Hămilcărem impĕrātōrem fēcērunt, They made Hamilcar commander. Nep. Ancum regem populus creavit, The people elected Ancus king. Liv. Summum consilium appellarunt Senatum, They called their highest council Senate. Cic. Flaccum habuit collegam, He had Flaccus as colleague.

Nep.

1. One of the two accusatives is the Direct Object, and the other an essential part of the Predicate. The latter may be called a Predicate Accusative. See 362.

RULE VIL-Two Accusatives-Person and Thing.

374. Some verbs of ASKING, DEMANDING, TEACHING, and CONCEALING, admit two Accusatives in the Active, and one in the Passive:

Me sententiam rogavit, He asked me my opinion. Cic. Ego sententiam rogātus sum, I was asked my opinion. Cic. Philosophia nos res omnes docuit, Philosophy has taught us all things. Cic. Non te cēlāvi sermonem, I did not conceal from you the conversation. Cic.

1. PERSON AND THING.-One accusative generally designates the person, the other the thing: with the Passive the accusative of the Person becomes the subject and the accusative of the thing is retained. See examples.

3. Verbs of Asking, Demanding, etc., sometimes take the Ablative with a preposition. With pělo, postulo, and quaero, this is the regular construction for the person :

Hoc a me poscere, to demand this from me. Cic. Pacem a Rōmānis pětierunt, They asked peace from the Romans. Caes.

5. A NEUTER PRONOUN or ADJECTIVE as a second accusative occurs with many verbs which do not otherwise take two accusatives:

Hoc te hortor, I exhort you to this, I give you this exhortation. Cic. Ea moněmur, We are admonished of these things. Cic.

6. COMPOUND VERBS.-A few compounds of trans, circum, ad, and in admit two accusatives, dependent the one upon the verb, the other upon the preposition:

Ibērum copias trajecit, He led his forces across the Ebro. Liv.

7. POETIC ACCUSATIVE.-In poetry, rarely in prose, verbs of clothing, unclothing-induo, exuo, cingo, accingo, induco, etc.-sometimes take in the Passive an accusative in imitation of the Greek :

Găleam induitur, He puts on his helmet. Virg. Inutile ferrum cingitur, He girds on his useless sword. Virg.

RULE VIII-Accusative of Time and Space.

378. DURATION OF TIME and EXTENT OF SPACE are expressed by the Accusative:

Rōmůlus septem et trīginta regnāvit annos, Romulus reigned thirtyseven years. Liv. Quinque millia passuum ambŭlāre, to walk five miles. Cic. Nix quattuor pedes alta, snow four feet deep. Liv.

1. Duration of TIME is sometimes expressed by the Ablative, or the Accusative with a Preposition:

Pugnatum est hōris quinque, The battle was fought five hours. Caes. Per annos viginti certatum est, The war was waged for twenty years. Liv.

2. DISTANCE is sometimes expressed by the Ablative:

Millibus passuum sex consedit, He encamped at the distance of six miles. Caes. Sometimes with a preposition: Ab millibus passuum duōbus, at the distance of two miles. Caes.

RULE IX.-Accusative of Limit.

379. The name of a Town used as the Limit of motion is put in the Accusative:

Nuntius Romam rědit, The messenger returns to Rome. Liv. Plăto Tărentum venit, Plato came to Tarentum. Cic. But

1. The Accusative with Ad occurs, especially in the sense of-to, toward, in the direction of, into the vicinity of:

Tres sunt viae ad Mutinam, There are three roads to Mutina. Cic. Ad Zǎmam pervenit, He came to the vicinity of Zama. Sall.

3. LIKE NAMES OF TOWNS are used

1) The Accusatives domum, domos, rus:

Scipio domum reductus est, Scipio was conducted home. Cic. Rus ēvŏlare, to hasten into the country. Cic.

2) Sometimes the Accusative of names of Islands and Peninsulas: Lātōna confugit Dēlum, Latona fled to Delos. Cic.

4) With OTHER NAMES OF PLACES, a Preposition is generally used, though sometimes omitted:

In Asiam redit, He returns into Asia. Nep. Aegyptum profugit, He fled to Egypt. Cic. Ităliam venit, He came to Italy. Virg.

5. A POETIC DATIVE for the accusative with or without a preposition

occurs:

It clamor coelo (for ad coelum), The shout ascends to heaven. Virg.

RULE X.-Accusative of Specification.

380. A. Verb or Adjective may take an Accusative to define its application:

Căpita vēlāmur, We have our heads veiled (are veiled as to our heads). Virg. Nube humĕros ămictus, with his shoulders enveloped in a cloud. Hor. Aeneas os deo similis, Aeneas like a god in appearance. Virg.

2. This Accusative includes the adverbial use of partem, vicem, nihil, of id and genus in id temporis, id aetatis (at this time, age), id genus, omne genus, quod genus (for ejus generis, etc.), etc., and of many neuter pronouns and adjectives.

Maximam partem lacte vivunt, They live mostly (as to the largest part) upon milk. Caes. Nihil mōti sunt, They were not at all moved. Liv. Quaerit, quid possint, He inquires how powerful they are. Caes. Quid věnis, Why do you come? Caes.

RULE XI.-Accusative in Exclamations.

381. The Accusative either with or without an Interjection may be used in Exclamations:

Heu me misĕrum, Ah me unhappy! Cic. Me caecum, Blind that I am! Cic. Pro deōrum fidem, In the name of the gods! Cic.

NOTE. For the Accusative as the SUBJECT OF AN INFINITIVE, see 545; as PREDICATE, 362; as APPOSITIVE, 363; with PREPOSITIONS, 433.

V. DATIVE.

383. A verb is often attended by a noun designating the object indirectly affected by the action, that To or FOR which something is or is done. A noun thus used is called an Indirect Object.

1

RULE XII.-Dative with Verbs.

384. The INDIRECT OBJECT is put in the Dative:

I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE Verbs:

Tempori cedit, He yields to the time. Cic. Sibi timuĕrant, They had feared for themselves. Caes. Lăbōri student, They devote themselves to labor. Caes. Nōbis vita dăta est, Life has been granted to us. Cic.

II. With TRANSITIVE Verbs, in connection with the Ac

CUSATIVE:

Pons iter hostibus dědit, The bridge gave a passage to the enemy. Liv. Lēges civitatibus suis scripsērunt, They prepared laws for their states. Cic.

385. The Dative of Advantage and Disadvantage is used with verbs signifying to benefit or injure, please or displease, command or obey, serve or resist; also, indulge, spare, pardon, envy, threaten, be angry, believe, persuade, and the like: Sibi prōsunt, They benefit themselves. Cic. Nŏcēre altĕri, to injure another. Cic. Zēnōni plăcuit, It pleased Zeno. Cic. Deo pārēre, to obey God. Cic. Regi servire, to serve the king. Cic. Vitae parcere, to spare life. Nep. Minitans patriae, threatening his country. Liv. Mihi crede, Believe me. Cic.

1. OTHER CASES.-Some verbs of this class take the Accusative: delecto, juvo, laedo, offendo, etc.; fido and confido generally the Ablative (419): Mărium jūvit, He helped Marius. Nep.

2. SPECIAL VERBS.-With a few verbs the force of the dative is found only by attending to the strict meaning of the verb: mědeor, to cure, to administer a remedy to; satisfăcio, to satisfy, to do enough for, etc.

3. ACCUSATIVE or DATIVE with a difference of signification: căvère ăliquem, to ward off some one; căvēre ălicui, to care for some one; consulěre ăliquem, to consult, etc.; ălicui, to consult for; mětuěre, timère ăliquem, to fear, etc.; alicui, to fear for.

386. Dative with Compounds.-The dative is used with many verbs compounded with the prepositions:

Adsum ǎmīcis, I am present with my friends. Cic. Omnibus antestare, to surpass all. Cic. Interfuit pugnae, He participated in the battle. Nep. Superfuit patri, He survived his father. Liv.

2. COMPOUNDS OF OTHER PREPOSITIONS, especially ab, de, ex, pro, and circum, sometimes admit the Dative; while several of the compounds specified under the rule admit the Abl.: assuesco, consuesco, insuesco, acquiesco, etc. Hoc Caesări defuit, This failed (was wanting to) Caesar. Caes.

387. The Dative of Possessor is used with the verb Sum: Mihi est noverca, I have (there is to me) a stepmother. Virg. Fonti nōmen Arĕthūsa est, The fountain has (there is to the fountain) the name Arethusa. Cic.

1. THE DATIVE OF THE NAME as well as of the possessor is common in expressions of naming: nomen est, nomen dătur, etc.:

Scipiōni Africano cognomen fuit, Scipio had the surname Africanus. Sall. 388. Dative of Agent.-The Dative of Agent is used with the Participle in dus:

Suum cufque incommodum ferendum est, Every one has his own trouble to bear, or must bear his own trouble. Cic.

1. DATIVE WITH COMPOUND TENSES.-The Dative of the Agent is sometimes used with the compound tenses of passive verbs:

Mihi consilium captum jam diu est, I have a plan long since formed. Cic. 1) The Dative of Agent, with the Participle in dus, as in the Periphrastic Conjugation, designates the person who has the work to do; while with the Compound Tenses of passive verbs, it designates the person who has the work already done. See examples above.

4. DATIVE OF AGENT IN POETS.-In the poets the Dative is often used for the Ablative with a or ab, to designate simply the agent of the action: Non intellígor ulli, I am not understood by any one. Ovid.

389. Ethical Dative.-A Dative of the person to whom the thought is of special interest is often introduced into the Latin sentence when it cannot be imitated in English :

At tibi věnit ad me, But lo, he comes to me. Cic. Quid mihi Celsus ăgit? What is my Celsus doing? Hor. Avārītia quid sibi vult, What does avarice mean, or what object can it have? Cic. Hei mihi, ah me. Virg.

1. The ETHICAL DATIVE is always a personal pronoun.

RULE XIII.—Two Datives.—To which and For which. 390. Two Datives-the OBJECT TO WHICH and the OBJECT FOR WHICH-Occur with a few verbs:

I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE Verbs:

Mălo est hominibus ǎvārītia, Avarice is an evil to men (lit. is to men for an evil). Cic. Domus dedecori domino fit, The house becomes a disgrace to its owner. Cic. Hoc illi trībuēbātur ignaviae, This was imputed to him as cowardice (for cowardice). Cic.

II. With TRANSITIVE Verbs in connection with the Ac

CUSATIVE:

Quinque cohortes castris praesidio reliquit, He left five cohorts for the defence of the camp (lit. to the camp for a defence). Caes. Pericles agros suos dōno rei publicae dědit, Pericles gave his lands to the republic as a present (lit. for a present). Just.

RULE XIV. Dative with Adjectives.

391. With Adjectives the OBJECT TO WHICH the quality is directed is put in the Dative: