who marched to Carang Sambang, 35 miles inland on the road to Buitenzorg: a great number of European officers were made prisoners here, others fell into their hands on the way, and nine waggon loads of silver and copper money, and stores to a great amount, were taken. It was learnt from intercepted letters, that Jansens had ordered his troops from Sourabaya to Samarang, and was concentrating his forces there, relying upon the active assistance of the native princes.

J

Seven hundred prisoners, including a very large proportion of officers, were taken during these operations, with out the loss of a single man killed or wounded on the part of the British. Beaver then dispatched Captain Hillyar in the Phoebe against Taggal, where the fort and stores were in like manner taken without resistance. Sir Samuel Auchmuty meantime arrived at Tsjeribon, and there obtaining certain information of General Jansens's plans, sent off vessels in all directions to meet the straggling transports on their way to Sourabaya, and order them to Samarang. He himself arrived off that port on the 9th, and being joined there by Admiral Stopford and a few of the troop ships, sent an invitation to the general to surrender the island on terms of capitulation. Jansens, however, professed his determination to persevere in the contest; and it was ascertained that he had with him a numerous staff. This is the wise policy of the French: they provide good officers in abun dance, knowing that good officers will make a good army of any materials whatsoever. The show of strength which was made led Sir Samuel to believe that he was not strong enough to assault the fort till other troops should join him; but the fishermen reported that Jansens was withdrawing his troops into the interior, and had fortified a position some few miles on the road towards Kerta Svera, the capi

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tal of the Soesoehoenam, or Autocrat. This information was found true, and on the 12th, when Sir Samuel, though no reinforcements had arrived, prepared to attack the town, it was surren dered. Jansens had retired to the sition which he had chosen in a pass of the hills, where he was completing batteries and intrenchments, and where he had collected not less than 8000 men, including the auxiliary troops of the native princes. But Sir Samuel knew that many of the runaways from Cornelis were here, and that their report could not fail to spread through this great body the infection of their own fears; and having waited two days in vain for reinforcements, he determined on the following day to hazard an attack. In the course of the night one ship joined him, which enabled him to withdraw all the European garrison from the fort, and to add a company of sepoys to the field force. Thus strengthened, it only amounted to 1100 infantry, with a few pioneers, and artillery men enough for four six-pounders.

The want of the little cavalry which he expected was severely felt at this moment, for much of the enemies force was mounted, and they had horse artillery; whereas the British guns were to be moved by hand, even the horses of the staff not having arrived.

British officers in the East act with a spirit of enterprize which has not yet found its way into our European system of warfare. Sir Samuel, not think. ing it proper to assume the direct command of so small a detachment, confided it to Colonel Gibbs, but proceeded with the troops, to profit by the success which he expected. They marched at two in the morning of the sixteenth from Samarang, and having advanced about six miles, the forces of the enemy were seen, a little before dawn, extending along the summit of a very high and steep hill before them. In that doubtful light the position ap

peared formidable in the extreme. But the allies and native troops of the enemy had no zeal in their service, and dreaded the attack of troops who had borne down every thing before them at Cornelis. The British field-pieces, though fired from a considerable distance, and with great elevation, confused their artillery: their flank was turned with little other difficulty than what arose from the ruggedness of the ascent: they took to fight; Colonel Gibbs pursued them twelve miles, and then drove them from the village and fort of Ongaran, where they attempted to rally. Their army was now completely broken up, and the road was covered with the caps and equipments of the men, which they had thrown away in their flight. The troops were now too much fatigued to continue the pursuit; but early in the night a flag of truce arrived from General Jansens with an offer of capitulation. Sir Samuel knew that if the favourable moment were let pass by, the native troops might recover from their panic, the French might discover the small amount of his force, and availing themselves of the approaching rains, retire into the country, and prolong the contest : knowing himself unequal to prosecute operations farther in the interior, he assumed a firm tone as the surest policy, and the negociations ended by Jansens and all his remaining troops surrendering prisoners of war.

Meantime Admiral Stopford, expecting that the final retreat of the enemy would be towards Sourabaya, and knowing how important it was to Occupy that post, because he did not think ships would be safe on the northern coast of Java after the beginning of October, unless Sourabaya was in our possession, sailed on the 15th, and anchored two days afterwards in the Straits of Madura, on the Java shore, near Gressie. Here Captain Harris, of the Sir Francis Drake, joined him with

tidings of his complete success in redu. cing the French fortress in the island of Madura, and withdrawing the sultan of that island from the French alliance. These important services had been performed with great ability. Captain Harris, and Captain Pellew of the Phaeton, leaving their ships at anchor under the Isle of Pondock, landed about three miles from Fort Sammanap, and forming their men into two columns, composed of sixty bayonets and thirty pikemen each, flanked by a twelve, a four, and a two-pounder, field-pieces, with a body of marines for their reserve, marched towards the fort, proceeding with such perfect silence, that though the boats had been seen standing in for shore, the fort did not discover them till they were through the outer gate, and in ten minutes it was carried by storm, between three and four hundred Madura pikemen being made prisoners. It was now between three and four in the morning: at daybreak it was perceived that the French colours were flying on a flag-staff at the east end of the town, and that the natives were assembling in considerable numbers; upon which Captain Hume sent Captain Pellew with a hundred men, one field-piece, and a flag of truce, to summon the governor to surrender in ten minutes, assuring him that private property should be respected. In reply, he was required in most insulting terms to evacuate the fort himself within three hours, unless he would have it stormed.

The enemies numbers and the strength of their position seemed to justify this presumption. The governor had in the field 3000 muskets, 60 artillery men, and above 1500 armed with long pikes, a pistol and a crees each; and they had four field-pieces planted in their front on a bridge, commanding a straight road of a quarter of a mile in length, along which the British must advance before they could reach the bridge. Captain

Harris determined instantly to attack them, leaving about 50 men in the fort. He led 70 small arms and 20 pikemen to turn their left flank, hoping thus to make a diversion in favour of Pellew's party, which was ordered to advance as soon as this column should fire the first gun. His intention succeeded perfectly. The enemy drew off two of their field-pieces to oppose Harris, and broke their line for the same purpose. Both the British columns gave their vollies nearly at the same moment: a sharp fire was kept up for above five minutes as they were advancing; but when they were near enough to charge, the victory was at once decided: the governor was made prisoner, and the colours and guns taken. Captain Harris negociated as well as he fought. The sultan of Madura joined the conqueror; and when all the French and Dutch in the island had been made prisoners, and the British flag was hoisted in its three districts, he offered four thousand men to assist in attacking Sourabaya. Their aid was not needed. Admiral Stopford directed Harris, as soon as he joined him, to take the command of the troops, and march against Gissie: having driven the enemy from thence, he approached Sourabaya, and the capitulation of that place was on the point of being signed, when intelligence arrived that Jansens had yielded up the whole island, with all its dependencies. The overthrow of the Dutch empire in the East was thus completed, an empire founded by extraordinary enterprize, policy, and valour, but

maintained by a system at once so sordid and so cruel, that its history reflects disgrace rather than honour upon the Dutch name. Literature indeed is indebted to that empire, or rather to those Dutchmen who were led thither by something better than the desire of wealth or of power. Holland retains nothing of what was gained by the wisdom and courage of Koen, and Hulst, and Speelman, but the melancholy remembrance of what she has lost-from the cruelties at Amboyna, and the massacre of the Chinese, nothing but the everlasting infamy at tending upon crimes too atrocious ever to be forgotten. But the writings of Nieuhoff, and Baldæus, and Valentyn, and Rumphius remain; and time, which destroys the work of the conqueror and of the statesman, will but increase their value. Unhappily our conquest cost us the life of one, who, had his days been prolonged, would probably have added more to our knowledge of eastern literature and antiquities than all his predecessors. I speak of Dr John Leyden, who, for the sake of increasing his stores of knowledge, accompani ed Lord Minto upon this expedition, and fell a victim to the climate; and whose early death may be considered as a loss so great,-so irreparable, (for generations may pass away before another be found, who, with the same industfy, the same power of mind, and the same disinterested spirit, shall possess the same opportunities) that I will not refrain from expressing a wish that Java had remained in the hands of the enemy, so Leyden were alive.

WHEN Buonaparte's Conservative Senate was called upon to adopt the decree for annexing Holland, the Hanse Towns, and the Valais to the French territory, Comte de Semonville address ed them in one of those reports which from time to time appear, avowing the real principles and objects of his flagitious government. "Those times are passed," said the organ of the usurper, when the conceptions of some states men gave authority, in the public opinion, to the system of balances, of guarantees, of counterpoise, of political equilibrium pompous illusions of cabinets of the second order, visions of imbecility, which all disappear before necessity, that power which regulates the duration and the mutual relation of empires. Holland, like the Hanse Towns, would remain the prey of uncertainty, of dangers, of revolutions, of oppressions of every kind, if the genius who decides the destinies of Europe, did not cover her with his invincible ægis. The emperor has resolved in his wisdom to incorporate them with the immense family of which he is the head. He himself perhaps, in obeying this grand resolution, obeys more than he is aware of, the law of necessity. If he commands the glory of times present, the events which preceded his coming command those of his reign;

that uninterrupted succession of causes and effects which forms the history of nations, and the destinies of their chief. That of Napoleon's was to reign and to conquer; victory belongs to him; war to his age."

The reporter then asserted, "that during three centuries, England, from jealousy and hatred of France, had continually excited war in France itself, Germany, Italy and Spain; that a total subversion was necessary to her projects, and she wished for a bloody revolution, because her own had been cruel, and because it struck with the same sword both the institutions and the industry of France, the people and the dynasty." Comte de Semonville hazarded nothing by the gross ignorance of our revolution, and the gross falsehood respecting his own, contained in this sentence: in France any assertion may be ventured by the government, because none can be contradicted; and France is not the only country where a large proportion of the people believe that what is not contradicted must be true. "At last," he continued, "after ten years of a glorious struggle, the most extraordinary genius which nature ever formed in her magnificence, collects in his triumphant hands the scattered fragments of the sceptre of Charlemagne. The injuries of France

are avenged; frontiers compacted by moderation, and traced out by nature, are the trophies raised to the happiness of her people, to the tranquillity of Europe. Does the conqueror perceive from the height of his car nations united by ancient habits? he seeks out faithful princes, he creates for them common interests, he intrusts to them the destinies of those regenerated states of which he has declared himself the protector. But where all forms of go. vernment have been tried in vain ; where the aggregations are too small, or destitute of sufficient principles of adhesion to form masses; where localities would infallibly subject men and things to the direct action of avarice, of the attacks or intrigues of the eternal enemies of France, then the interest of the empire commands the union to the victorious nation of those portions of its conquests, to prevent their inevitable dissolution. Holland and the Hanse Towns being incapable of existing by themselves, ought they to belong to England or to France? This is the question; there is no third alternative. Our generation has succeeded to an inheritance of rivalry, always increasing by the importance of the interests and the augmented strength of the rival powers. It is no longer two armies who combat on the plains of Fontenoy; it is the empire of the seas which still resists that of the continent ;-a memorable, a terrible struggle, the catastrophe of which, now perhaps not far distant, will long occupy the attention of future generations. If England had not rejected the counsels and the offers of moderation, what dreadful consequences might she not have avoided! She would not have forced France to enrich herself by the ports and the arsenals of Holland; the Ems, the Weser, and the Elbe, would not have flowed under our dominion; and we should not have seen the first country of the Gauls washed by rivers united by an internal

navigation to seas which were unknown to them. Where still are the bounda ries of possibility? Let England answer it. Let her meditate on the past! Let her learn the future! France and Napoleon will never change!"

The obsequious senate decreed an address to the tyrant in reply. They told him that the depth and extent of his plans, the candour and generosity of his policy, and his care for the pros perity of his subjects, had never been more strongly manifested. They af firmed that the orders of the British council had not only rent in pieces the public law of Europe, but had also violated those natural laws, which are as old and as eternal (these were their words) as the globe. "Nature herself,” said they," has placed the seas beyond the dominion of man. He may pass over, but he cannot maintain possession of them; and to affect to rule an ele ment which surrounds the habitable globe on every side, is nothing less than a daring attempt to hold the old and the new world in captivity, and to fix a disgraceful mark of slavery on all mankind." "Such," they continued, "is the sacrilegious attempt, against which your majesty unites all the efforts of your power. Justly indignant Europe applauds and seconds you. Already does this restless and turbulent government see all the nations of the continent leagued against her, and her vessels repelled from every port. It can only keep up its internal circulation but by a fictitious medium, or its foreign trade but by smuggling. The only allies which it has on earth are fanaticism and sedition. Persevere, sire, in the sacred war, undertaken for the honour of the French name, and the independence of nations. The day on which this war ends will be the era of the peace of the world. These measures will accelerate that era. Since your only enemies are to be found on the ocean, it is necessary for you to