4.-IRREGULAR CASE-ENDINGS.-The following occur:

1) Ubŭs for ìbùs, used regularly in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. of

Acus, needle; arcus, bow; artus, joint; lăcus, lake; partus, birth; pecu, cattle; quercus, oak; spècus, den; trìbus, tribe; věru, spit: occasionally in a few other words, as portus, sinus, and tonitrus.

2) Uis, the uncontracted form for us, in the Gen.: fructuis for fructus. 3) U for ui, in the Dat. by contraction: equitatu for equitatui, cavalry. 117. Domus, house, is declined as follows:

The Gen. domus, means of a house; domi, at home: A. Pl. domus, nouses; domos, often, homeward, to homes.

118. EXCEPTIONS IN GENDER.-Feminine:

1. Acus, needle; cõlus, distaff; dõmus, house; mănus, hand; porticus portico; tribus, tribe.

2. Idus, ides; rarely specus, den.

FIFTH DECLENSION.

119. Nouns of the fifth declension end in es,-feminine, and are declined as follows:

4. IRREGULAR ENDINGS:- or i for ei in the Gen. and Dat.: acie for aciei.

5. DEFECTIVE.-Nouns of this declension, except dies and res, want the Gen., Dat., and Abl. Plur., and many admit no plural whatever.

120. EXCEPTIONS IN GENDER.-Masculine :—dies (sometimes fem. in Sing.), day, and meridies, midday.

COMPOUND NOUNS.

125. Compounds present in general no peculiarities of declension. But

1. If two nominatives unite, they are both declined: respublica (= res publica), reipublicae, republic; jusjurandum (= jus jurandum), jūrisju randi,1 oath.

2. If a nominative unites with an oblique case, only the nominative is declined: păterfamilias (= păter familias (42, 3), or păter familiae), patrisfamilias, the father of a family.

IRREGULAR NOUNS.

128. INDECLINABLE.—The Latin has but few indeclinable nouns: fas, right; nefas, wrong; instar, equality; nihil, nothing.

130. DEFECTIVE.-Many nouns, from the nature of their signification, want the plural: Rōma, Rome; justitia, justice; aurum, gold.

131.. Many nouns want the singular, especially personal appellatives applicable to classes, and many names of cities: majōres, forefathers; liběri, children; Athenae, Athens; Thebac, Thebes.

132. Some nouns have one signification in the singular and another in the plural: Thus

1. Some want the nom., dat., and voc. sing.: (Ops), õpis, help; (vix or

vicis), vicis, change.

1 The Gen., Dat., and Abl. Plur. are wanting.

2. Some want the nom. and voc. sing.: (Daps), dăpis, food; (ditio), ditionis, sway; (frux), frūgis, fruit; (internecio), interneciōnis, destruction; (pollis), pollinis, flour; (prex), dat. prěci, prayer, wants also the gen. sing.

3. Some want the gen., dat., and abl. plur. See 119, 5.

So also many neuters: far, fel, mel, pus, rus, tus; especially Greek neuters in os, which want these cases in the singular also: ěpos, mělos.

4. Some want the gen. plur.: thus many nouns otherwise entire, especially monosyllables: nex, pax, pix; cor, cos, ros; sal, sol, lux.

134. Some nouns want one entire number and certain cases of the other: fors, chance, has only fors and forte. Many verbal nouns in u have only the abl. sing.: jussu, by order; mandātu, by command; rogātu, by request.

136. Heteroclites are partly of one declension and partly of another:

1. Jugĕrum, an acre; regularly of the second Decl., except in the Gen. Plur., which is jugěrum, according to the third.

2. Vas, a vessel; of the third Decl. in the Sing., and of the second in the Plur.: vas, vāsis; plural, vāsa, vasōrum.

3. Requies, rest; regularly of the third Decl., but with the forms requiem and requie of the fifth.

141. Heterogeneous nouns are partly of one gender and partly of another:

146. The adjective is that part of speech which is used. to qualify nouns: bonus, good; magnus, great.

The form of the adjective in Latin depends in part upon the gender of the noun which it qualifies: bonus puer, a good boy; bona puella, a good girl; bonum tectum, a good house. Thus bonus is the form of the adjective when used with masculine nouns, bona with feminine, and bonum with neuter.

147. Some adjectives are partly of the first declension and partly of the second, while all the rest are entirely of the third declension.

148. Adjectives of the FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS are declined as follows:

149. IRREGULARITIES.-These nine adjectives have in the singular īus in the genitive and I in the dative:

Alius, a, ud, another; nullus, no one; sōlus, alone; tōtus, whole; ullus, any; ūnus, one; alter, -těra, -těrum, the other; ŭter, -tra, -trum, which (of two); neuter, -tra, -trum, neither.

2. I in ius is sometimes short; generally so in alterius.

3. Alius contracts the genitive aliius into alius.

151. THIRD DECLENSION.-Adjectives of THREE ENDINGS of the third declension are declined as follows: