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30. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the APPENDIX, table; speak not of melancholy things, as death and wounds, and if others mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams, but to your intimate friend.

31. Break not a jest where none takes pleasure in mirth; laugh not aloud, nor at all without occasion. Deride no man's misfortune, though there seem to be some cause.

32. Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none, although they give occasion.

33. Be not forward, but friendly and courteous; the first to salute, hear, and answer; and be not pensive, when it is a time

to converse.

34. Detract not from others, neither be excessive in commending. 35. Go not thither, where you know not whether you shall be welcome or not. Give not advice without being asked, and, when desired, do it briefly.

36. If two contend together, take not the part of either unconstrained, and be not obstinate in your own opinion; in things indifferent, be of the major side.

37. Reprehend not the imperfections of others, for that belongs to parents, masters, and superiors.

38. Gaze not on the marks or blemishes of others, and ask not how they came. What you may speak in secret to your friend,

deliver not before others.

39. Speak not in an unknown tongue in company, but in your own language, and that as those of quality do, and not as the vulgar; sublime matters treat seriously.

40. Think before you speak, pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.

41. When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him, without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him, till his speech be ended.

42. Treat with men at fit times about business; and whisper not in the company of others.

43. Make no comparisons; and, if any of the company be com mended for any brave act of virtue, commend not another for the

same.

44. Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the truth thereof. In discoursing of things you have heard, name not your author always. A secret discover not.

45. Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach to those that speak in private.

No. II.

Rules of
Behavior.

APPENDIX,

No. II.

Rules of
Behavior.

46. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your promise.

47. When you deliver a matter, do it without passion, and with discretion, however mean the person be you do it to.

48. When your superiors talk to anybody, hearken not, neither speak, nor laugh.

49. In disputes, be not so desirous to overcome, as not to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion; and submit to the judg ment of the major part, especially if they are judges of the dispute. 50. Be not tedious in discourse; make not many digressions, nor repeat often the same manner of discourse.

51. Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.

52. Make no show of taking great delight in your victuals; feed not with greediness; cut your bread with a knife; lean not on the table; neither find fault with what you eat.

53. Be not angry at table, whatever happens, and, if you have reason to be so, show it not; put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish of meat a feast.

54. Set not yourself at the upper end of the table; but, if it be your due, or that the master of the house will have it so, contend not, lest you should trouble the company.

55. When you speak of God, or his attributes, let it be seriously in reverence. Honor and obey your natural parents, although they be poor.

56. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.

57. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire, called conscience.

Washington's ex

penses dur

No. III. p. 373.

GENERAL WASHINGTON'S EXPENSES WHILE ACTING AS
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE AMERICAN ARMIES.

According to his declaration when he accepted his commission, General Washington never received any pecuniary compensation ing the Rev- for his services. He kept exact accounts of all his expenditures; and, after the cessation of hostilities, he drew up with his own

olution.

No. III.

Washingpenses durolution.

ton's ex

ing the Rev

hand a detailed statement of these accounts, extending to more APPENDIX, than sixty folio pages. This statement, with the original vouchers, was deposited in the Treasury Department, where it is still preserved. A fac-simile of the whole paper has been published; and it affords a memorable proof of the strict regard, which he paid to the public interest in the minutest particulars. The following abstract and remarks are taken from the original, dated July 1st, 1783, as exhibited in his own handwriting, and expressed in lawful money, or the old currency of Massachusetts and Virginia. Household expenses, exclusive of the provisions had from the commissaries and contractors, and liquors, &c. from

them and others,

Expended for secret intelligence,

Expended in reconnoitring and travelling,

Miscellaneous charges,

£ 3387 14 4

1982 10 0

1874 88

2952 10 1

One hundred and sixty thousand and seventy-four dollars, extended in lawful money, according to the scale of depreciation,

Expenditures of eight years

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6114 14 0

£ 16311 17 1

Mrs. Washington's travelling expenses in coming to and returning from his winter quarters, the money to defray which being taken from his private purse and brought with her from Virginia.

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Expenditure from July 1st to the time of resigning his commission,

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Total, Virginia currency,

Or sterling,

Or dollars, at 4s. 6d. sterling each,

1064 10

1930 13 8

£ 19306 11 9

£ 14479 18 9
$64,355.30

In addition to this amount he charged to the government £ 288, lawful money, as the interest on £ 599 19 11, which was the balance due to him on the 31st of December, 1776, the amount having been supplied from his private funds for public objects during the preceding year. On this item, and the one respecting Mrs. Washington's travelling expenses, he made the following remarks at the foot of the account.

"Although I kept memoranda of these expenditures, I did not introduce them into my public accounts as they occurred. The reason was, it appeared at first view in the commencement of them to have the complexion of a private charge. I had my doubts, therefore, of the propriety of making it. But, as the peculiar circumstances attending my command, and the embarrassed situation of our public affairs, obliged me (to the no small detriment of my

No. III.

Washing

APPENDIX, private interest) to postpone the visit I every year contemplated to make my family between the close of one campaign and the opening of another; and as this expense was incidental thereto, and consequent of my self-denial, I have, as of right I think I ought, with due consideration, adjudged the charge as just with respect to the public, as it is convenient with respect to myself.

ton's expenses dur

ing the Revolution.

"And I make it with the less reluctance, as I find, upon the final adjustment of these accounts (which have, as will appear, been long unsettled), that I am a considerable loser; my disbursements falling a good deal short of my receipts and the money I had upon hand of my own. For, besides the sum I carried with me to Cambridge in 1775, and which exceeded the aforementioned balance of £599 19 11, I received moneys afterwards on private account in 1777 and since, which, except small sums that I had occasion now and then to apply to private uses, were all expended in the public service; and which, through hurry, I suppose, and the perplexity of business, (for I know not how else to account for the deficiency,) I have omitted to charge, whilst every debit against me is here credited."

Religious opinions and habits of Washington.

No. IV.

p. 413.

RELIGIOUS OPINIONS AND HABITS OF WASHINGTON.

Such persons as have attentively perused Washington's writings may think any remarks on this subject superfluous. In certain quarters, nevertheless, there have been discussions tending to throw doubts over the religious belief of Washington; whether from ignorance of his character and writings, or from causes less creditable, it is needless to inquire. A formal attempt to confute insinuations of this kind would be allowing them a weight, which they cannot claim, till supported by positive testimony, or till it is shown by at least a shadow of proof, that they have some foundation other than conjecture and inference. This has never been done, and nothing is hazarded in saying that it never will be done.

A hundred years have elapsed since the childhood of Washington; and so little is known of his early life, from written materials, that we cannot speak with confidence respecting his first religious impressions. It has always been the prevalent tradition, however,

No. IV.

Religious

opinions and

in the neighborhood of his birthplace, that he was educated under APPENDIX, influences, that could not fail to fix in his mind the principles of the Christian religion, and a sacred regard for the precepts it inculcates. This is in part confirmed by his manuscripts, containing articles and extracts copied out by himself in his boyhood, which prove that his thoughts at that time had a religious tendency. One of these pieces, being a series of verses On Christmas Day, begins thus;

"Assist me, Muse divine, to sing the morn,

On which the Savior of mankind was born."

A boy of thirteen would scarcely employ himself in transcribing pieces of this description, whose mind had not already received a decided bias from the instructions of pious parents or teachers. It should be observed, also, that in his first military campaigns he was careful to have religious service regularly performed in camp. Even in the midst of the active scenes at the Great Meadows this was the daily practice. During the French war, when the government of Virginia neglected to provide chaplains for the army, he remonstrated against such an impropriety, and urged his request till they were appointed. In the general orders he reproved and forbade the vicious habits and profane swearing of the soldiers. The following is an extract from these orders. "Colonel Washington has observed, that the men of his regiment are very profane and reprobate. He takes this opportunity to inform them of his great displeasure at such practices, and assures them, that, if they do not leave them off, they shall be severely punished. The officers are desired, if they hear any man swear, or make use of an oath or execration, to order the offender twenty-five lashes immediately, without a court-martial. For the second offence, he shall be more severely punished." Similar orders were repeated, when the occasion required; and they afford a convincing proof of the high religious motives by which he was actuated in his command.

After the French war, while in retirement at Mount Vernon, he took a lively interest in church affairs, regularly attending public worship, and being at different times a vestryman in two parishes. The House of Burgesses, of which he was a mem

The following list of votes for vestrymen in Fairfax Parish, and Truro Parish, is copied from a paper in Washington's handwriting, and shows that

he was chosen a vestryman in each of those parishes. tinued in that station, I have no means of determining.

How long he con

The place of wor

habits of

Washington.

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