3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES of the Second Form (509), after Historical . tenses, sometimes retain in their conditional clauses the Present or Perfect, and sometimes change it to the Imperfect or Pluperfect, according to the Rule for Sequence of Tenses (480):

Respondit, si expěrīri vělint, părătum esse, He replied, if they wished to make the trial he was ready. Caes. Lēgātos mittit, si ita fecisset, ămicitiam fŭtūram, He sent messengers saying that, if he would do thus, there would be friendship. Caes. See 481, IV.

4. The FUTURE PERFECT in a Subordinate clause of the Direct discourse is changed in the Indirect into the Perfect Subjunctive after a Principal tense, and into the Pluperfect Subjunctive after a Historical tense:

Agunt ut dimicent; ibi impĕrium före, unde victoria fuerit, They arrange that they shall fight; that the sovereignty shall be on the side which shall win the victory (whence the victory may have been). Liv. Appārēbat regnātūrum, qui vicisset, It was evident that he would be king who should conquer. Liv.

533. PRONOUNS, ADVERBS, ETC.-Pronouns and adverbs, as also the persons of the verbs, are often changed in passing from the Direct discourse to the Indirect :

Glōriātus est annŭlum se sua mănu confecisse (direct: annŭlum ĕgo mea mănu confēci), He boasted that he had made the ring with his own hand. Cic.

1. PRONOUNS of first and second persons are often changed to the third. Thus above ego in the direct discourse becomes se, and mea becomes sua. In the same way hic and iste are often changed to ille.

2. ADVERBS meaning here or now are often changed to those meaning there or then; nunc to tum; hic to illic.

SECTION VII.

IMPERATIVE.

RULE XLVIII.-Imperative.

535. The Imperative is used in commands, exhortations, and entreaties:

Justitiam cole, Practice justice. Cic. Tu ne cede mălis, Do not yield to misfortunes. Virg.

537. The IMPERATIVE FUTURE is used,

I. In commands involving future rather than present

action:

Rem penditōte, You shall consider the subject. Cic. Cras pětito; dăbitur, Ask to-morrow; it shall be granted. Plaut.

II. In laws, orders, precepts, etc.:

Consules němini pârento, The consuls shall be subject to no one. Cic.

538. IN PROHIBITIONS or negative commands,

1. The negative ne, rarely non, accompanies the Imperative, and if a connective is required, neve, or neu, is genrally used, rarely něque:

Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sěpělito, nēve úrĭto, Thou shalt not bury or burn a dead body in the city. Cic.

2. Instead of ne with the Present Imperative, the best prose writers generally use nõli and nōlīte with the Infinitive:

Nōlite pătăre (for ne pŭtāte), do not think (be unwilling to think). Cic.

SECTION VIII.

INFINITIVE.

540. TENSES.-The Infinitive has three tenses, Present, Perfect, and Future. They express however not absolute, but relative time, denoting respectively Present, Past, or Future time, relatively to the Principal verb.

1. PECULIARITIES.-These tenses present the leading peculiarities specified under the same tenses in the Indicative. See 467, 2.

544. CIRCUMLOCUTION.-Instead of the regular Future Infinitive, the circumlocution futurum esse ut, or fore ut, with the Subjunctive,-Present after a Principal tense, and Imperfect after a Historical tense,-is frequently used:

Spero fore ut contingat id nobis, I hope this will fall to our lot (I hope it will come to pass that this may happen to us). Cic.

RULE XLIX.-Subject of Infinitive.

545. The Subject of an Infinitive is put in the Accusative:

Sentīmus călere ignem, We perceive that fire is hot. Cic. Plătōnem Tărentum venisse repĕrio, I find that Plato came to Tarentum. Cic.

1. HISTORICAL INFINITIVE.-In lively description the Infinitive is sometimes used for the Indicative Imperfect. It is then called the Historical Infinitive, and, like a finite verb, has its subject in the Nominative: Hostes gaesa conjicere, The enemy hurled their javelins. Caes.

2. The SUBJECT OF AN INFINITIVE is often omitted:

Magna něgōtia võlunt ǎgère, They wish to accomplish great undertakings. Cic. Diligi jucundum est, It is pleasant to be loved. Cic.

3. ESSE and FUISSE are often omitted in the compound forms of the Infinitive and with predicate adjectives, other infinitives less frequently (551, 5):

Spērāmus vōbis profuturos, We hope to benefit you. Cic.

546. A PREDICATE NOUN OR ADJECTIVE after an Infinitive regularly agrees with the Subject, expressed or understood (362):

Ego me Phidiam esse mallem, I should prefer to be Phidias. Cic. Trāditum est, Homerum caecum fuisse, It has been handed down by tradition that Homer was blind. Cic.

547. A Predicate Noun or Adjective, after an Infinitive whose Subject is omitted, is often attracted into the Nominative or Dative:

Nōlo esse laudător, I am unwilling to be a eulogist. Cic. Beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest, No one can be happy without virtue. Cic. Mihi negligenti esse non lícuit, It was not permitted me to be negligent. Cic.

549. INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.-The Infinitive, with or without a Subject, is often used as a Nominative, and is thus made the Subject of a sentence, according to Rule III.:

WITH SUBJECT.-Făcinus est vinciri civem Rōmānum, That a Roman citizen should be bound is a crime. Cic. Certum est liberos ămări, It is certain that children are loved. Quint.

WITHOUT SUBJECT.-Ars est difficilis rem publicam regěre, To rule a state is a difficult art. Cic. Peccare licet nemini, To sin is not lawful for any one. Cic.

4. PERSONAL CONSTRUCTION.- -With Passive verbs, instead of the Infinitive with a subject accusative, a Personal construction is common, by which the Subject Accusative becomes the Subject Nominative of the leading verb:

Aristides justissimus fuisse traditur (for Aristidem justissimum fuisse traditur), Aristides is said to have been most just. Cic.

550. INFINITIVE AS OBJECT.-The Infinitive, with or without a Subject, is often used as an Accusative, and is thus made the object of a verb, according to Rule V.:

Te dicunt esse săpientem, They say that you are wise. Cic. Haec vītāre cupimus, We desire to avoid these things. Cic. Mănēre decrevit, He decided to remain. Nep.

553. SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS.-The Infinitive, generally with a Subject, may be used,

I. AS PREDICATE:

Exitus fuit ōrātiōnis: sibi nullam cum his ămicitiam, The close of his oration was, that he had no friendship with these. Caes. Vivĕre est cōgĭtāre, To live is to think. Cic. See 362.

Here sibi―ămicitiam is used substantively, and is the Predicate Nominative after fuit, according to Rule I. Cōgĭtāre is in the same construction after est.

II. AS APPOSITIVE:

Oráculum dătum erat victrīces Athēnas fōre, The oracle that Athens would be victorious had been given. Cic. See 363.

III. In EXCLAMATIONS:

Te sic vexari, that you should be thus troubled! Cic. See 381.

IV. AS ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

See 431, 4.

Non populāre pěnātes vēnĭmus, We have not come to lay waste your homes. Virg.

This construction is confined to poetry. See also 563, 6.

SECTION IX.

SUBJECT AND OBJECT CLAUSES.

554. Subject and Object Clauses, in which, as we have just seen (549 and 550), the Infinitive is so freely used, assume four distinct forms:

I. INDIRECT QUESTIONS represent the Subject or Object as Interrogative in character. See 525.

II. INFINITIVE CLAUSES have simply the force of Nouns, merely supplying the place of the Nominative, or the Accusative. See 549, 550.

132

SUBJECT AND OBJECT CLAUSES. GERUND.

III. SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES introduced by ut, ne, etc., are only occasionally used as subject or object, and even then involve Purpose or Result :

Contigit ut patriam vindicaret, It was his good fortune to save his country. Nep. Volo ut mihi respondeas, I wish you would answer me. Cic. See 492, 495.

Here ut vindicaret is at once subject and result: it was his good fortune to save his country, or his good fortune was such that he saved his country. In the second example, ut-respondeas expresses not only the object desired, but also the purpose of the desire.

IV. CLAUSES WITH QUOD are only occasionally used as subject or object, and even then either give prominence to the fact stated, or present it as a Ground or Reason:

Beneficium est quod necesse est mori, It is a blessing that it is necessary to die. Sen. Gaudeo quod te interpellāvi, I rejoice that (because) I have interrupted you. Cic. See 520.

SECTION X.

GERUN D.

559. The Gerund is a verb in force, but a noun in form and inflection. As a verb it governs oblique cases and takes adverbial modifiers, as a noun it is itself governed.

560. The Gerund has four cases: Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative, governed like nouns in the same situation :

Beāte vivendi cupiditate incensi sumus, We are animated with the desire of living happily. Cic. In agendo, in acting. Cic.

561. Gerunds with Direct Objects are regularly used only in the Genitive and in the Ablative without a preposition :

Jus vocandi senatum, the right of summoning the senate. Liv. Injurias ferendo laudem měrēběris, You will merit praise by bearing wrongs. Cic..

562. GERUNDIVE.-The place of the Gerund with a Direct Object is supplied by putting that object in the case. of the Gerund and changing the latter into the participle in -dus in agreement with it. The participle is then called a Gerundive: