Inita sunt consilia urbis dēlendae

urbem dēlendi, Plans have been

formed for destroying the city (of the city to be destroyed). Cic.

1. EXPLANATION.-With the Gerund, the first example would be: Inita sunt consilia urbem dēlendi, in which dēlendi is governed by consilia, and urbem by delendi. In changing this to the Gerundive construction,

1) Urbem, the object, is changed into urbis, the case of the gerund, and is governed by consilia.

2) Delendi, the gerund, is changed into dēlendae, the gerundive, in agreement with urbis.

2. GERUNDIVE.-For the sake of brevity, the term Gerundive is used to designate not only the Participle, but also the Construction as a whole, including both the participle and the noun with which it agrees.

3. USE OF GERUNDIVE.-The Gerundive may be used for the Gerund with a Direct Object, and is almost invariably so used when the Gerund would be in the Dative or would depend upon a preposition.

563. The GENITIVE of the Gerund or Gerundive is used with nouns and adjectives:

GERUND.-Ars vivendi, the art of living. Cic. Jus vocandi sĕnātum, the right of summoning the senate. Liv. Căpidus te audiendi, desirous of hearing you. Cic.

GERUNDIVE.-Libido ejus videndi, the desire of seeing him. Cic. Plătōnis studiōsus audiendi fuit, He was fond of hearing Plato. Cic.

4. WITH MEI, NOSTRI, ETC.-With the Genitive of personal pronouns mei, nostri, tui, vestri, sui-the participle ends in di without reference to Number or Gender:

Copia placandi tui (of a woman), an opportunity of appeasing you. Ov. Sui conservandi causa, for the purpose of preserving themselves. Cic.

5. PURPOSE.-The Genitive of the Gerund or Gerundive is sometimes used to express Purpose or Tendency:

Haec tradendae Hannĭbăli victoriae sunt, These things are for the purpose of giving victory to Hannibal. Liv.

6. INFINITIVE FOR GERUND.-The Infinitive for the Genitive of the Gerund or Gerundive is often used in the poets with nouns and adjectives, sometimes even in prose:

Cupido Stygios innare lacus, the desire to sail upon the Stygian lakes. Virg. Avidus committère pugnam, eager to engage battle. Ovid.

564. The DATIVE of the Gerund or Gerundive is used with a few verbs and adjectives which regularly govern the Dative:

GERUND.-Quum solvendo non essent, Since they were not able to pay. Cic. Aqua útilis est bibendo, Water is useful for drinking. Plin.

GERUNDIVE.-Locum oppido condendo ceperunt, They selected a place for founding a city. Liv.

565. The ACCUSATIVE of the Gerund or Gerundive is used after a few prepositions :

GERUND.-Ad discendum propensi sŭmus, We are inclined to learn (to learning). Cic. Inter ludendum, in or during the play. Quint.

GERUNDIVE.-Ad colendos agros, for cultivating the fields. Cic.

1. PREPOSITIONS.-The accusative of the gerund or gerundive is used most frequently after ad; sometimes after inter and ob; very rarely after ante, circa, and in.

3. PURPOSE. The purpose of the action is sometimes denoted by the Gerund with ad, or by the Gerundive in agreement with a noun; especially with verbs of giving, permitting, leaving, taking, etc. :

Ad imitandum mihi propositum exemplar illud, That model has been set before me for imitation. Cic. Attribuit Ităliam vastandam (for ad vastandum) Cătălinae, He assigned Italy to Catiline to ravage (to be ravaged.) Cic.

566. The ABLATIVE of the Gerund or Gerundive is used,

I. As Ablative of Means or Instrument:

GERUND.-Mens discendo ǎlítur, The mind is nourished by learning. Cīc. GERUNDIVE.-Legendis ōrātōribus, by reading the orators. Cic.

II. With Prepositions:

GERUND.-Virtutes cernuntur in ågendo, Virtues are seen in action. Cic. GERUNDIVE.-Brūtus in libĕranda patria est interfectus, Brutus was slain in liberating his country. Cic.

1. PREPOSITIONS.-The ablative of the gerund or gerundive is used most frequently after in; sometimes after a (ab), de, ex (e); very rarely after cum and pro.

SECTION XI.

SUPINE.

567. The Supine, like the Gerund, is a verb in force, but a noun in form and inflection. As a verb it governs oblique cases, as a noun it is itself governed.

RULE L.-Supine in Um.

569, The Supine in um is used after verbs of motion to express PURPOSE :

Lēgāti vēnērunt res rěpětitum, Deputies came to demand restitution. Liv. Ad Caesărem congratŭlātum convenerunt, They came to Caesar to congratulate him. Caes.

570. The Supine in u is generally used as an Ablative of Specification (429):

Quid est tam jucundum auditu, What is so agreeable to hear (in hearing) ? Cic. Difficile dictu est, It is difficult to tell. Cic.

SECTION XII.

PARTICIPLES.

571. TENSES.-Participles, like Infinitives, express only relative time, and represent the action as Present, Past, or Future, relatively to the principal verb.

PECULIARITIES.-Tenses in Participles present the leading peculiarities specified under the corresponding tenses in the Indicative. See 467, 2.

575. USE.-Participles are verbs in force, but Adjectives in form and inflection. As verbs they govern oblique cases, as adjectives they agree with nouns :

Anĭmus se non videns ǎlia cernit, The mind, though it does not see itself, discerns other things. Cic.

576. Participles are used to abridge or shorten discourse by supplying the place of finite verbs with relatives. or conjunctions. They are used with much greater freedom in Latin than in English:

Omnes ǎliud ǎgentes, ăliud simulantes improbi sunt, All who do one thing and pretend another are dishonest. Cic. Plato scribens mortuus est, Plato died while writing. Cic. Sol oriens diem conficit, The sun by its rising causes the day. Cic. Mendaci homini ne vērum quidem dicenti credire non solēmus, We are not wont to believe a liar, even if he speaks the truth. Cic. Scripta tua jam diu exspectans, non audeo tămen flāgĭtāre, Though I have been long expecting your work, yet I do not dare to ask for it. Cic. Attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, He assigned us to Cethegus to slaughter. Cic.

579. FOR PRINCIPAL CLAUSE.-The Participle sometimes supplies the place of a principal or coördinate clause, and may accordingly be best rendered by a finite verb with and or but:

Classem děvictam cepit, He conquered and took the fleet (took the fleet→ conquered). Nep.

580. FOR VERBAL NOUN.-The Passive Participle is often used in Latin where the English idiom requires a participial noun, or a verbal noun with of:

In ămicis eligendis, in selecting friends. Cic. Hŏmērus fuit ante Rōmam condítam, Homer lived (was) before the founding of Rome (before Rome founded). Cic.

581. WITH NEGATIVE.-The Participle with a negative, as non, nihil, is often best rendered by a participial noun and the preposition without:

Mísěrum est, nihil prōfícientem angi, It is sad to be troubled without accomplishing anything. Cic. Non erubescens, without blushing. Cic.

CHAPTER VI.

SYNTAX OF PARTICLES.

RULE LI-Use of Adverbs.

582. Adverbs qualify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other

ADVERBS:

Săpientes feliciter vivunt, The wise live happily. Cic. Făcile doctissimus, unquestionably the most learned. Cic. Haud ălĭter, not otherwise. Virg.

583. Adverbs are sometimes used with nouns:

1. When the nouns are used with the force of adjectives or participles:

Minime largitor dux, a leader by no means liberal. Liv. Pŏpůlus láte rex, a people of extensive sway (ruling extensively). Virg.

2. When in sense a participle or verb may be supplied:

Mărius, plāne vir, Marius, truly a man. Cic. Omnes circa popůli, all the surrounding peoples. Liv.

584. The Common Negative Particles are: non, ne, haud.

1. Non is the usual negative, ne is used in prohibitions, wishes and purposes (488), and haud, in haud scio an and with adjectives and adverbs.

2. In non modo non and in non solum non, the second non is generally omitted before sed or verum, followed by ne-quidem or vix (rarely ětiam), when the verb of the second clause belongs also to the first:

Assentatio non modo ămico, sed ne libero quidem digna est, Flattery is not only not worthy of a friend, but not even of a free man. Cic.

585. Two Negatives are generally equivalent to an affirmative, as in English:

Nihil non arroget, Let him claim everything. Hor. Neque hoc Zeno non vidit, Nor did Zeno overlook this. Cic.

1. Non before a general negative gives it the force of an indefinite affirmative, but after such negative the force of a general affirmative:

Nonnemo, some one;

nonnihil, something;

Nemo non, every one; nihil non, everything;

nonnunquam, sometimes. nunquam non, always.

2. After a general negative, ne—quidem gives emphasis to the negation, and neque neque, nève-nève, and the like, repeat the negation distributively:

Non praetereundum est ne id quidem, We must not pass by even this. Cic. Nemo unquam neque poëta neque ōrātor fuit, No one was ever either a poet or an orator. Cic.

587. COÖRDINATE CONJUNCTIONS unite similar constructions (309, I.):

Castor et Pollux, Castor and Pollux. Cic. Sĕnātus populusque, the senate and people. Cic. Aut vestra aut sua culpa, either your fault, or his own. Liv.

588. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS connect subordinate with principal constructions (309, II.) :

Păruit quum necesse ĕrat, He obeyed when it was necessary. Cic. Ut optasti, ita est, It is as you desired. Cic. Si peccāvi, ignosce, If I have erred, pardon me. Cic.

589. INTERJECTIONS are sometimes used entirely alone, as eheu, alas! and sometimes with certain cases of nouns. See 381.

NOTE.-For the use of Prepositions, see 432.

CHAPTER VIII.

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS AND
CLAUSES.

592. The Latin admits of great variety in the arrangement of the different parts of the sentence, thus affording