morality than for the protection of the public.1 Until 1919 the liquor business was controlled almost entirely through state constitutions and laws, although a few national laws had been passed to regulate the interstate liquor trade. A number of war measures were enacted which restricted the use of grains in the manufacture of different kinds of liquor. The last of this war legislation prohibited absolutely the manufacture and sale of liquor after July 1, 1919. of the In December, 1917, both houses of Congress passed, by Prohibition more than two thirds majorities, a resolution amending amendment the United States Constitution by prohibiting the manu- national facture and sale of liquors of all kinds. By January 16, Constitution. 1919, this had been ratified by the legislatures in three fourths of the states and had been adopted as the eight 1 Until 1919 the general policy of each state was decided by the entire state, either by the legislature or through the vote of the people registered in the constitution. Three systems may be distinguished: (1) the tax license system, under which saloons were established in any community in the state under certain conditions such as the payment of a large fee or license and prohibition of sale to minors; (2) the license system with a local option which permitted any town or county to prohibit the sale of liquors within its boundaries; and (3) state prohibition, under which the manufacture, as well as the sale, of intoxicants was forbidden throughout the state. In all cases the administration of laws relating to the sale of liquors is left chiefly to local officers. Problems of enforcing liquor laws. eenth amendment. It goes into effect one year from the date of its ratification. In the past the enforcement of local option or state prohibition laws has depended very largely upon the sentiment of each community. Where the community earnestly favored prohibition, public sale was impossible, while private sale was difficult and usually punished; where the community was indifferent, illegal traffic was uncommon; but where prohibition was distasteful, there was little attempt to conceal the places where liquor could be obtained. Under nation wide prohibition all this is changed, although there will be for months or years some private or semiprivate stocks of liquor. The manufacture of whisky or any malt liquors will be attended with considerable risk because of the alertness of Uncle Sam's secret service men. The sale of liquors is likely to be controlled absolutely because there will be limited supplies and because of the vigilance of national revenue officers. The discontinuance of the use of liquors should promote the general welfare of our whole people. General References Hart, Actual Government, 535-671. Wright, Practical Sociology, 177-207, 331-332, 390-403. Beard, American City Government, 158–189, 261-333. Zueblin, American Municipal Progress, 73–129, 177–270. Towne, Social Problems. Henderson, Debendent, Defective, and Delinquent Classes. New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, articles on Charities," "Education," "Housing," "Liquor traffic," "Local option," "Pauperism,” "Poverty," "Prohibition," "Temperance," etc. Topics THE SCHOOL AS A SOCIAL CENTER: Ward, E. J., in National Education Association Proceedings, 1912, 436–449; Curtis, H. S., in American City, 7 (1912), 14-17, 133-137; Mayer, M. J., in Review of Reviews, 44 (1911), 201-208; King, I (ed.), Social Aspects of Education, 64-97; Review of Reviews, 50 (1914), 200-205; Perry, C. A., in United States Bureau Educational Bulletin 28 (1915), 1–67. CARE OF DEPENDENT CHILDREN: Mangold, Child Problems, 293345; Warner, American Charities, 220-228; Henderson, Dependent, Defective, and Delinquent Classes, 98–120; 169–182; McMurtrie, D. C., in The Survey, 27 (1911), 1208–1211. PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH: Bruère, New City Government, 401-413; Beard, American City Government, 261–286; McGrath, W. M., in Survey, 27 (1912), 1501-1514; Oyen, H., in World's Work, 23 (1912), 510-521; Annals of the American Academy, 37 (1911), 3−12, 123–126, 192-220, 250-260. PROHIBITION AND LOCAL OPTION: Larned (ed.), History for Ready Reference, VII, 15-18; Review of Reviews, 39 (1909), 601-604; Independent, 67 (1909), 168–178; 202–203; Annals of the American Academy, 32 (1908), 598–603; Towne, Social Problems, 256–284. Studies 1. New England grammar schools of the eighteenth century. Small, W. H., in School Review, 14 (1906), 42–56. 2. Dangers in our educational system. Hall, G. S., in New England Magazine, 35 (1907), 667–675. 3. State aid to high schools. Bolton, F. E., in Educational Review, 31 (1906), 141-166. 4. Country library pioneering in Massachusetts. Titus, E. K., in World To-day, 9 (1905), 1188-1194. 5. Cincinnati's municipal university. Review of Reviews, 47 (1913), 59-62. 6. Outdoor education in cities, Zueblin, American Municipal Prog ress, 195-210. 7. Continuation, coöperative, and collegiate city schools. Zueblin, American Municipal Progress, 220-227. 8. Causes of poverty. Ellwood, Sociology and Modern Social Problems (289-300); Towne, Social Problems, 290-301. 9. Charity organization. Hayes, Introduction to the Study of Sociology, 189-208. 10. The blind. Towne, Social Problems, 161–173. II. The deaf. Towne, Social Problems, 174-181. 12. The feeble-minded and insane. Towne, Social Problems, 184-204. 13. Conservation of human life. Marshall, Wright, and Field (eds.), Materials for the Study of Elementary Economics, 123–134. 14. Teaching sanitation to the world. Du Puy, Uncle Sam's Modern Miracles, 213-231. 15. Great modern hospitals. Thompson, W. G., in Century, 81 (1910), 87-100. 16. University medical school and charity hospital. Welch, W. H., in Survey, 27 (1912), 1766–1770. U 17. Mothers' pensions. Craiger, S. M., in Review of Reviews, 52 (1915), 81-84. 18. Fight for clean milk. Leupp, C. D., in Outlook, 101 (1912), 190198. 19. Disposal of waste. Zueblin, American Municipal Progress, 73-86. 20. The sewage problem. Zueblin, American Municipal Progress, 94-102. 21. Garbage question in small cities. Greeley, S. A., in Engineering Magazine, 45 (1913), 101-103. 22. Sewage and garbage problem. Hering, R., in American City, 9 (1913), 111-115. 23. Health work of Uncle Sam et al. Review of Reviews, 49 (1914), 301-320. 24. Effect of the war on prohibition in Europe. World's Work, 30 (1915), 428-440. Questions 1. Why is free public education more important in a republic than in a country ruled by a despot? Why is public education for the benefit of society rather than for the individual? 2. What are the boundaries of this school "district"? How many schools are located in it? Learn the number of teachers, the total attendance of scholars, and the cost of maintaining the schools. How many members are there in our school board? Do all go out of office at the same time? 3. What different free public schools are maintained by this state? Are they highly coördinated, that is, do they work together? 4. How long are your school buildings used each school day? How many days are they in use every year? Does your community make use of any school building for night schools? for parents' classes? for university extension work? as a social center? 5. Explain several personal and several economic causes of poverty. To what extent should relief for poverty be governmental? to what extent should it be private ? 6. Compare a poor and a good method of looking after (1) dependent children, (2) the insane, (3) poor people needing slight medical attention. 7. Why should the standard of living be raised at least 25 per cent if we could prolong the working life of every adult by five years or more? 8. Name the most important regulations for health in use in this community. Which seem most satisfactory? Which are most deficient? 9. Look up the pure food law of this state. Has this city any regulations that insure pure milk and meats? 10. What is the health argument against the liquor business? the employer's argument? the reformer's argument? If abolition of the sale of liquor is necessary in time of war (§ 334), is it less valuable in time of peace? CHAPTER XV LABOR AND INDUSTRY contracts. 261. The Laborer, His Labor, and His Wage. - About Wages and two persons in every five in the United States work for some one else. These wage earners receive a wage which is supposed to represent the value of their labor to the employer. The amount of the wage is agreed upon by employer and employee in a contract. A large number of important public problems arise in connection with labor. One of these is the question of the status of the laborer. Formerly, the law treated the laborer simply as the seller of a commodity, his labor. It is only within recent years that some European countries and some American states have come to look upon him, first, as a member of society entitled to a living and to decent treatment as a human being, and secondly, as a seller of labor, a commodity for which there may or may not be a market. The laborer as a citizen and a seller of labor. which make Another public question which has been prominently Changing before the people is this: under what conditions does the conditions laborer make a contract with his employer? A few years ago collective each employee bargained individually with his employer, but bargaining during the last half century both capital (§ 275) and labor 1 necessary. have organized. Instead of a single employer dealing with a few employees as individuals, manufacturing and transportation are carried on chiefly by huge corporations and 1 When the factory system first developed in England, more than a hundred years ago, the union of workers was forbidden by law. Later, English workers were allowed to organize but they were permitted few rights. In America labor unions were almost unknown until the middle of the nineteenth century. In 1834, to be sure, there was a National Trades Union enrolling 26,250 members, but the first really national labor unions developed in the period following the Civil War. |