VERBS IN IO. 213. Verbs in io are generally of the fourth conjugation, and even the few which are of the third are inflected with the endings of the fourth, wherever those endings have two successive vowels, as follows: The other parts of this verb are entirely regular. DEPONENT VERBS. 221. Deponent Verbs have in general the forms of the Passive Voice with the signification of the Active: 1. They have also in the Active, the future infinitive, the participles, gerund, and supine. 2. The Future passive participle generally has the passive signification; sometimes also the perfect passive; hortandus, to be exhorted; expertus, tried. 3. The Future Infinitive of the Passive form is rare, as the Active form is generally used. PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 227. The Latin has also two Periphrastic conjugations, formed respectively from the two regular future participles combined with the various tenses of the auxiliary sum. 230. Amatūrus sum, I am about to love. PECULIARITIES IN CONJUGATION. 234. Perfects in āvi, ēvi, īvi, and the tenses derived from them, sometimes drop v and suffer contraction before s and r: amavisti, amasti; nevērunt, nērunt; audivissem, audissem. 1. Perfects in ivi sometimes drop v in any of their forms, but generally without contraction, except before s: audivi, audii, audiit. 2. The perfect of nosco, to know, and moveo, to move, sometimes drops v and suffers contraction before r and s: novisti, nosti. 237. Dic, duc, fac, and fer, for dice, duce, făce, and fère, are the Imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and fero, to say, lead, make, and bear. 2. Compounds follow the simple verbs, except those of facio which change a into i: confice. 1 The periphrastic forms are inflected regularly through the persons and numbers: amatūrus sum, es, est. The Fut. Perf. is exceedingly rare. 2 Or, I deserve (ought) to be loved. 238. Undus and undi for endus and endi occur as the endings of the Fut. Pass. Part. and of the Gerund of Conj. III. and IV.: dicundus from dico, to say; potiundus, from potior, to obtain. VERBAL INFLECTIONS. 240. PRINCIPAL PARTS.-From an inspection of the paradigms, it will be seen, that the Principal Parts are formed in the four conjugations with the following endings: 1 241. ENTIRE CONJUGATION.-Again, from an inspection of the paradigms, it will be seen, that all the forms of any regular verb, through all the moods and tenses of both voices, arrange themselves in three distinct groups or systems of forms: I. The PRESENT SYSTEM, with the Present Infinitive as its basis, comprises 1. The Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative-Active and Passive. 1 The forms in evi and etum of Conj. II. do not occur in the paradigms given above, but belong to the regular forms of those conjugations. 2. The Present and Imperfect Subjunctive-Active and Passive. 3. The Imperative-Active and Passive. 4. The Present Infinitive-Active and Passive. 5. The Present Active and Future Passive Participles. 6. The Gerund. These parts are all formed from the Present Stem, found in the Present Infinitive of the several conjugations, by dropping the endings—āre, ère, ère, īre of the Active, or—āri, ēri, i, īri, of the Passive: amare, present stem, AM; monēre, MON. II. The PERFECT SYSTEM, with the Perfect Indicative Active as its basis, comprises in the Active voice 1. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative. 3. The Perfect Infinitive. These parts are all formed from the Perfect Stem, found in the Perfect Indicative Active by dropping i; amāvi, perfect stem AMAV; monui, MONU. III. The SUPINE SYSTEM, with the Supine as its basis, comprises 1. The Supines in um and u, the former of which with iri forms the Future Infinitive Passive. 2. The Future Active and Perfect Passive Participles, the former of which with esse forms the Future Active Infinitive, and the latter of which with the proper parts of the auxiliary sum forms in the Passive those tenses which in the Active belong to the Perfect System. These parts are all formed from the Supine Stem, found in the Supine by dropping um: amātum, supine stem, amat; monitum, MONIT. 242. VERB STEM.-The true basis of all verbal inflections is the Verb Stem; but this is generally identical with the Present Stem. Thus AM, the Present Stem of amo, is also its verb stem. 1. In a few verbs the Present Stem has assumed one or more letters not found in the Verb Stem. Thus in fundo, vinco, the Verb Stems are fud, vic, but the Present Stems are fund, vinc, strengthened by assuming n. 2. We add the following synopsis of conjugation: |