2) Clauses introduced by πplv generally take the infinitive, e. g. :

Αναβαίνει Χειρίσοφος πρίν | Chirisophus goes up before τινα αἰσθέσθαι τῶν πο any one of the enemy λεμίων. perceives it.

431. VOCABULARY.

Ἀριαῖος, ου, ο, Ariaeus, com- | Οδε, ήδε, τόδε (see 176), this,

1. Ετελεύτησε Δαρείος. 2. Ἐπεὶ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν. 3. Οπου εἷς ἐνοικεῖ, οἰκίαν καλοῦμεν. 4. Ὅπου πολλοὶ μίαν οἴκησιν ἔχουσι, συνοικίαν καλοῦμεν. 5. Πρόξενος εἶπεν, Αὐτός εἰμι ὃν ζητεῖς. 6. Ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἶπεν, Επεμψέ με ̓Αριαίος. 7. Ἐπεὶ Πρόξενος εἶπεν, ὅτι αὐτός εἰμι ὃν ζητεῖς, εἶπεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος τάδε· Ἔπεμψέ με Αριαῖος. 8. Πονηρός ἐστι πᾶς ἀχάριστος ἄνθρωπος.

II.

1. When did the Athenians conquer the Persians? 2. The Athenians conquered the Persians at

Marathon, when Darius was king. 3. Where there are good laws, there are good citizens.

LESSON XC.

Adverbial Attributive Sentences.-Cause, Manner,

Condition.

433. Sentences used to assign a cause or reason for an action or event denoted by the principal verb, are called causal clauses. They are usually introduced either by a pure causal conjunction, as őrt, diótь, or by ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὅτε, ὁπότε, ὡς, which have reference both to cause and time, e. g.:

Τοὺς παῖδας ζηλῶ, ὅτι νεώ- | I envy the children, beτεροί εἰσιν. cause they are younger.

434. Attributive sentences of manner sometimes take the form of a comparison, and sometimes indicate the manner or character of an action or event by giving its results or consequences, e. g.:

Ωςπερ φρονοῦμεν, οὕτω | As we think, so we speak. λέγομεν.

Outws ȧyvwμóvws exeтe, ὥστε διὰ τούτων ἐλπίЦете;

Are you so senseless as to

hope that by these means? &c.

435. Clauses denoting consequence or result are introduced by Ste or is, and generally take the infinitive mood; though the finite verb is sometimes used, especially when the fact itself is to be made emphatic, as in the second of the above examples.

436. Conditional sentences are of four kinds :

1) Those which assume the condition, e. g. : Εἴ τι ἔχει, δίδωσιν.

If he has any thing, he

gives it, or is giving it.

REM.-Here assuming that he has something, we affirm that he gives it.

2) Those which represent the condition as a present uncertainty, i. e. as one which at the present moment may or may not be realized, e. g.:

Εάν τι ἔχῃ, δώσει.

If he has any thing, he will give it.

3) Those which represent the condition as a mere possibility, i. e. as one which has not yet been realized, but may or may not be at some future time, e. g. :

Εἴ τι ἔχοι, διδοίη ἄν. If he should have any thing, he would give it.

4) Those which represent the condition as an impossibility, i. e. as one which has not been realized, and never can be, e. g.:

Εἴ τι εἶχεν, ἐδίδου ἄν.

Εἴ τι ἔσχεν, ἔδωκεν ἄν.

If he had any thing, he

would give it.

If he had had any thing, he would have given it.

REM.-In both these examples, the condition relates to a definite time—the former to the present, the latter to the past; and is represented then as not realized.

437. In regard to the use of moods in conditional sentences, it may be observed,

1) That the condition is expressed in the first of

the above forms by ei with the indicative, in the second by dáv with the subjunctive, in the third by ei with the optative, and in the fourth by ei with the indicative, the imperfect for present time and the aorist for past time.

2) That the consequence is expressed in the first and second by the indicative, sometimes by the imperative, in the third by av with the optative, and in the fourth by av with the indicative, the imperfect for present time and the aorist for past time.

438. VOCABULARY.

Αδικέω, ήσω, to do wrong, to Θάνατος, ου, o, death.

injure. "Av (particle), denoting uncertainty, possibility. (See 436.) ̓Απαλλαγή, ης, ή, escape, escape from.

'Eáv (particle), if.

Ei, if.

'Eneid, since, when.

Kai, and, also.

Ovτws (before consonants gen

erally ovτw), thus, so. Πολυμαθής, ές, having much

learning, very learned. Πυκτεύω, σω, to box.

Diλoμădns, es, fond of learn

ing.

"Epyov, ov, Tó, work, deed, busi-povéw, now, to think, have in

Έρμαιον, ου, τό, favor, privi- Ὥςπερ, as, just as.

lege, good luck.

439. EXERCISES.

I.

1. Χειρίσοφος ἡγείσθω, ἐπειδὴ Λακεδαιμόνιός ἐστιν. 2. Θαυμάζομεν ὅτι οἱ φιλόσοφοι οὐ τιμῶνται. 3. Εἰ θνητὸς εἶ, θνητὰ καὶ φρόνει. 4. Εἰ θεοὶ εἰσίν, ἔστι καὶ

ἔργα θεῶν. 5. Ἐὰν ᾖς φιλομαθής, ἔσῃ πολυμαθής. 6. Εἰ τοῦτο ποιήσαις, ἀδικήσαις ἄν. 7. Εἰ ἦν ὁ θάνα τος τοῦ παντὸς ἀπαλλαγή, ἕρμαιον ἂν ἦν τοῖς κακοῖς. 8. Ωςπερ οἱ βάρβαροι πυκτεύουσιν, οὕτω πολεμείτε Φιλίππῳ.

II.

1. Always speak as you think. 2. We honor the general, because he is brave. 3. We shall honor him, if he is brave. 4. If you say that, you speak the truth. 5. If you say that, you will speak the truth.

SECTION II.

COMPLEX SENTENCES-ABRIDGED.

LESSON XCI.

Principal Elements, Abridged.-Modifiers of Subject, Abridged.

440. An infinitive sentence used as subject or predicate, may have its own subject omitted when it expresses a general truth, or when its subject may be easily supplied, e. g.:

Τὸ ἐπιτιμᾶν ῥᾴδιόν ἐστιν. ] Το find fault is easy.

REM. 1.—Here èñɩɩμâv is the subject, but its own subject is omitted, because, the truth being a general one, any subject may be supplied: thus, that you, I, any one, should find fault is easy.

REM. 2.-The infinitive used substantively, whether with or without a subject, sometimes takes the article, as in the above example, tò éñiriμâv, and sometimes omits it.