To a writer like Juvenal, rich in sententiae, a concordance renders peculiar service; for classifying, as it does, his witty and wise sayings, it is anything but dry reading.

I often think that much of the labour spent on editing the classics is wasted; at least the same amount of time might be invested to far greater profit. For example, if one of the recent editors of Persius had devoted but three weeks to the preparation of a Lexicon Persianum, he would have produced a ктîμа ès deí, a permanent addition to classical learning. We sorely need lexicons e.g. to Cicero (except the speeches), Varro, Livy, the two Senecas, Quintilian's declamations, Valerius Flaccus, Silius, the Latin anthology, Macrobius, Tertullian, Augustine, Jerome; to technical authors in general, e.g. agricultural, grammatical, mathematical, medical, military, musical, rhetorical: in Greek to the early Christian literature, Diogenes Laertius, Josephus, Philo, Galen, Stobaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Chrysostom, Cyril. If every editor would choose, in addition to his author and to the books commonly read in college, one ancient author1 and one modern critic2, as his specialty, commentaries would be far more original de chiffres ne servent presque à personne; car où sont les gens qui, pour chercher un passage, veuillent se donner la peine d'en consulter vingt?" Auxiliary verbs and the commonest particles, if exhaustively recorded, only confuse the reader. When Wölfflin by statistics traces the disappearance of words like morbus, aeger, saepe, from literature, he puts them to their proper use; but when a German reviewer tells you, e.g. that et occurs (say) 1341 times in such an author, you neither envy nor commend, though in charity you may pity, such a travail de galérien, as Bayle justly calls it.

1 e.g. Plin. h. n., Athen., Macrob., Paus., DCass., Galen, Libanius, Chrysostom, Augustinę.

2 If this rule had been followed, so much of the learning of Casaubon, Bentley, Porson, Dobree, would not still remain unprinted; Gataker's sermons would have been rifled for the collections in their margins. It would be a pious work to winnow out the wheat from the chaff of Joshua Barnes and Gilbert Wakefield.

than they are. The universities might issue variorum editions, not on the Dutch plan, not like Halm's Latin editions of Cicero, or Dindorf's of Greek' authors, but more concise and more comprehensive at the same time. Two or three might combine, say, to edit the commentaries on an author, as Livy, Petronius, Suetonius, or Apuleius. A commentary which takes rank as 'classical', e.g. Casaubon's on Suetonius, Persius, Athenaeus, Strabo, should be given almost entire3, and form the nucleus, other notes being carefully sifted, and repetitions cleared away. One colleague might be responsible for all editions of the author; while two others ransacked periodical and occasional literature, variae lectiones, adversaria cet. Madvig says, one is ashamed to be called a philologer, when one looks at the obsolete medley brought together by Moser on the Tusculans; in far narrower compass all that is valuable there, and much that is omitted, might be stored for all time. By such a process books like Rader's Martial, now no doubt, as Prof. Friedländer says, for most of us, 'völlig veraltet,' would once more yield their treasures to the ordinary student; Marcile too and Hérault would no longer be mere names.

3

To Dr Holden we are indebted for reviving the study of Plutarch among us; the lives of Galba and Otho still

1 Mr Blaydes shews exemplary diligence in collecting materials, but the extraordinary haste with which he throws them unrevised on the world, unfortunately creates a prejudice against him. Prof. Bücheler once spoke to me in the highest terms of his labours on the dramatists.

2 Loose statements about manuscript readings, and Latin translations appended to Greek extracts, may generally be omitted with advantage.

3 No doubt sectarian predilection led Dempster, proverbially a fast friend and good hater, to declare Marcile 'the most learned man of the age'; but a capable judge like Dempster would take care not to make his friend ridiculous by an encomium manifestly absurd. Marcile has suffered-impar congressus Achilli-from his rivalry with Casaubon.

4 George Long and Arthur Clough have once more secured for Plutarch

wait for an editor, who should examine their relation to the corresponding pages of Tacitus. Having now a Historical Tripos in Cambridge, may we not hope likewise to see Philo's two historical tracts (c. Flacc., leg. ad Gaium) and the Life and Jewish War of Josephus, published with adequate commentary? The prejudice against theology in classical circles may help to account for the undeserved neglect under which these contemporary authorities have so long languished'. Now that Teubner has added Eusebius and other fathers to his library, and the Vienna Bibliotheca Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum with its instructive vocabularies, Paucker and Rönsch with their lexicographical collections, have shewn some of the bearings of biblical and patristic studies on secular learning, we may look for a Protestant school of catholic scholarship, worthy of the traditions of Scaliger, Casaubon, Gataker, Hemsterhuis. Certainly the men of the 16th and 17th centuries understood litterae humaniores in a more liberal sense than many editors of the 19th century. Casaubon could not have published Xen. mem., as Kühner did, simply in the interests of grammar. The elaborate editions of Cicero's philosophical and rhetorical works which have of late

a wider stage in England. Gen. Gordon used to give Epictetus and Antoninus (doubtless in Long's version) to his friends, and recommended Plutarch's lives as the soldier's vade mecum. Mr Bell's enterprise in admitting these authors and Pausanias, Seneca, Plutarch's morals, into (Bohn's) classical library, ought to tempt undergraduate curiosity to explore what has hitherto been terra incognita.

1 One of the foremost scholars of the day confessed, on the one occasion when I had the happiness to meet him, that the only divinity that he had read was Josephus, and that for information on the art of war. Dr Field, and living commentators of the N. T. and fathers, combine with the happiest results classical with sacred philology. Dr Thompson used Winer-Moulton as the best Greek grammar. Palaeography, without biblical texts, would be shorn of half, and the better half, of its documents.

appeared, principally at Cambridge, are doing for the students of our day all, and more than all, that Davies and Pearce did for the Bentleian era.

What is our poet's aim? He replies, ' the whole moral life of man, from the flood, is the medley of my book' (i 81-86). I have, I hope, proved the boast true to the letter. Not in Seneca, not in Martial, not in Plutarch, Lucian, the younger Pliny, the anthology, do we find such a panorama of the world under the empire, its beliefs, traditions, education, fashions, follies, virtues, hopes and fears. If we ask, what made him, in declining years, draw the sword of Lucilius, he tells us, 'indignation' (i 79). Why should we doubt it, having verified in detail the former pretension? We know nothing against him except occasional violations of modesty1 (in accordance with precedent in his genre) and of a sober taste. Even Aristophanes and Martial, those who know them intus et in cute, judge most leniently. Seneca, though called, and truly called, by Zeller, 'one of the best men of the age', condescends nullo cogente Nerone, in philosophical treatises, to revel in voluptuous details, and stands condemned, out of his own mouth, of creeping adulation (cons. Polyb., apocol.).

Juvenal speaks throughout as a man of simple likings, loathing fanaticism, flattery, ostentation, avarice, cruelty, gluttony, lechery; compassionating the minions and bondslaves of the pampered rich; evoking from their ashes the Washingtons and Franklins of Rome,-the Decii, Fabricii, Curii, to shame their degenerate sons. From the first page to the last breathes one spirit of homely manhood, free and content in high estate or low; est aliquid, quo

Ι

1 Which did not shock his readers (see my vol. I p. 365). Nisard and Boissier hold him responsible for Martial's epigrams addressed to him or mentioning him long before he began to write. No reputation could support such an ordeal.

cumque loco, quocumque recessu, unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae. Is Thoreau speaking or Frank Buckland?

Knowing, as we now do from scientific study of alcohol, that vice is literally vócos, morbus, a physical, no less than a moral malady, we must hold that the safe rule with regard to obscene habits, is the Dantean non ragioniam di lor, ma guarda et passa1. But even we have learnt of late that reticence also has its perils, often sending the unwary for lessons on the most delicate relations of life to the worst school, i.e. the dealers in corruption. In the days of Antinous a Roman moralist could in good faith imagine that naked, anatomical pictures of all that lewdness can promise, might shake its dominion, even as the drunken Helot commended temperance to Spartans. Remembering the standard of the age, may we not hear in satires II VI IX 2 a heathen echo of the apostolic (Rom. 6 21) Quem ergo fructum habuistis tunc in illis, in quibus nunc erubescitis? The darkest mysteries' in Juvenal were stale news to his audience3.

A missionary, a sturdy Protestant, withheld the Old

1 Isocr. ad Demonic. § 15 ἃ ποιεῖν αἰσχρόν, ταῦτα νόμιζε μηδὲ λέγειν eivaι kaλóv. More in Wetstein on Eph. 5 12.

2 I have begun to write out my notes on these satires, and hope to publish them by instalments in journals, and finally collected into a third volume.

3 See Julius Hare's Vindication of Luther (1855) 155-162, e.g. 160 'the increase of fastidiousness in regard to language by no means betokens an increase of moral purity, but often the very contrary. Words which might have been used with unsuspicious freedom in Cato's age by grave senators, and even by virtuous matrons, were discarded as unseemly in that of Augustus: for sensitiveness may arise from soreness.' Munro Criticisms and elucidations of Catullus 75-92 on ancient scurrility. It is late with most of us before we recognise and keep always in mind, that the scandalous anecdotes in Suet., DCass., hist. Aug. cet. are not depositions on oath of eye-witnesses. Bernays has put in a much-needed caveat lector on behalf of the cynics.