHYLIA as Seneca did ep. 62 § 3 Demetrium virorum optimum mecum circumfero et relictis conchyliatis cum illo seminudo loquor, illum admiror.

81 82 ME PRIOR ILLE SIGNABIT Friedländer 15 363 n. 6 cites from an inscription A.D. 118 (CIG_1732) τὴν πρώτην ἐσφράγισα...τετάρτην... πέμπτην. 82 FULTUS TORO Prop. III (IV) 7 50 et fultum pluma versicolore caput. Apul. met. x 20 pulvillis...maxillas et cervices delicatae mulieris suffulcire. GRANG.

,,,, TORO MELIORE Sen. de ira III 37 § 4 minus honorato loco

360

SYRIAN PLUMS AND FIGS.

III 82positus irasci coepisti convivatori, vocatori, ipsi qui tibi praeferebatur: demens, quid interest, quam lecti premas partem? honestiorem te aut turpiorem potest facere pulvinus? GRANG. Luke 14 9 10 where Price cites James 2 3. ecclus. 29 34. Plaut. Stich. 492-3 ergo oratores populi summates viri | summi accubent, ego infumatis infumus. Haupt opusc. II 519 6 ἐὰν θέλητε, ἀναπέσωμεν, εἰ vultis discumbamus. ποῦ κελεύεις; ubi iubes? EV πρÚT TÓπw ȧváπeσov, in primo loco discumbe. Plut. Aemil. Paul. 28 §§ 5 6. quaest. conv. 1 2 and 3.

III 82 RECUMBET Hor. c. III 3 11. ep. 1 5 1. Plin. ep. 11 6 § 3.

Mart. x1 23 11. GRANG.

83-85 The joining these fellows with a cargo of grocery is excellent. Iuv. well knew the art of inflicting degradation. He makes it his boast to have been nourished on the Sabine olive, as well as to have breathed the air of Aventine: attachment to national food is one of the common objects of patriotic prejudice. The olive still flourishes as the proper fruit of Italy.' BADHAM, who might have cited Selden (table talk 'preaching' § 16) 'that rhetoric is best which is most seasonable and most catching. An instance we have in that old blunt commander at Cadiz, who shewed himself a good orator; being to say something to his soldiers (which he was not used to do), he made them a speech to this purpose: What a shame will it be, you Englishmen, that feed upon good beef and brewess, to let those rascally Spaniards beat you, that eat nothing but oranges and lemons. And so put more courage into his men than he could have done with a more learned oration.'

83 PRUNA Stat. s. 1 6 14 (among Domitian's gifts scrambled for at the Saturnalia) quod ramis pia germinat Damascos. Dioscor. 1 174 Syrian plums, especially those grown at Damascus, ale digestible and astringent. The best grow at Damascus (Oribas. 1 58 with Daremberg p. 580 and ind. prunes. so Ath. 49-50b. Galen vi 613 K. Plin. xv § 51 already grown in Italy, cf. geopon. x 39; where they were dried in the sun Pallad. Nov. 7 §§ 15 16). Aаμаσкηvòv became the general term, for the earlier KOKKÚunλov (geopon. x 73. Ath. 1. c.), whence our damson. Eight large dried damsons are rated at 4 denarii in ed. Diocl. vi 86 Waddington. The physicians have much to say of their uses in diet Paul. Aegin. 1 81 (with Adams I 136). Simeon Seth p. 22 seq. Galen vi 353 also joins them with figs as laxatives for the aged, both fresh in summer, and dry in winter, either boiled or steeped in μeλíkρaтov (p. 354 as laxatives Spanish prunes preferable, cf. XII 32). XI 367 (joined with figs). Hehn Kulturpflanzen u. Hausthiere2 329-332. A. F. Magerstedt die Obstbaumzucht der Römer (Sondershausen 1861) 221-4. Damascus now exports dried apricots in large quantities.

COTTONA Hehn 1. c. 83-86 'The native home of the figtree is the semitic W. Asia, Syria and Palestine; there it grows most luxuriantly and yields the sweetest fruit in abundance. The O. T. often names the tree, esp. with the vine, and is full of pictures and similes drawn from it; to dwell under, or eat of, one's vine and figtree, is to enjoy a quiet, peaceful existence.' Figs served as bread and meat Plin. xv § 82 panisque simul et opsonii vicem siccatae implent, utpote cum Cato cibaria ruris operariis iusta ceu lege sanciens minui iubeat per fici maturitatem. recenti fico salis vice caseo vesci nuper excogitatum [cf. Heraklid. pol. c. 24 in Müller fragm. hist. gr. II 219]. § 83 ex hoc genere sunt, ut diximus, cottana et caricae quaeque conscendenti navem adversus Parthos omen fecere M. Crasso venales praedicantis voce, cauneae. omnia haec in Albense rus e Syria intulit L. Vitellius, qui postea censor fuit, cum legatus in ea

cum

-85

FIGS. SABINE OLIVES. OIL.

361

provincia esset, novissimis Tiberii principis temporibus. Then, as now, figs, fresh and dried, were the staple and wholesome food of the people in Italy, esp. in S. Italy' (Hehn). The best figs still come from Smyrna, pressed as of old, in boxes; they are grown in the N. of Caria. ed. Diocl. 6 84 rates Carian figs at 25 for 4 denarii. This kind was also grown in Syria (Plin. XIII § 51). Magerstedt 1. c. 174-199. Athen. III c. 6--19. Hermann-Blümner gr. Privatalt. p. 25. indd. to Plin. and the writers on medicine and agriculture. Winer RW. Feigenbaum.'

III 84 USQUE ADEO NIHIL EST Pers. 1 26 27 usque adeone | scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter? Aen. x11 646 Forb. Stat. s. III 2 67 usque adeone parum lentas transire paludes? Sen. n. q. vII 1 § 1. Verg. g. IV 84.

85 BACA SABINA v 86 n. Plin. xv § 3 and XXXVII § 202 (Italian oil). Galen XII 513 K (Sabine oil the best of all within my knowledge). It is hard for us to understand the place which the olive (oil-tree), its wood and fruit and esp. its oil filled and to a great extent still fill to the people of southern climes. Colum. v 8 § 1 (from the farmer's point of view) olea..prima omnium arborum est. § 5 sed neque depressa loca neque ardua magisque modicos clivos amat, quales in Italia Sabinorum vel tota provincia Baetica videmus. cf. Pallad. Mar. 9 § 8 oleo Sabino. In the O.T. from Noah's dove onwards, joined with corn and wine, or (as in Jotham's parable) with the figtree and the vine, it is the symbol of settled order and plenty; and now at this day, introduced into America and Australia, it has an influence on the tide of emigration. Iuv. going into the market, might have bought prunes and figs of Italian growth; and if he asked for the best eating olives, he would have been served with foreign samples Plin. xv § 16 Italicis transmarinae praeferuntur in cibis cum oleo vincantur. Oil was exported from Palestine into Egypt (Hos. 12 1) and Tyre (Ez. 27 17). The Jews used the fruit and its oil as food and for cooking, as a cosmetic, in burials, as a medicine, for illumination (see the articles 'anoint,' 'oil,' 'ointment,' 'olive,' 'unction' in concordances and the bible-dictionaries of Calmet, Smith, Kitto, Schenkel, Winer and Herzog's Real-Encykl. 'oel,' 'oelbaum,' 'salbe,' Celsii hierbotan. II 331 seq.; for the later church use W. E. Scudamore in Cheetham dict. chr. ant. ' oil,' 'unction'). Hehn Kulturpflanzen2 87-103, 140-1 handles the congenial theme excellently. The olive tree in Homer (Buchholz die homerischen Realien 1 2 255-9). The Athenians shewed on the akropolis the tree created by Athene, and miraculously restored when burnt by the Persians (Meurs. Cecrop. 19 20 and fort. Att. 2 f. Valck. and Bähr on Hdt. vIII 55. Welcker gr. Götterlehre 1 318-9. II 308. Soph. OC. 694–706. Paus. I 24 § 3. 27 § 2. Stark in Sitzungsber. d. K. S. Ges. 1856 82-101. Bötticher Baumcult der Hellenen 423-436. Hermann-Blümner gr. Privatalt.4 21. Verg. g. 1 18 oleaeque Minerva | inventrix). When the unchaste Vestal was buried alive, bread, water, milk, oil, as the prime necessaries of life, were interred with her (Plut. Num. 10 § 8). Cato r. r. 10 stock for an oliveyard of 140 iugera. Mart. XIII 36 2 of a box of olives from Picenum: inchoat atque eadem finit oliva dapes. Hor. c. II 15 5-8 complains that oliveyards were converted into flowerbeds. epod. 2 49-56 he prefers the olive to costly fish and fowl. Large collections respecting the olive and its oil in literature, agriculture, trade and daily life, in Magerstedt die Obstbaumzucht der Römer (Sondershausen 1861) 232-270. Hofmann lex. and ind. to Pliny and the medical and agricultural writers under olea, -i, -um, -iva. Daremberg in his Oribase 1 609-611. Hehn dividing N. Europe as beer-and-butter land from S. Europe as wine-and