eonsiderable body, to give notice of any approaching danger. When an army is upon the march, the grand guards which should mount that day serve as an advanced guard to the army: in small parties six or eight horse are sufficient, and these are not to go above four or five hundred yards before the party. An advanced guard is also a small body of twelve or sixteen horse, under a corporal or quarter-master, posted before the grand guard of a camp. pressed in time of war: she generally has an admiral's flag at one of her masts head. GUARD, in fencing, is a posture proper to defend the body from an enemy's sword. There are four general guards of the sword; to form a perfect idea of which, we must suppose a circle drawn on a wall, and divided into four cardinal points, viz. top and bottom, right and left. When the point of the sword is directed to the bottom of the circle, with the hilt opposite to GUARD, artillery, is a detachment from its top, the body inclining very forward, the army, to secure the artillery: their corps this is called the prime or first guard. The de garde is in the front, and their centries second guard, by many improperly called round the park. This is a forty-eight hours the tierce, is when the point is directed to guard: and upon a march they go in the the right or second point of the same cirfront and rear of the artillery, and must be cle, with the hilt of the sword turned to sure to leave nothing behind. If a gun or the left, and the body proportionably raised. waggon break down, the captain is to leave The tierce, or third guard, is when the point a part of his guard to assist the gunners and of the sword is raised to the uppermost matrosses in getting it up again. part of the same circle; in which case the GUARD, main, that from whence all the body, the arm, and the sword, are in their other guards are detached. Those who are to mount the guard meet at their respective captain's quarters, and go from thence to the parade; where, after the whole guard is drawn up, the small guards are detached for the posts and magazines; and then the subaltern officers throw lots for their guards, and are commanded by the captain of the main guard. GUARD, piquet, a good number of horse and foot always in readiness in case of an alarm: the horse are all the time saddled, and the riders booted. The foot draw up at the head of the battalion, at the beating of the tattoo; but afterwards return to their tents, where they hold themselves in readiness to march upon any sudden alarm. This guard is to make resistance, in case of an attack, till the army can get ready. GUARD boat, a boat appointed to row the rounds among the ships of war in any harbour, to observe that their officers keep a good look-out, calling to the guard-boat as she passes, and not suffering her crew to come on board, without having previously communicated the watch-word of the night. GUARD irons, are curved bars of iron placed over the ornamental figures on a ship's head or quarter, to defend them from injury. GUARD ship, a vessel to superintend the marine affairs in a harbour or river, and to see that the ships which are not commissioned have their proper watch duly kept; she is also to receive seanien who are im natural position, and in the mean of the extremes of their motion. The quart, or fourth guard, is when the point of the sword is directed to the fourth point of the circle, descending to the right as far as one fourth of the tierce, with the outward part of the arm and the flat of the sword turned towards the ground, and the body out of the line to the right, and the hilt of the sword towards the line to the left. There is also a quint, or fifth guard, which is only the return of the point of the sword to the right, after traversing the circle to the point of the prime, from whence it had departed, with a different disposition of the body, arm, and sword. The common centre of all those motions ought to be in the shoulder. In all these kinds of guards there are the high-advanced, high-retired, and high-inter mediate guard, when disposed before the upper part of the body, either with the arm quite extended, quite withdrawn, or in a mean state. The mean advanced guard, or simply mean guard, is when the sword is placed before the middle part of the body. The low advanced, retired, or intermediate guards, are those where the arm and sword are advanced, withdrawn, or between the two extremes, before the lower part of the body. GUARDIAN, in law. A guardian is one appointed to take care of a person and his affairs, who by legal imbecility and want of understanding is incapable of acting for his own interest; and it seems by our law, that his office originally was to instruct the ward, under the feudal tenures, in the arts of war, as well as those of husbandry and tillage, that when he came of age, he might be the better able to perform those services to his lord, whereby he held his own land. There are several kinds of guardians, as, guardian by nature, guardian by the common law, guardian by statute, guardian by custom, guardian in chivalry, guardian in socage, and guardian by appointment of the Lord Chancellor. Guardian by nature, is the father or mother; and by the common law every father hath a right of guardianship of the body of his son and heir, until he attains to the age of twenty-one years. This guardianship extends no further than the custody of the infant's person. The father may disappoint the mother, and other ancestors, of the guardianship by nature, by appointing a testamentary guardian under the statutes 4 and 5 Phil. and Mary, and 12 Char. II. A guardian by nature hath only the care of the person and education of the infant, and hath nothing to do with his lands, merely in virtue of his office; for such guardian may be, though the infant have no lands at all, which a guardian in socage cannot. GUARDIAN, by the common law, or GuarIdian in Socage. If a tenant in socage die, his heir being under fourteen, whether he be his issue or cousin, male or female, the next of blood to the heir, to whom the inheritance cannot descend, shall be guardian of his body and land till fourteen; and although the nature of socage tenure is in some measure changed from what it originally was, yet it is still called socage tenure, and the guardian in socage is still only where lands of that kind, as most of the lands in England now are, descend to the heir within age; and though the heir after fourteen may choose his own guardian, who shall continue till he is twenty-one, yet as well the guardian before fourteen, as he whom the infant shall think fit to choose after fourteen, are both of the same nature, and have the same office, without any in tervention or direction of the infant himself; they are to transact all affairs in their own name, and not in the name of the infant, which they would be obliged to do, if their authority were derived from him. This guardianship is so little resorted to, although all lands are now of socage tenure, that it is needless to enquire further into it here. GUARDIAN by statute, or Testament afg Guardian. By the common law, no person could appoint a guardiau, because the law had appointed one, whether the father were tenant by knight service, or in socage. The first statute that gave the father a power of appointing, was the 4 and 5 Philip and Mary, c. 8, which provides, under severe penalties, such as tine and imprisonment for years, against taking any maid, or woman child unmarried, being within the age of sixteen years, out of or from the possession, custody, or governance, and against the will of the father of such mal, or woman child, or of such person or persons, to whom the father of such maid, or woman child, by his last will and testament, or by any other act in his life time, shall grant the education and governance of such child. But the principal guardianship is now by the statute 12 Charles II. c. 24, by which any father, under or of full age, may by deed or will, attested by two witnesses, appoint, dispose of the custody of his child born or unborn to any person except a popish recusant convict, either in possession or reversion till such child attain twenty-one. This guardian supersedes the guardian in socage, and has all actions which that guardian might have had. Besides which he has the care of the estate, A father cannot under real and personal. this statute appoint one to his natural child, and a case has been decided upon the mar riage act, in which a marriage with consent of a guardian applied to a natural child was held void. The chancellor, however, will upon application appoint the same person guardian. Guardians by custom, are appointed in the City of London, in the county of Kent, and with respect to copyhold lands in some manors. Guardians by appointment of the ecclesiastical court, were appointed to take care of the infant's personal estate, till fourteen in males, and twelve in females; but their authority over the person is now denied, and they are only confined to guardianship for the purpose of a suit in an ecclesiastical court. GUARDIAN, in chivalry, is obsolete, but extended to twenty-one years. GUARDIAN, by appointment of the Lord Chancellor. It is not easy to state how this jurisdiction was acquired; for it is certainly of no very ancient date, though now indisputable; for it is clearly agreed, that the king, as pater patriæ, is universal guardian of all infants, idiots, and lunatics, who cannot take care of themselves, and as this care cannot be exercised otherwise than by appointing them proper curators or committees, it seems also agreed, that the king may, as he has done, delegate the authority to his chancellor: and that therefore at this day the Court of Chancery is the only proper court, that hath jurisdiction in appointing and removing guardiaus, and in preventing them and others from abusing their persons or estates. And as the Court of Chancery is now vested with this authority, hence in every day's practice we find that court determining, as to the right of guardianship, who is the next of kin, and who the most proper guardian; as also orders are made by that court on petition or motion, for the provision of infants during any dispute therein; as likewise guardians removed or compelled to give security; they and others punished for abuses committed on infants, and effectual care taken to prevent any abuses intended them in their persons or estates; all such wrongs and injuries being reckoned a contempt of that court, that hath, by an established jurisdisction, the protection of all persons under natural disabilities. All courts of justice appoint guardians to infants, to see and prosecute their rights in their respective courts, when the occasion calls for it. There are also some cases where an infant may elect a guardian, and the Court of Chancery allows him to do so after fourteen. GUARDIAN of the Spiritualties, is he to whom the spiritual jurisdiction of any diocese is committed, during the vacancy of the see. The archbishop is guardian of the spiritualties, on the vacancy of any see within his province; but when the archiepiscopal see is vacant, the dean and chapter of the archbishop's diocese are guardians of the spiritualties. GUAREA, in botany, a genus of the Octandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Meliæ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx four-cleft; petals four; nectary cylindric, bearing the anthers at its mouth; capsule four-celled, four-valved; seeds solitary. There is only one species, viz. G. trichilioides, ash-leaved guarea. This tree is remarkable for its strong odour of musk, particularly the bark, and is used instead of that perfume for many purposes. The wood is full of a bitter resinous subVOL. III. stance, which renders it unfit for rum hogsheads, having been observed to communicate both its smell and taste to spirituous liquors. It is a native of South America and the West India islands. The English call it muskwood. GUDGEONS, in a ship, are the eyes drove into the stern-post, into which the pintles of the rudder go, to hang it. GUERICKE, Отто, or Отно, a very eminent German experimental philosopher in the seventeenth century, who, with Torricelli, Pascal, and Boyle, greatly contributed to explain the various properties of the air and their effects, was born in the year 1602, and died, at Hamburgh, in the year 1686. He was councellor to the Elector of Brandenburg; and burgomaster, or consul, of Magdeburg; but his memory derives greater honour from his philosophical discoveries, than from the civil dignities to which he was raised. To him is to be attributed the invention of the air-pump, for though Mr. Boyle had, about the same time, made some approaches towards a similar discovery, yet he ingenuously acknowledged in a letter to his nephew, Lord Dungarvon, that the information which he received from Schottus's " Mechanica Hydraulico Pneumatica," published in 1657, in which was an account of Guericke's experiments, first enabled him to bring his design to any thing like maturity. Guericke was also the inventor of the two brass hemispheres, to illustrate the pressure of the air, which, being applied to each other, and the air exhausted, resisted the force of sixteen horses to draw them asunder. He likewise invented an instrument to show the variations in the state of the atmosphere, consisting of a tube, in which was a little image of glass, that descended in rainy or stormy weather, and rose again when the weather became fine and serene. This last machine fell into disuse on the invention of the barometer, and especially after the improvements made in that instrument by Huygens and Amontons. By consulting his tube, Guericke would frequently foretel approaching storms; whence the ignorant populace gave him the character of a sorcerer. In this opinion of him they were confirmed by a thunder storm discharging itseif one day upon his house, and shivering to pieces several machines of which he had made use in his experiments. That event they considered to be an unequivocal indication of the anger of Heaven, and a just punishment inflicted Dd GUG upon him for his impiety. He was the au- GUGLIELMINI (DOMINIC), an emi- author on the subject of Syphons. Their draulics. Montucla commends it in warm jects, &c. He died at Padua in 1710, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. He had been admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, in the year 1696, and was also associate, or corresponding member of the Academies of Berlin and Vienna, and of the Royal Society at London. The best edition of his treatise on the nature of rivers, was published at Bologna in 1756, with the notes of Manfredi; and the whole of his works were printed in a collective form at Geneva, in 1719, in two volumes quarto. GUIAC. See RESIN. GUIDE, in music, the name given to that note in a figue which leads off and announces the subject. GUILANDINA, in botany, bonduc or nicker-tree, a genus of the Decandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Lomentaceæ. Leguminosa, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx one-leafed; salvershaped; petals inserted into the neck of the calyx, nearly equal; seed vessel a legume. There are six species. GUILD, or GILD, a fraternity or company. As to the original of these guilds or companies, it was a law among the Saxons that every freeman of fourteen years of age should find sureties to keep the peace, or be committed; upon which the neighbours entered into an association, and became bound for each other, either to produce him who committed any offence, or to make satisfaction to the injured party; in order to which they raised a sum among themselves, which they put into a common stock; out of which they, upon occasion, made a pecuniary compensation according to the quality of the offence committed. These guilds are now companies, joined together with laws and orders made by themselves, by the licence of the prince. GUITAR. See MUSICAL instruments. GULES, in heraldry, signifies the colour red, which is expressed in engraving by perpendicular lines falling from the top of the escutcheon to the bottom. GUM, a thick transparent tasteless fluid, which exudes occasionally from certain species of trees. It is adhesive, and gradually hardens without losing its transparency. Gum is chiefly obtained from different species of the mimosa, particularly from M. nilotica, a native of Egypt and Arabia, which is known by the name of gum arabic. The specific gravity of gum is about 1.4. It is not changed by exposure to the air, but is deprived of its colour by the action of the sun. By heat it becomes soft, and is speedily reduced to the state of charcoal, which enters largely into its composition. The constituent parts of gum are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller proportions of nitrogen and lime. The oxygen is much less in quantity than the saccharine matter. See SUGAR. The existence of lime and nitrogen in gum renders it essen tially different from fecula and sugar, to which, in other respects, it bears a near relation; they, however, are able to undergo the vinous fermentation, which is not the case with gum. Gum readily dissolves in water, and the solution, which is thick and adhesive, is known by the name of mucilage. It is soluble also in the vegetable acids. Sulphuric acid decomposes it, and converts it into water, acetic acid, and charcoal. With the assistance of heat, muriatic acid, and nitric acid, produce a similar effect. It is insoluble in alcohol and ether. Such are the chief properties of gum arabic. There are, besides this, other gums, of which the principal is denomi nated tragacanth, from the astragalus tragacantha, a native of the island of Crete, which is in the form of vermicular masses; it is less transparent, and more adhesive than gum arabic, but by distillation it yields similar products. In our garden and or chards we find, in good quantities, gum exuding from the cherry and plumb trees, which differs chiefly from gum arabic in being softer and more soluble. Gum, in a state of mucilage, exists in a number of plants, especially in the roots and leaves. It is most abundant in bulbous roots, and of these the hyacinth seems to contain the largest quantity. A pound of the bulbs of this root, when dried, yields four ounces of a powder, which, when macerated in water, give a mucilage that acts well as a mordant for fixing the colours in calico-printing. Gum is used in medicine, and is considered as a specific against the stranguary occasioned by blisters; it constitutes, under particular forms, a nutritious food, and it is well known as an important article in the manufacture of our ink. GUM resins, are certain substances that have long been used in medicine. They are all solid, generally brittle and opaque, have a strong smell, and a pungent and bitter taste. They consist chiefly of gum and resin, the proportions varying with the particular substance. They are never obtained by means of spontaneous exudation, but are procured by wounding the plants which contain them. The principal of the gum-resins are, 1. AMMONIAC, which see. 2. Assafœtida, obtained from the ferula assafoetida, a plant found in Persia. The gum resin is extracted from the roots by cutting off the extremities; a milky juice flows out, which is dried in the sun. It is brought to Europe in masses; its smell is very fetid, and its taste acrid. It is par |