taken from the Pseudepigraphal work, entitled the Ascension of Isaiah, although it is not there stated that Isaiah was sawn with a wooden saw. Tertullian, also (De Patientia, c. xiv.), makes use of the prophet's example as there depicted to enforce the duty of patience: "His patientia viribus secatur Esaias et de Domino non tacet.' At v. 14 of the Ascension we read: "But Isaiah, while he was being sawn, did not cry nor weep, but his mouth spoke with the Holy Spirit until he was cut in two pieces." (Cf. the translation of the work, with introduction and notes, in the Lutheran Quarterly for October, 1878, pp. 513, 522.) In the Apostolical Constitutions (vi. 16), the work is spoken of under the title &nókpudov 'Hoatov. So also by Origen, who cites it in several instances (Com. in Matt., xiii. 57; Epist. ad African.. c. ix.; Hom. in Is. i.). Epiphanius (cf. Dillmann, p. xvii.) named it avaßarinÒV 'Hoatov, and charged that a certain heresy of his day was derived from it. Ambrose alluded to it (Com. in Ps. c/xvii.), and Chrysostom quoted it at length (Com. in Matt.). The first knowledge of this interesting work in modern times was through the discovery of an Ethiopic MS. of it in the Bodleian Library by Laurence, who published it, with translations in Latin and English, in 1819. Two Latin fragments were also edited by Mai (e Codice rescripto Vaticano), Rome, 1828. A new edition of the whole composition has recently appeared (1877), by Dillmann, who made use of two additional Ethiopic MSS, and his work is accompanied by all the critical helps needful for a thorough study of the book. He devotes a number of pages to explanatory notes, appends the fragments previously edited by Mai, and a second Latin version from another MS. of chaps. vi. 1-xi 40, the part containing the real Ascension, which was found by Gieseler. Some others have treated of the work at different times: as Grimm (Com. über Jesaia, Leipz., 1821, pp. 45-46), Nitzsch (Studien u. Kritiken, 1830, p. 210 ff.), Gfrörer (Das Jahrhundert des Heils, Stuttg., 1838, pp. 65-69, ii., p. 422 ff.), Movers (Kirchen-Lexikon, i. 338), Ewald (Geschichte des Volkes Is., 3d ed., vii., pp. 369-373), and Langen (Judenthum in Palästina, etc.. pp. 157-167). It seems to have been written in the Greek language, from which at least the Ethiopic version originated ("universa orationis Graca indoles in libro Ethiopico ita servata est." Dillmann, Prolegom., p. viii.) The work as it now exists, according to Dillmann, is properly two works: one the Ascension proper, being from the hand of a Christian, and the other part mainly from a Jew, excepting what was added by a later editor. Following this critic's analysis, the former includes vi. 1−xi. 1, 23–40. It is evident that this part once circulated as a separate book, since it is shown in the fragments published by Mai, which contain it alone. On the other hand, that the work also circulated in the Western church in its entirety is proved by the other Latin fragment, where parts of the whole are found. In form the original composition is an account of what was revealed to the prophet Isaiah, as he was being carried upward to the seventh heaven, "in the twentieth year of the reign of Hezekiah, king of Judah." Its age may be approximately determined from the fact that it contains Christian elements, and is referred to by Justin Martyr and Tertullian. THE BOOK OF JUBILEES. In our General Introduction, pp. 40-42, we have spoken at some length of the Haggadistic literature of the Jews. In the so-called Book of Jubilees, we have a good specimen of its character. It is nothing more or less than a Haggadistic commentary on the Book of Genesis, from which circumstance also, its other title, the Little Genesis" ("Little," i. e., not in extent, but in rank) is derived. A commentary in the modern sense of the word it is not, but a free reproduction of the matter of Genesis, and the first part of Exodus with the enlargements, interpolations, and interpretations pecul iar to the Judaism of the later times. It professes to be a revelation made to Moses on Mount Sinai, and so to come with the highest authority, but moves, notwithstanding, on a decidedly low plane of intellectual and spiritual attainment. The author is supposed to know whence the first fathers of the race got their wives, how Noah managed to gather the animals into the ark, why it was that Rebecca loved Jacob so much, and other matters of that sort. The patriarchs are also made pattern Jews, of the later order. Good and bad angels participate freely in human affairs. It is represented that the patriarchs, in addition to the teaching embraced in the Mosaic revelations, received secret communications from God, which were afterwards to be made known, as in the present book, for instance. In the fourth and fifth centuries of our era it was cited by a number of the fathers (Epiphanius, Jerome, Rufinus) under both its titles, rà 'Iwẞnλaîa, and † λenth Féveσis, but most frequently the latter. Like several other works of the kind, it seems to have found the most admirers, however, in the church of Abyssinia, and from thence it was brought to Europe and introduced to the modern world. Fragments of it are found in Fabricius (Cod. Pseudepig. V. T., vol. i. of the 2d ed.) and Treuenfels (Fürst's Literaturblatt des Orients, 1846, 1851), and it is fully presented by Dillmann (1850-51) in a German translation, and later (1859) in the Ethiopic text. It was afterwards treated by a number of scholars, whose works or articles will be found in the list of authors below. The original language of the work is admitted to be Hebrew, and its birth-place Palestine, though it was early translated into Greek and Latin, from the former of which languages the Ethiopic version was made. In addition to the numerous internal proofs of such an original, we have the positive testimony of Jerome (cf. Dillmann in Ewald's Jahrbücher, iii. 89). The Book of Enoch was freely used and cited by our author, and, on the other hand, the present book, as it would seem, was known to the writer of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (Dillmann, l. c., pp. 91-94), which originated in the second century of our era. And inasmuch as the work contains not the slightest allusion to the destruction of Jerusalem, but everywhere represents it as being still the great spiritual centre of the nation's religious life, it is tolerably clear that it must have appeared in the first century and prol ably not far from the middle of it. THE TESTAMENTS OF THE TWELVE PATRIARCHS. THE name indicates the professed character of the present work. It is made up of the supposed utterances of the twelve sons of Jacob. With an account of their lives, embracing particulars not found in the Canonical Scriptures, there are combined various moral precepts intended for the instruction of their descendants. There are also pretended revelations of the future in which the coming of the Messiah is made the goal. The work seems to have been written by a Jewish Christian, whose aim was to win over his fellow countrymen to Christianity. The language in which it was written seems to have been Greek, as we now find it in extant MSS. This is proved, in connection with other things, by the character of the Greek employed, instances of paronomasia, a frequent use of the genitive absolute and of the verb uéλλew, and the introduction of terms common to the Greek philosophy. The Testaments are referred to by Tertullian (Adv. Marcionem, v. 1; Scorpiace, xiii.; cf. Benj., ii.) and by Origen (Hom. in Jos., xv. 6; cf. Reub., 2, 3); also apparently in Jerome (Adv. Vigilant., c. vi.), in the Synopsis ascribed to Athanasius, and the Stichometry of Nicephorus. (Cf. Introductory Notice to the translation of the work found in connection with the works of Lactantius, vol. ii. of the Ante-Nicene Christian Library, pp. 7, 9.) In times more modern the work came into notice as published in Latin by Bishop Grosseteste, of England, in the middle of the thirteenth century. The Greek text was first published by Grabe (Spicilegium Patrum, etc., Oxford, 1698), from an inaccurate transcript of a Cambridge MS. Fabricius (Cod. Pseudep.) reprinted Grabe's text with but slight changes. Grabe's second edition (1714) was an improvement on the first, but stili left much to be desired. The second edition of Fabricius (1722) and that of Gallandi (who followed Grabe's second edition, Venice, 1765) and Migne (also followed Grabe, Patrologia Græca, ii. Paris, 1857), are all very imperfect. In 1869, Richard Sinker published the text of a Cambridge MS. of the work, noting the variations of one found in Oxford, and used this text in making his translation for the volume of the Ante-Nicene Library above referred to. There are four Greek MSS. of the Testaments extant: one in Cambridge, one in Oxford, a third in the Vatican Library not yet edited (i. e., at the time Sinker's work appeared), and a fourth, which was discovered by Tischendorf at Patmos, the special character of which is unknown. Of the Latin text there are many MSS., twelve being found in Cambridge, England, alone. An English translation was made by Arthur Golding (1581), which was frequently republished. (Cf. under “Sinker" in List of Authors.) The date of the work is confidently placed in the first part of the second century of our era. It refers to the destruction of Jerusalem on the one hand, and was cited by Tertullian, and hence must have originated within these limits. The New Testament Books seem to have been already collected to a greater or less extent. There is also an allusion to the Jewish priesthood, which would be without force, if the destruction of Jerusalem by Hadrian had already taken place, that followed the insurrection under Bar-Cochba (A. D. 135). We must, therefore, fix on a period ranging A. D. 100-135 for its composition. So Sinker, but most other scholars place it somewhat earlier. The work has been treated, among others, by Nitzsch (see List of Authors), Ritschl (Die Entstehung der Altkath. Kirche, p. 171 ff., Bonn, 1850; 2d ed., 1857), Vorstman (see below), Kayser (in Reuss and Cunitz's Beiträge zu den theol. Wissenschaften, 1851, pp. 107-140), and an interesting article on its apologetical value appeared in the Presbyterian Review for January, 1880. LIST OF AUTHORITIES. ACKERMANN. Introductio in Libros Sacros Vet. Fœderis. Editio Tertia. Viennæ, 1853. Alexandre. XPHEMOI ZIBTAAIAKOI. Oracula Sibyllina. Editio Altera. Parisiis, 1869. Anderson. The Annals of the English Bible. Abridged by Prime. New York, 1849. Apel. Libri Veteris Testamenti Apocryphi Græce. Lips., 1837. Apocrypha, The, Greek and English in Parallel Columns. Lond., 1871. Appian. Werke. Stuttg., 1832. Arnald. A Critical Commentary on Such Books of the Apocrypha as are Appointed to be Read in the Churches. Lond., 1st ed.. 1744, 4th ed., 1822. Assemani. Biblioth. Apost. Vaticana Codicum MSS. Catalogus. Romæ, 1756-59. Auberlen. Der Prophet Daniel u. die Offenbarung Johannis. 3te Aufl., Basel, 1874. Augusti. Libri Vet. Test. Apocryphi. Textum Græcum recognovit et Variarum Lectionum Delectum adjecit. Lips., 1804. Augusti. Grundriss einer Historisch-Kritischen Einleitung in's Alte Testament. 2te Aufl., Leipz., 1827. Badt. De Oraculis Sibyllinis a Judæis compositis. Breslau, 1869. Balfour. The Plants of the Bible. Lond., 1866. Bauermeister. Commentarius in Sapientiam Salomonis. Götting., 1828. Baumgarten. "Der Nationaljüdische Hintergrund der Neutest. Geschichte nach Flavius Josephus" (Jahrbücher für Deutsche Theol., 1864, pp. 616-648, 1865, pp. 605-693). Beer. Das Buch der Jubiläen u. sein Verhältniss zu den Midraschim. Leipz., 1856. Beer. Noch ein Wort über das Buch der Jubiläen. Leipz., 1857. Bendtsen. Specimen Exercitationum Criticarum in V. T. Libros Apoc. e Patrum Scriptis et Antiquis Versionibus. Götting., 1789. Bengel. Gnomon of the New Testament. Edinb., 1860. Bensly. The Missing Fragment of the Latin Translation of the Fourth Book of Ezra. Cambridge, 1875. Bernhardy. Grundriss der Griechischen Litteratur. 3te Aufl., Halle, 1861-76. Bertheau. Die Bücher der Chronik erklärt. 2te Aufl., Leipz., 1873. Bertheau. De Secundo Libro Maccabæorum. Götting., 1829. Bertholdt. Einleitung in Sämmtliche Kanonische u. Apokryphische Schriften d. Alten u. Neuen Testaments. Erlangen, 1812-1819. Besançon. De l'Emploi que les Pères de l'Eglise ont fait des Oracles Sibyllins. Paris, 1851. Bidder. Bleek. "Ueber die Entstehung u. Zusammensetzung der uns in acht Büchern erhaltenen Sammlung Bleek. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Translated from the 2d German ed. 2 vols., Lond., 1869. Bleek. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. Vierte Aufl., bearbeitet von Wellhausen. Berlin, 1878. Bloch. Studien zur Geschichte der Sammlung der Althebräischen Literatur. Leipz., 1875. Bloch. Hellenistische Bestandtheile im Biblischen Schriftthum (previously in Jüdische Literaturblatt). 1877. Böhl. Forschungen nach einer Volksbibel zur Zeit Jesu u, deren Zusammenhang mit der Septuaginta-Uebersetzung. Wien, 1873. Bost. L'Époque des Macchabées. Strassb., 1862. Bretschneider. De Libri Sapientia Parte Priore, c. i.-xi., e duobus libellis conflata. Pars i.-iii. Viteb., 1804. Bretschneider. Liber Jesu Siracidæ Græce. Ratisbona, 1806. Bretschneider. Systematische Darstellung der Dogmatik u. Moral der Apokryphischen Schriften des Ab ten Testaments. Erster Band, "die Dogmatik enthaltend." Leipz., 1805. Bretschneider. Lexici in Interpretes Gracos Vet. Test. maxime Scriptores Apocryphos Spicilegium. Post Bielium et Schleusnerum. Lips., 1805. Brown. History of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Lond., 1859. Bruch. Weisheits-Lehre der Hebräer. Strassb., 1851. Bruch. Die Lehre von der Praexistenz der Menschlichen Seele. Strassb., 1859. Buckley. A History of the Council of Trent. Lond., 1852. Herausgegeben von Holtzmann. Leipz., 1869. Dritter Theil, "Die Apokryphischen Bucher." Butt. The Genuineness of the Book of Enoch Investigated. Lond., 1827. Buttmann. Grammatik des Neutestamentlichen Sprachgebrauchs. Berlin, 1859. Buttmann. A Grammar of the New Testament Greek. Translated by Thayer, with numerous additions and corrections by the author. Andover, 1876. Camerarius. Sententiæ Jesu Siracidæ Græce. Basil, 1551, 1555. With a Latin version aud additional notes, Lips., 1568, and other editions. Cappellus. Commentarii et Nota Critica in V. T. Amstelod., 1869. Carrière. "Note sur le Taxo de l'Assomption de Moïse" (Revue de Theol., 1868, 2 livr.). Ceriani. Monumenta Sacra et Profana. Vols. i.-vii. Mediol., 1861-74. Champollion-Figeac. Annales des Lagides, ou Chronologie des Rois Grecs d'Egypte. 2 vols., with supplement. Paris, 1819-20. Cigoi. Historisch-Chronologische Schwierigkeiten im Zweiten Makkabäerbuche. Klagenfurt, 1868. Clemens. Die Offenbarung der Propheten Henoch, Ezra u. Jesaia im Jahrhunderte des Heils. Erster Theil, Die Offenbarung Henoch. Stuttg, 1850. Colani. "L'Assomption de Moïse" (Revue de Theol., 1863, 2o livr.). Colani. Jésus-Christ et les Croyances Messianiques de son Temps. 2 ed., Strassb., 1864. Cosin. A Scholastical History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures (vol. iii. of the Library of AngloCatholic Theology). Oxford, 1849. Cotton. The Five Books of Maccabees in English. With Notes and Illustrations. Oxford, 1832. Cozza. Sacrorum Bibliorum Vetustissima Fragmenta Græca et Latina e codicibus Cryptoferratensibus eruta atque edita. Præcedit Daniel ex unico codice Chisiano. Pars iii. Romæ, 1877. Cozza. Bibliorum Sacrorum Græcus Coder Vaticanus auspice Pio IX. P. M. Collatis studiis C. Vercellone et Jos. Cozza. Vols. i.-v Leipz., 1868-72. Cramer. Versuch einer Systematischen Darstellung der Moral der Apokryphen des Alten Testaments. Leipz., 1814. Credner. Geschichte des Neutest. Kanon. Berlin, 1860. Cremer. Biblico-Theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek. Edinb., 1872. Creuzer. Zur Kritik der Schriften des Juden Philo" (Theolog. Stud. u. Krit., 1832, pp. 3-43). Curtiss. The Name Machabee. Leipz., 1876. Curtius. Griechische Schulgrammatik. Prag, 1873. Curtius (Q. C. R.). De Rebus Gestis Alexandri Magni. 2 vols., Biponti, 1782. Dähne. Geschichtliche Darstellung der Jüdisch-Alexandrinischen Religions-Philosophie. 2 Bde. Halle, 1834. Davidson. Introduction to the Old Testament. 3 vols. Edinb., 1863. Davidson. A Concordance of the Hebrew and Chaldee Scriptures. Revised and Corrected. Lond., 1876. Davidson. The Canon of the Bible. Lond., 1877. Dechent. Ueber das Erste und Eilfte Buch der Sibyllinischen Weissagungen. Inaugural Dissertation. Frankfurt, 1873. Delitzsch, Franz. De Habacuci Prophetæ Vita atque Etate. Lips., 1842. Delitzsch, Franz. Zur Geschichte der Jüdischen Poesie vom Abschluss der Heiligen Schriften des Alten Bundes bis auf die Neueste Zeit. Leipz., 1836. Delitzsch, Franz. See under "Keil." Delitzsch, Johannes. Das Lehrsystem der Römischen Kirche. Gotha, 1875. De Montfaucon. La Veritée de l'Histoire de Judith. Paris, 1690. De Rossi. Specimen Var. Lect. S. Textus et Chaldaica Estheris Additamenta, cum Lat. Vers. ac Notis. 2da ed. Tübing., 1783. Derenbourg. Essai sur l'Histoire et la Géographie de la Palestine, d'après les Thalmuds et les autres Sources Rabbiniques. Paris, 1867. Dereser. Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments. Zweiten Theils dritter Band. Fortgesetzt von Scholz. Frankfurt, 1833. De Sacy. "Notice du livre d'Enoch" (Magazin Encyclopédique, an vi., i. 383; also on the same subject in Journal des Savans, Sept., Oct., 1822). De Sacy. Articles in Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi et autres Bibliothèques, 1831, tom. xii. Dessauer. Geschichte der Israeliten mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Culturgeschichte. Erlangen, 1846. De Wette. Lehrbuch der Historisch-Kritischen Einleitung in die Kanonischen u. Apokryphischen Bücher · des Alten Testaments. 8te Aufl., neu bearbeitet von Schrader. Berlin, 1869. De Wette. Die Heilige Schrift des Alten & Neuen Test. uebersetzt. 2te umgearbeitete Ausgabe. Heidelb., 1831-32. De Wette. An Historico-Critical Introduction to the Canonical Books of the New Testament (Parker's Trans.). Boston, 1858. Diestel. Geschichte des Alten Testaments in der Christlichen Kirche. Jena, 1869. Dillmann. Das Buch Henoch. Uebersetzt u. erklärt. Leipz., 1853. 66 Dillmann. 'Das Buch der Jubiläen, oder die Kleine Genesis, aus dem Ethiopischen uebersetzt" (in Ewald's Jahrbücher, Bde. ii., iii. Cf. also Zeitschrift d. Deutschen Morgenl. Gesellsch., xi., 1837, pp. 161-163). Dillmann. Liber Jubilæorum Eth. Ed. Kiel, 1859. Dillmann. Liber Henoch Ethiopice ad quinque Codicum Fidem editus, cum Variis Lectionibus. Lips., 1851. Dillmann. Art. "Pseudepigraphen," in Herzog's Real-Encyk. Divine Scripturæ, nempe Veteris ac Novi Testamenti Omnia, etc. Francofurti, MDXCVII. Divine Scripturæ Veteris ac Novi Testamenti Omnia, etc. Basileæ, MDXLV. Döllinger. 1868. Christenthum u. Kirche in der Zeit der Grundlegung. 2te verbesserte Aufl. Regensburg, Döllinger. Heidenthum u. Judenthum. Regensburg. 1857. Donaldson. The Apostolical Fathers. Lond., 1874. Drexelius. Tobias Morali Doctrina Illustratus. Monachii, 1641. Droysen. Geschichte des Hellenismus. 2te Aufl., 3 Bde. Gotha, 1877-78. Drummond. The Jewish Messiah. Lond., 1877. Drusius. De Patriarcha Henoch ejusque Raptu et Libro e quo Judas Apostolus Testimonium profert. Franek., 1615. Drusius. Commentarius in Prophetas Minores XII. et in Librum Primum Hasmonæorum. Amstel., 1627. Dukes. Rabbinische Blumenlese. Leipz., 1844. Duncker. Geschichte des Alterthums. 5te Aufl., 4 Bde. Leipz., 1878. Ebrard. Zeugnisse gegen die Apokryphen. Basel, 1851. Eichhorn. Einleitung in die Apokryphischen Schriften des Alt. Test. Leipz., 1775. Engelbreth. Librum Sapientiæ Salomonis Interpretandi Specimina I. et II., Capita quinque priora Complectentia. Hafn., 1816. Ewald. Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Vierter Band, "Geschichte Ezra's u. der Heiligherrschaft in Israel bis Christus." 3te Ausg. Götting., 1864. Ewald. Jahrbücher der Bib. Wissenschaft from 1848 to 1852. Götting. Ewald. Die Propheten des Alten Bundes erklärt. 3 Bde., 2te Aufl. Götting., 1867–68. Ewald. Das Vierte Ezrabuch nach seinem Zeitalter, seinen Arabischen Uebersetzungen und einer neuen Wiederherstellung. Götting., 1863. Ewald Abhandlung über des Aethiopischen Buches Henokh Entstehung, Sinn und Zusammensetzung. Götting., 1854. Ewald. The History of Israel. Translated from the German. 4 vols. Lond., 1871. 46 Ewald. Abhandlung über Entstehung, Inhalt und Werth der Sibyllinischen Bücher" (Abhandl. d. König. Gesellsch. der Wissenschaft zu Göttingen. Bd. viii. 1858-59). Ewald. "Ueber die Alte Armenische Uebersetzung des Vierten Ezrabuch" (Götting. Nachrichten, 1865, pp. 504–516). Ewald, P. Pirke Aboth oder Sprüche der Väter, ein Traktat aus der Mischna. Uebersetzt und erklärt. Erlangen, 1825. Faber Prolusiones VI. super Librum Sapientiam. Onold., 1776. Fabricius. Codex Pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti. 2 vols. Editio Altera. Hamb., 1722-23. Fabricius. Liber Tobiæ, etc. Francof. et Lips., 1691. Fagins. Ben Sira Sententiæ Morales. Tobias Hebraice. Isnæ, 1542. Field. Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt. 2 vols. Oxford, 1867-75. Fisher. The Beginnings of Christianity. New York, 1875. Flathe. Geschichte Macedoniens u. der Reiche, welche von Macedonischen Königen beherrscht wurden. Leipz., 1832-34. Fraenkel. Die Apokryphen d. Alt. Test nach dem Griechischen ins Hebräische übertragen. Leipz., 1850. Frankel. Frankel. Ueber Palästinische u. Alexandrinische Schriftforschung. Breslau, 1854. Frankel. Ueber den Einfluss der Palästinischen Exegese auf die Alexandrinische Hermeneutik. Leipz., 1851. Freudenthal. Die Flavius Josephus beigelegte Schrift über die Herrschaft der Vernunft. 1869. Breslau, Friedlieb. Die Sibyllinischen Weissagungen vollständig gesammelt, nach neuer Handschrift-Vergleichung, mit kritischem Commentare u. metrischer Deutscher Uebersetzung herausgegeben. Leipz., 1852. Frisch. Ver-leichung zwischen den Ideen, welche in den Apokryphen d. Alt. Test. u. den Schriften d. N. Test. über Unsterblichkeit, Auferstehung u. Vergeltung herrschen" (Allgem. Biblioth, d. bibl. Lit., iv., pp. 653-718). Fritzsche, O. F. Libri Apoc. Vet. Test. Græce. Accedunt Libri Vet. Test. Pseudepig. selecti. Lips. 1871. Fritzsche, O. F. Carl L. W. Fritzsche O. F. 1 ritz che, O. F. Fritzsche, C. F. Kurzgefasstes Exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apok. d. Alt. Test., in Verbindung mư Esther Duplicem Libri Text. emend. Zürich, 1848. Art. on the Apocrypha in Schenkel's Bibel-Lex. A. Pauli ad Romanos Epistola. 3 Tomi. Halis, 1836-43. |