camp to cover a country, or one designed to deceive the enemy as to the strength of the army, the ground must be selected, and the camp arranged for the object in view.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 499.]

1035. The camping-party of a regiment consists of the regimental Quartermaster and Quartermaster Sergeant, and a Corporal and two men per company. The General decides whether the regiments camp separately or together, and whether the police guard shall accompany the camping-party, or a larger escort shall be sent.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 500.]

1036. Neither baggage nor led horses should be permitted to move with the camping-party.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 501.]

1037. When the General can send in advance to prepare the camp, he gives his instructions to the chief of the Quartermaster's Department, who calls on the regiments for their camping-parties, and is accompanied, if necessary, by an Engineer to propose the defenses and communications.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 502.]

1038. The watering-places are examined, and signals placed at those that are dangerous. Any work required to make them of easier access is done by the police guard or Quartermaster's men. Sentinels, to be relieved by the guards of the regiment when they come up, are placed by the camping-party over the water if it is scarce, and over the houses and stores of provisions and forage in the vicinity.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 503.]

1039. If the camping-party does not precede the regiment, the Quartermaster attends to these things as soon as the regiment reaches the camp. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 504.]

1040. The Generals establish the troops in camp as rapidly as possible, particularly after long, fatiguing marches.—[Regs. 1863, 506.]

1041. On reaching the ground, the Infantry form on the color front, the Cavalry in rear of its camp.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 505.]

1042. The number of men to be furnished for guards, pickets, and orderlies; the fatigue parties to be sent for supplies; the work to be done, and the strength of the working parties; the time and place for issues; the hour of marching, &c., are then announced by the Brigadier Generals to the Colonels, and by them to the field officers--the Adjutant and Captains formed in front of the regiment, the 1st Sergeants taking post behind their Captains. The Adjutant then makes the details, and the 1st Sergeants warn the men. The regimental officer of the day forms the picket, and sends the guards to their posts. The colors are then planted at the centre of the color line, and the arms are stacked on the line; the fatigue parties to procure supplies, and the working parties, form in rear of the arms; the men not on detail pitch the tents.-[Regs. 1863, ¶507.]

1043. If the camp is near the enemy, the picket remains under arms until the return of the fatigue parties, and, if necessary, is re-enforced by details from each company.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 508.]

1044. The Artillery is parked near the troops to which it is attached, so as to be protected from attack, and to contribute to the defense of the camp. Sentinels for the park are furnished by the Artillery, and, when necessary, by the other troops.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 537.]

1045. In the Cavalry, each troop moves a little in rear of the point at which its horses are to be secured, and forms in one rank; the men then dismount; a detail is made to hold the horses; the rest stack their arms and fix the picket rope; after the horses are attended to, the tents are pitched, and each horseman places his carbine at the side from the weather, and hangs his sabre and bridle on it. The standard is then carried to the tent of the Colonel.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 509, 510.]

1046. The terms front, flank, right, left, file, and rank, have the same meaning when applied to camps as to the order of battle. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 511.]

1047. The front of the camp is usually equal to the front of the troops. The tents are arranged in ranks and files. The number of ranks varies with the strength of the companies and the size of the tents.-[Regs. 1863,.¶ 512.]

1048. No officer will be allowed to occupy a house, although vacant and on the ground of his camp, except by permission of the commander of the brigade, who shall report it to the commander of the division.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 513.]

1049. The Staff officer charged with establishing the camp will designate the place for the shambles. The offal will be buried. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 514.]

[Directions for forming camps will be found in the authorized Tactics for the several arms.]

BIVOUACS.

1050. A regiment of Cavalry being in order of battle, in rear of the ground to be occupied, the Colonel breaks it by platoons to the right. The horses of each platoon are placed in a single row, and fastened as prescribed for camps; near the enemy, they remain saddled all night, with slackened girths. The arms are at first stacked in rear of each row of horses; the sabres, with the bridles hung on them, are placed against the stocks.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 540.] 1051. The forage is placed on the right of each row of horses. Two stable-guards for each platoon watch the horses.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 541.]

1052. A fire for each platoon is made near the color liue, twenty paces to the left of the row of horses. A shelter is made for the men around the fire, if possible, and each man then stands his arms and bridle against the shelter.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 542.]

1053. The fires and shelter for the officers are placed in rear of the line of those for the men.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 543.]

1054. The interval between the squadrons must be without

obstruction throughout the whole depth of the bivouac.—[ Regs. 1863,

544.]

1055. The interval between the shelters should be such that the platoons can take up a line of battle freely to the front or rear. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 545.]

1056. The distance from the enemy decides the manner in which the horses are to be fed and led to water. When it is permitted to unsaddle, the saddles are placed in the rear of the horses.—[Regs. 1863, 546.]

1057. For Infantry, the fires are made in rear of the color line, on the ground that would be occupied by the tents in camp. The companies are placed around them, and, if possible, construct shelters. When liable to surprise, the Infantry should stand to arms at daybreak, and the Cavalry mount until the return of the reconnoitring parties. If the arms are to be taken apart to clean, it must be done by detachments, successively.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 547.]

CANTONMENTS.

1058. Cantonments are the inhabited places which troops occupy for shelter when not put into barracks.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 498.] 1059. The regimental commander indicates the place where the command shall assemble in case of alarm. It should generally be outside the cantonment; the egress from it should be free; the retreat upon the other positions secure, and roads leading to it on the side of the enemy obstructed.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 549.]

1060. Near the enemy, companies or platoons should be collected, as much as possible, in the same houses. If companies must be separated, they should be divided by platoons or squads. All take arms at daybreak.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 551.]

1061. When Cavalry and Infantry canton together, the latter furnish the guards by night, and the former by day.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 552.]

1062. Troops cantoned in presence of the enemy should be covered by advanced guards and by natural or artificial obstacles. Cantonments taken during a cessation of hostilities should be established in rear of a line of defense, and in front of the point on which the troops would concentrate to receive an attack. The General commanding-in-chief assigns the limits of their cantonments to the divisions, the commanders of divisions to brigades, and the commanders of brigades post their regiments. The position for each corps in case of attack is carefully indicated by its commanding officer.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 553.]

INTRENCHED POSTS.

1063. Any intrenchment that requires Artillery is considered as a post, and a guard or garrison and commander are assigned to it.[Regs. 1863, 645.]

1

1064. The General who establishes an intrenched post gives to its commander detailed instructions in regard to its defense, and the circumstances under which the defense should cease.--[Regs. 1863, 646.]

1065. The commander reconnoitres his post; distributes the troops; posts the officers and non-commissioned officers; forms a reserve; gives orders for all contingencies he can foresee, and arranges his troops so as to prepare them for attack, day or night.— [Regs. 1863, ¶ 647.]

HEADQUARTERS.

1066. General officers take post at the centre of their commands, on the main lines of communication. If troops bivouac in the presence of the enemy, all general officers should bivouac with them.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 554.]

DEPOTS.

1067. The grand depots of an army are established where the military operations would not expose them to be broken up. Smaller depots are organized for the divisions and the several arms. They are commanded by officers temporarily disabled for field service, or by other officers if necessary, and comprise, as much as possible, the hospitals and depots for convalescents. When conveniently placed, they serve as points for the halting and assembling of detachments. They receive the disabled from the corps on the march; and the officers in command of the depots send with the detachments to the Army those at the depots who have become fit for service.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 497.]

ISSUES OF RATIONS.

1068. The time and period for the issues of rations will depend on circumstances, and be regulated in Orders. When a command is not moving, rations are generally issued for four days at a time. Issues to the companies of a regiment, and the fatigues to receive them, are superintended by an officer detailed from the regiment. Issues are made from one end of the line to the other, beginning on the right and left, alternately. When an issue to a regiment is commenced, it will not be interrupted for another entitled to precedence, but not in place at the time.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 561.]

ORDERS AND DISPATCHES.

1069. In the field, verbal orders and important sealed orders are carried by officers, and, if possible, by Staff officers. When orders are in writing, the place and time of departure will be marked on them, and place and time of delivery on the receipt.[Regs. 1863, ¶ 556.]

1070. Dispatches, particularly for distant corps, should be intrusted only to officers to whom their contents can be confided. In a country occupied by the enemy, the bearer of dispatches should be accompanied by at least two of the best mounted men; should avoid towns and villages, and the main roads; rest as little as possible, and only at out-of-the-way places. Where there is danger, he should send one of the men in advance, and be always ready to destroy his dispatches. He should be adroit in answering questions about the Army, and not be intimidated by threats.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 557.]

1071. Mounted soldiers are to be employed to carry important dispatches only in special and urgent cases.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 495.]

1072. The precise time when the dispatch is sent off, and the rate at which it is to be conveyed, are to be written clearly on the covers of all letters transmitted by a mounted orderly, and the necessary instructions to him, and the rate of travel going and returning, are to be distinctly explained to him.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 496.]

WATCHWORDS.

1073. The parole and countersign are issued daily from the principal headquarters of the command. The countersign is given to the sentinels and non-commissioned officers of guards; the parole to the commissioned officers of guards.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 558.]

1074. When the parole and countersign cannot be communicated daily to a post or detachment which ought to use the same as the main body, a series of words may be sent for some days in advance.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 559.]

1075. If the countersign is lost, or one of the guard deserts with it, the commander on the spot will substitute another, and report the case at once to the proper superior, that immediate notice may be given to headquarters.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 560.]

CONTRIBUTIONS.

1076. When the wants of the Army absolutely require it, and in other cases, under special instructions from the War Department, the General commanding the Army may levy contributions in money or kind on the enemy's country occupied by the troops. No other commander can levy such contributions without written authority from the General commanding-in-chief.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 491.]

SEIZURE AND CONVERSION OF PROPERTY.

1077. While the general laws and necessity of war may, in certain cases, justify the seizure and conversion of private property for the subsistence, transportation, and other public uses of the Army, yet the Rules and Articles of War denounce the severest