both in Germany and England, and a series for the plays of Shakespeare. Herr von Kaulbach had been made a member of most of the art and scientific academies of Europe, and had received the decorations of numerous orders. He was a corresponding member of the French Institute, and had been a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor since 1855, and an officer since 1867.

KENTUCKY. The session of the Legisla. ture of Kentucky which began on the 1st of December, 1873, continued until the 23d of February. Five hundred and ninety-six acts and twenty-five joint resolutions were adopted, nearly all of which were of a private or local character and of no general interest. Provision was made for submitting to a vote of the people at the next regular election the question of holding a convention to revise and amend the constitution of the State. The time for the meeting of the General Assembly was changed from the first Monday of December to the 31st day of December, provided that if that day falls on Sunday the session shall begin on

the county court shall direct an election to be held in such district or town on the question whether spirituous liquors shall be sold therein, and, if a majority of the voters vote against it, then "it shall be unlawful for any person to sell any spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors, in said district, town, or city, to any person," on penalty of a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100. The provisions of the act do not apply to the sale by wholesale or by druggists for medicinal purposes on a physician's prescription. An act was passed establishing a State Board of Pharmacy to examine and give certificates to such persons as shall be qualified to practise as pharmacists or assistant pharmacists, and making it unlawful for any person not a "registered pharmacist, or registered assistant pharmacist in the employ of a registered pharmacist, or acting as an aid under the immediate supervision of a registered pharmacist, or a registered assistant pharmacist," to retail, compound, or dispense medicines or poisons.

Another act makes it "unlawful for any

person, for reward or compensation, within the limits of this State, to practise medicine in any of its departments, or prescribe or attempt to prescribe medicine for any sick person, or perform or attempt to perform any surgical operation upon any person within said limits, who has not graduated at some chartered school of medicine in this or some foreign country, or who cannot produce a certificate of qualification from some one of the boards of examiners provided for in this act, and is not a person of good moral character." The boards of examiners are to consist of five persons in each judicial district, "practising physicians of acknowledged learning and abil ity." appointed by the Governor for a term of four years. The examiners are to hold annual sessions, beginning on the first Monday in June, to receive applications and examine applicants, and grant or refuse certificates of qualification to practise in medicine. Penalties by fine and imprisonment are provided for any one practising as a physician in violation of this law.

the 30th. For the first time a general law was enacted for the regulation of the sale of intoxicating liquors, but it is far from stringent in its provisions. Early in the session the Governor had, by special message, submitted a memorial from the "Blue Grass Temperance Convention" and the "Grand Lodge of Good Templars," bearing the signatures of over 147,000 citizens, praying for the passage of a bill which accompanied the memorial, for "regulating the license and sale of intoxicating drinks and liquors." The Governor did not recommend the adoption of this particular measure, but urged the importance and necessity of more stringent legislation on the subject. The act which was passed merely provides that on petition of twenty legal voters in any civil district, town, or city, in any county, the judge of

An act was approved on the last day of the session providing for a "uniform system of common schools for the colored children of this Commonwealth." A separate school-fund for the support of these schools is provided, consisting of "the present annual revenue tax of twenty-five cents, and twenty cents in addition, on each $100 in value of the taxable property owned and held by colored persons;"

a capitation tax of one dollar on each male colored person above the age of twenty-one; all taxes levied and collected on dogs owned or kept by colored persons; all State taxes on deeds, suits, or on any license, collected from colored persons; all fines, penalties, and forfeitures, collected from colored persons, except the portion allowed to attorneys of the Commonwealth; a pro rata share of the proceeds from any public lands given by the United States; and all sums arising from any donation, gift, grant, or devise, expressly designed to aid in the education of colored children. The revenue arising from these sources is to be distributed by the Superintendent of Public Instruction in the same manner as already provided by law. Provision is made for collecting and distributing the moneys; county school commissioners are required to divide the counties into school districts, so that no district shall contain more than 120 colored children between six and sixteen years of age; three "colored school trustees" are to be appointed in each district by the commissioner, to employ a teacher not less than three months in each year, or two months if there are not more than sixty children in the district, and to manage the schools generally; it is made unlawful for any colored child to attend a common school provided for white children, or for any white child to attend a common school provided for colored children; "no school-house erected for a colored school shall be located nearer than one mile to a school-house erected for white children, except in cities and towns, where it shall not be nearer than six hundred feet;" colored school officers and teachers are allowed to form a State association and county institutes; the State Board of Education is required to prescribe a course of study and rules of government for the colored schools; and provisions of the general school laws "deemed necessary for the government of colored common schools, not in conflict with this act, shall apply to the same, which shall be determined by the State Board of Education."

The institution formerly known as the House of Reform, and subsequently converted into the "Fourth Kentucky Lunatic Asylumn" was declared to be the "Central Kentucky Lunatic Asylum," and $100,000 were appropriated to extend and improve it, one-third to be used in providing accommodation for colored lunatics, to be separate and apart from those for the white inmates. The Institution for the Education and Training of Feeble-minded Children, which had been converted into "the Third Kentucky Lunatic Asylum," was reestablished for its original purpose, under the charge of nine commissioners, to be appointed by the Governor.

The only State officer elected at the regular election on the 3d of August was a Clerk of the Court of Appeals. The total vote was 167,$52, of which T. C. Jones, the Democratic candidate, received 114,348, or a majority of 60,844. Ten members of Congress were elected.

In the first district A. R. Boon had a majority of 81,000 over Turner, Independent Democrat; second district, John Young Brown had a majority of 3,517 over Smith, Republican-Edward R. Weir, Independent Republican, receiving 757 votes; third district, Charles W. Milliken, Democrat, had a majority of 4,789 over Goren, Independent; fourth district, J. Proctor Knott, Democrat, had a majority of 3,581; fifth district, Edward G. Parsons, Democrat, had a majority of 5,441; sixth district, Thomas S. Jones, Democrat, had a majority of 3,127; seventh district, J. C. S. Blackburn, Democrat, had a majority of 6,253; eighth district, Milton J. Durham, Democrat, had a majority of 7,813; ninth district, John D. White, Republican, had a majority of 629; tenth district, John B. Clarke, Democrat, had a majority of 2,998. The Legislature now stands, 31 Democrats and 7 Republicans in the Senate, and 80 Democrats and 20 Republicans in the House, making the Democratic majority in the Senate 24, in the House 60 or 84 on a joint ballot. No session of the Legislature was begun in December, as that body meets biennially.

KHOKAN, or KOKAN, a country of Central Asia, one of the three great khanates of West Toorkistan, or Independent Tartary, attracted in 1874 greater attention than the other independent states of Toorkistan by the outbreak of a new civil war and the interference of the Russians. The country is bounded southwest, west, north, and northeast, by the new Russian province of Sir Darya, east and southeast by East Toorkistan, and south by the Pamir plateau and the Karateghin. The area of the khanate is, according to a map published in 1872 by the Russian Staff-General, estimated at 28,270 square miles. The population, according to the concurrent opinion of the best recent authorities, especially the Russian traveler Fedshenke, is considerably below the former estimate of 3,000,000, and is believed not to exceed 800,000. A new crisis in the history of this country appears to have come, and Russia is urged, on many sides, to put an end to the internal disorders by the annexation of the entire country.

A brief review of the reign of the present Khan, Khudayar, is necessary to understand fully the recent events. The Khan is now fiftynine years old, and by descent a Karakirghiz, or Turk. If the time when his uncle, Musulman Kul, was his guardian (until 1849), and the period from 1857 to 1864, during which the brother of Khudayar, Mollah Khan, or rather his powerful vizier, Alim Kul, was at the head of the government, are included, his reign extends over thirty-one years. The population of Khokan is chiefly composed of the peaceable Sartes, an Iranian tribe, devoted to the arts of peace, to commerce, and industrial pursuits, and the nomadic and warlike Kiptchaks and Karakirghiz, who are of Turkish descent, and inhabit the eastern portion of Khokan. The undisputed rule of the Turkish tribes lasted

from 1843 to 1849, in which latter year the Sartes obtained control of the government. They had, in 1857, again to give way to the Turks, who, amid many vicissitudes, maintained their power for about eight years until the death of their leader, Alim Kul, and the victory of the Russians. From this time the Sartes and Khudayar Khan, who fully sympathized with them, had once more absolute control of the government.

Khudayar Khan is the son of Shere Ali, who in 1841 was appointed Khan by the Kiptchaks during the conflicts with Khan Nasr Ullah of Bokhara, the father of the present Khan. In the conflict between the Turks and the Sartes, the former of whom were headed by Yussuf Ming Bashi, or rather the shrewd and energetic Musulman Kul, while the Sardes had as their leader Thade Ming Bashi, the former remained victors, and for eight years Musulman Kul, partly as prime-minister, partly as regent and sovereign, was the ruler of Khokan. During the progress of the conflict, Shere Ali sided with the Sartes; but, when the latter were totally defeated, Musulman Kul reinstated Shere Ali as ruler. Soon after the Sartes again rose in rebellion, and, during the absence of Musulman Kul, defeated Shere Ali; but their power was of short duration, as Musulman Kul suddenly appeared and fully subdued them. Instead of reinstating Shere Ali, Musulman Kul appointed the son of Shere Ali, Khudayar, at that time sixteen years old, as Khan, and remained the guardian of the young prince and the regent of the country. When the Sartes attempted another revolution, and were even favored by the ungrateful Khudayar, they were again totally defeated. Mohammed Kul was, however, unwise enough to reappoint Khudayar as Khan. The latter, to get rid of his guardian, instigated a plot for the assassination of Mohammed Kul, and, when the latter escaped and collected a small army, Khudayar totally defeated him near Ikus, at the confluence of the Marius with the Jaxartes, took him prisoner and had him put to death conjointly with 10,000 Kiptchaks. The undisputed rule of Khudayar and the Sartes lasted until 1857, when the Khan's brother, Mollah Khan, rose in rebellion at the head of the dissatisfied Turks. Khudayar soon saw himself abandoned by most of his adherents, and even his own relatives, and had to flee to the Khan of Bokhara, Nasr Ullah, who made several attempts to restore Khudayar to power, but was every time defeated. After that, Mollah Khan remained for two years in the undisturbed possession of his power; and, when he was assassinated by malcontents of his own party, his prime-minister, Alim Kul, remained at the head of the government until 1864. The attempts of Khudayar, who in the mean while had been elected ruler of Tashkend, to dislodge him from power, were fruitless; but he finally, in 1864, succumbed to the Russians, who marched an army into Bokhara and annexed

three-fourths of the khanate. Alim Kul himself lost his life under the walls of Tashkend. Khudayar Khan now succeeded in seizing again the reins of government. Following the advice of Mirza Hakim Bey, the richest merchant of Khokan, who had several times visited the fairs of Nijni-Novgorod and Poltava, he concluded to enter into negotiations with the Russians for the establishment of friendly relations. Mirza Hakim Bey was appointed plenipotentiary of Khokan, and as such took up his residence at Tashkend. He prevailed upon the Russians to conclude, on February 13, 1868, a treaty of commerce and friendship with Khokan. Khudayar appointed his brother, Sultan Marud, governor of the province of Mergulan, and his eldest son, Nassyr Eddyn Bey, also called Khan Sade, governor of the eastern provinces, with his residence at Andidjan, the centre of the Kiptchak and Karakirghiz. The son of Musulman Kul, Abu Rakhim, also called Abelurrhaman, who seemed to have forgotten the assassination of his father, lived at the court of Khudayar. The trade with Russia considerably increased, and during the winter of 1871 Khan Sade paid a visit to the Russian authorities in Tashkend, where Mirza Hakim gave in his honor a splendid banquet, at which a Russian enthusiast compared the young prince with Peter the Great. In 1873 the dissatisfaction of the Kiptchaks with the rule of Khudayar, which had never ceased, led to a conspiracy, when the Khan imposed a tax upon the wild fruit-trees of the mountains, which constitute an important article of trade for the merchants of Khokan. In consequence of the severe measures adopted by Khan Sade, and the perfidy of Khudayar, who enticed forty government Kiptchaks to his court and then had them assassinated, the Kiptchaks of the northwestern districts rose in open rebellion, and they were soon joined by the Karakirghiz in the south and the southwest. The chief of the latter, Batyr-Khan, a brother-in-law of Khudayar, was likewise assassinated in the palace of the latter. The rebellious Kiptchaks, who had established their headquarters in the town of Kara-Guldja, applied to the Russians for aid, but met with a decided refusal. During the winter of 1873–174, the leader of the Kiptchaks, Mehemed-Emir, in the popular jargon called Mamir, shut himself up in the almost inaccessible stronghold Kara-Guldja. In 1874, according to the Russian press, this Khan had shown hostile sentiments toward Russia. Mirza Hakim, the plenipotentiary of Khokan at Tashkend, and a decided advocate of maintaining friendly relations with Russia, was deposed, and another merchant, Mir Alim Bei, became the confidential adviser of the Khan. The rebels, in the mean while, began to make considerable progress, and took the towns of Namangan and Korsan. When they, however, encroached upon territory claimed by the Russians, plundering the Jomuels, who are under Russian

protection, and stealing 150 camels and four boys, the Russian authorities concluded to interfere and put an end to the insurrection. The disturbed condition of this country was thought by the Russian press to be propitious for the further extension of Russian rule.

KIRK, EDWARD Norris, D. D., an eminent American clergyman, author, and pulpit orator, born in New York City, August 14, 1802; died in Boston, March 27, 1874. He was of Scotch ancestry, and was educated at the New York schools and at Princeton College, whence he graduated in 1820. He next studied law for eighteen months in New York City, and then entered Princeton Theological Seminary, where he remained four years. On leaving Princeton he was employed by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to preach on missions to the churches. He was ordained in 1827 as assistant pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church in Albany, and in 1828 became pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, which had been gathered by his labors in the great revivals in which Mr. Finney was so conspicuous. Mr. Kirk coincided with Mr. Finney's views, and in connection with Dr. Beman, of Troy, established a school of theology to train young men for service in the ministry as Evangelists. He also took a very active part with Mr. E. C. Delavan in promoting the temperance reform. In 1837, his health demanding a change, Mr. Kirk resigned his pastorate and went to Europe. He spent somewhat more than a year in Paris, where he and Dr. Baird made themselves very useful; establishing the first American Protestant religious service there, out of which grew the American Chapel, which was afterward built through his exertions, and held in his name till his death. On his return in the spring of 1839, he preached as an Evangelist in the principal cities of the country, his remarkable eloquence and his intense earnestness and faithfulness drawing thousands to hear him wherever he preached. In June, 1842, he accepted the call of the Mount Vernon Congregational Church, Boston, then just organized, to become their pastor, and remained in that relation till 1871, though in 1846 and in 1856 he spent considerable time in Europe. His last visit in 1856 was undertaken at the request of the American and Foreign Christian Union (of which he had long been an officer), to organize and erect a chapel for regular worship for American Protestants in Paris, the result of his labors there nearly twenty years before. He accomplished this work, and after a hasty visit to Palestine returned home. In 1871, in consequence of the infirmities of age and nearly complete blindness, he resigned his pastorate, though preaching occasionally. Ilis death was caused by apoplexy. Dr. Kirk had published very many occasional sermons and addresses; three volumes of collected sermons; a series of "Lectures on Christ's Parables;" and translations of "Gaussen on Inspiraion" and of Attie's "Lectures on the Liter

ature of the Times of Louis XIV.," besides several smaller works. He received the degree of D. D. from Amherst College in 1855.

KNAPP, Rev. JACOB, an American evange list and revivalist, born in Central New York, in 1800; died in Rockland, Ill., March 2, 1874. His early life was passed upon a farm, but when he approached manhood he felt the necessity of a better education, especially as he believed himself called to preach. He accordingly, after a brief preparatory course, entered the Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution (now Madison University) in 1820 and remained there nearly four years. He was but a dull scholar, his early hard life on the farm having made the confinement irksome to him, or, as he himself used to say in after-life, "Hard work had made his blood too thick for any thing but failure as a student." Still there were about him even then a resistless energy, great powers of endurance, a cool self-possession, and an almost Hibernian readiness of wit. He left the institution before the completion of his full course, commenced preaching and giving vent to his overflowing energy, by managing a farm and conducting a country store at the same time. He was somewhat successful in all these pursuits, but this could not last. After two or three years of what was to him an unsatisfactory life, he passed through what he regarded as a new conversion, which led him to consecrate his life and all his powers fully to the service of God. He commenced his work as an evangelist, not knowing whence the support of his family was to come, but very soon, from small beginnings in country hamlets, he was called to the larger towns and cities, and, though at times his manners and language seemed rough, there were such earnestness, such intensity of feeling, such deep tenderness, and such genuine eloquence in his sermons and prayers, that none who listened could fail to be impressed by them. This effect was produced as surely among men of the highest culture as among the illiterate. The late President Nott, himself one of the most eloquent preachers and orators of the present century, attended his entire course of sermons in Schenectady, and took copious notes of them, and said repeatedly in public that, "as a preacher of the Gospel, Jacob Knapp was unequaled among uninspired men." "I could publish a volume of his sermons from my notes," he added, "that would be a credit to our first preachers." Mr. Knapp had held protracted religious services in almost every city and large town in the Northern States during his forty years' labors as an evangelist, and, though he had been oftentimes surrounded by howling mobs, infuriated by his vigorous denunciation of popular vices, he was never injured and never unsuccessful. Many thousands were improved in heart and life by his earnest words and prayers, and many others, in whom the change was not so thorough or enduring, were yet for the time transformed and made to have