zens, their favorite promenade, and the great centre of their "shopping" interests. "The Bowling Green," also, and the graveyards of Trinity and St. Paul's, the winding and narrow thoroughfares in the lower part of the city, many of them bearing new names, and all of them divested of the peculiarities which they then possessed, and "the Commons," now dignified with the name, although but very few of the accessories, of a "Park," remain to remind us of bygone days, and of generations which have also departed, leaving not even a connecting link behind.

At the period referred to, the lower extremity of the island was occupied with Fort George and its outworks-the latter embrac ing three bastions, with connecting curtains, extending from Whitehall slip on the south-east, to the line of the present Battery place on the north-west.

The fort, a rectangular stone work, strengthened with bastions at its angles, was elevated on an artificial mound, about fourteen feet in height, which had been thrown up "at an enormous expense;" and its gateway, which fronted "the Bowling Green," was defended by a raveling or covert-port which had been thrown. out in front of the fort, toward the city. Within the enclosure of the fort were the Provincial Governor's residence, a barrack which would accommodate two hundred men, and two powder magazines the latter of which, from their dampness, were entirely useless; and the glacis or counterscarp on its eastern and southern fronts, as far eastward as Whitehall street, and southward as far as Pearl street, was occupied as gardens for the Governor's use.

The armaments of the fort, the raveling, and the line of works on the water line, were mounted en barbette; and although upward of one hundred and twenty pieces of artillery were on the ram

parts, a distinguished military engineer of that period has informed us that it seems to have been intended for profit and

form rather than for defence, it being entirely exposed to a fire in reverse and enfilade," and that although "it carried a respectful appearance with it (at a distance)," the defences on the northern front were, "of themselves, but bad, this front being command'd by a piece of ground equal to it at the end of ye Bowling Green, its original parade, and formerly in the jurisdiction of the fort. This height is 530 feet from it, and where its principal street commences called the Broadway."

Beside the barracks which were within the fort, another, sometimes used for a military hospital, occupied the south-eastern part of the present Battery, extending westward from Whitehall street along the present southerly line of State street; while a third, in which were posted the troops who harassed the people so much at the period under consideration, occupied the northern part of "the Common," on the southern line of the Chambers street of our day.

Before noticing other portions of the city, as they appeared at that early day, it may be proper to remark, that the ferry to Staten Island occupied the site, at the foot of Whitehall street, which it still retains; and that the eastern part of the Battery,. then and many years afterward, was occupied with a pool of water, into which the tide flowed through Whitehall slip.

A stranger in New York, in 1767, would have seen little to admire in the plan-or, rather, in the entire absence of any plan-on which the city had been built; and the lower portions of it still retain much of that early peculiarity. The unseemly juxtaposition of fashionable private residences, merchants' stores, lawyers' offices, and mechanics' workshops-as we would consider it

-also must have formed a curious feature, even in its principal streets; but, in this respect, if not in the former, the modern city has effected a radical and permanent change.

Passing from the gate of Fort George, and leaving the Provincial Secretary's office on his right-on the western corner of the Bowling Green and Whitehall street-the stroller around town of that day had "the Broad Way," with its well-shaded sidewalks, before him, and all the busy scenes which, from the earliest days, have rendered it famous in the annals of New York.

Next to the glacis of the fort, on the western side of the street, stood the elegant mansion of Captain [Archibald] Kennedy, of the Royal Navy-a building which, for architectural pretensions, was rivalled only by the residence of Mr. [William] Walton, in Queen street [326 Pearl street], now Franklin square. Like the great city of which it still forms a part, it has survived the shock of revolutions, the demands of commerce, and the senseless thirst for change; and, with two stories added to its height, it is now known as The Washington," No. 1 Broadway.

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Adjoining the residence of Captain Kennedy was another, then owned by him, and subsequently purchased and occupied by the Honorable John Watts, a son of the gentleman of the same name who had been a member of the provincial Council-brother-in-law of Sir John Johnson, and brother of Major Stephen Watts, whose gallantry in the service of the King, at the battle of Oriskany, is so well known. This house, also, survives the many changes which have been made in Broadway; and at the present time, is occupied for offices.*

*This property was sold to Mr. Watts in February, 1792, for £2000 sterling; in 1836, $107,000 was offered for it, and refused; $93,000 was bid for it in 1836 or 1837; and, about two years ago [1858], it changed hands for $137,500-a singular instance of the upward tendency of trade during the past few years.