1. PARTICIPLES IN COMPOUND TENSES agree with the subject according to 438. See also 301.

Thēbāni accūsāti sunt, The Thebans were accused. Cic.

2. SUBJECT OMITTED.-See 367, 2.

3. VERB OMITTED.-See 367, 3.

461. CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO SENSE.-Sometimes the Predicate is construed according to the real meaning of the subject without regard to grammatical gender or number. Thus

1. With Collective Nouns, pars, multitudo, and the like:

Multitudo ǎbeunt, The multitude depart. Liv. Pars per agros dilapsi, a part (some) dispersed through the fields. Liv.

2. With Millia, often masculine in sense:

Caesi sunt tria millia, Three thousand men were slain. Liv.

3. With Quisque, Uterque, Alius-Alium, Alter-Altĕrum, and the

like:

Uterque educunt, They each lead out. Caes.

4. With Singular Subjects accompanied by an Ablative with cum: Dux cum principibus căpiuntur, The leader with his chiefs is taken. Liv. See 438, 6.

5. With Partim-Partim in the sense of pars—pars.

Bonōrum partim necessaria, partim non necessaria sunt, Of good things some are necessary, others are not necessary. Cic.

462. Sometimes the verb agrees, not with its subject, but with an Appositive or Predicate Noun:

Volsinii, oppidum Tuscōrum, concrěmātum est, Volsinii, a town of the Tuscans, was burned. Plin. Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda, Not every error should be called folly. Cic.

463. WITH TWO or more SUBJECTS the verb

I. With one subject and is understood with the others:

agrees―

Aut mōres spectari aut fortūna solet, Either character or fortune is wont to be regarded. Cic. Hŏmērus fuit et Hesiodus ante Romam conditam, Homer and Hesiod lived (were) before the founding of Rome. Cic.

II. With all the subjects conjointly, and is accordingly in the Plural Number:

Ego et Cicero vălēmus, Cicero and I are well. Cic. Tu et Tullia vălētis, You and Tullia are well. Cic.

1. PERSON. With subjects differing in Person, the verb takes the First Person rather than the Second, and the Second rather than the Third. 2. PARTICIPLES.-See 439.

3. TWO SUBJECTS AS A UNIT.-Two singular subjects forming in sense a unit or whole, admit a singular verb:

Senātus populusque intelligit, The senate and people (i. e., the state as a unit) understand. Cic.

SECTION II.

USE OF VOICES.

464. In a transitive verb, the Active voice represents the subject as acting upon some object, the Passive, as acted upon by some other person or thing:

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic. A Deo omnia facta sunt, All things were made by God. Cic.

465. With transitive verbs, a thought may be expressed either actively or passively. See 371, 6.

1. The PASSIVE VOICE is sometimes equivalent to the Act. with a reflexive pronoun, like the Greek Middle:

Lăvantur in fluminibus, They bathe (wash themselves) in the rivers.

Caes.

2. Intransitive VERBS (193) have regularly only the active voice, but they are sometimes used impersonally in the passive:

Curritur ad praetōrium, They run to the praetorium (it is run to). Cic. 3. DEPONENT VERBS, though Passive in form, are in signification transitive or intransitive:

Illud mirabar, I admired that. Cic.

SECTION III.

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.

466. The PRESENT INDICATIVE represents the action of the verb as taking place at the present time:

Ego et Cicero vǎlēmus, Cicero and I are well. Cic.

467. Hence the Present Tense is used,

I. Of actions and events which are actually taking place at the present time, as in the above examples.

II. Of actions and events which, as belonging to all time, belong of course to the present, as general truths and customs:

Nihil est ǎmābilius virtute, Nothing is more lovely than virtue. Cic.

III, Of past actions and events which the writer wishes, for effect, to

picture before the reader as present. The Present, when so used, is called the Historical Present:

Jugurtha vallo moenia circumdat, Jugurtha surrounds the city with a rampart. Sall.

2. The Present is often used of a present action which has been going on for some time, rendered have, especially after jamdiu, jamdūdum, etc.: Jamdiu ignoro quid ăgas, I have not known for a long time what you are doing. Cic.

468. The IMPERFECT INDICATIVE represents the action as taking place in past time:

Stābant nobilissimi juvenes, There stood (were standing) most noble youths. Liv. Colles oppidum cingebant, Hills encompassed the town. Caes. 469. Hence the Imperfect is used especially

I. In lively description, whether of scenes or events:

Ante oppidum plānīties pătēbat, Before the town extended a plain. Caes. Fulgentes gládios videbant, They saw (were seeing) the gleaming swords. Cic.

II. Of customary or repeated actions and events, often rendered by was wont, etc.:

Pausanias ěpůlābātur mōre Persārum, Pausanias was wont to banquet in the Persian style. Nep.

2. IMPERFECT IN LETTERS.-See 472, 1.

470. The FUTURE INDICATIVE represents the action as one which will take place in future time:

Scribam ad te, I will write to you. Cic.

471. The PERFECT INDICATIVE has two distinct uses : I. As the PRESENT PERFECT or PERFECT DEFINITE, it represents the action as at present completed, and is rendered by our Perfect with have:

De genĕre belli dixi, I have spoken of the character of the war. Cic. II. As the HISTORICAL PERFECT or PERFECT INDEFINITE it represents the action as a simple historical fact:

Miltiades est accusatus, Miltiades was accused. Nep.

472. The PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE represents the action as completed at some definite past time:

Copias quas pro castris collocãvěrat, rěduxit, He led back the forces which he had stationed before the camp. Caes.

1. In LETTERS the writer often adapts the tense to the time of the

reader, using the Imperfect or Perfect for the Present, and the Pluperfect for the Imperfect or Perfect:

Nihil habebam quod scriberem: ad tuas omnes epistolas rescripsĕram, I have (had) nothing to write: I have already replied to all your letters (I had replied, i. e., before writing this). Cic.

473. The FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE represents the action as one which will be completed at some future time: Rōmam quum vēnĕro, scrībam ad te, When I shall have reached Rome, I will write to you. Cic.

SECTION IV.

USE OF THE INDICATIVE.

RULE XXXVI.-Indicative.

474. The Indicative is used in treating of facts:

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic. Nonne expulsus est patria, Was he not banished from his country? Cic. Hoc feci, dum licuit, I did this as long as I was permitted. Cic.

475. SPECIAL USES.-The Indicative is sometimes used where our idiom would suggest the Subjunctive:

1. The Indicative of the Periphrastic Conjugations is often so used in the historical tenses, especially in conditional sentences (510, 2):

Haec conditio non accipienda fuit, This condition should not have been accepted. Cic.

2. The Historical Tenses of the Indicative, particularly the Pluperfect, are sometimes used for Effect, to represent as an actual fact something which is shown by the context never to have become fully so:

Vicĕrāmus, nisi recepisset Antōnium, We should have (lit. had) conquered, had he not received Antony. Cic.

3. Pronouns and Relative Adverbs, made general by being doubled or by assuming the suffix cunque, take the Indicative:

Quisquis est, is est săpiens, Whoever he is, he is wise. Cic.

4. In Expressions of Duty, Necessity, Ability, and the like, the Indicative is more freely used in Latin than in English:

Tardius quam debuerat, more slowly than he should have done. Cic.

1) So also in sum with aequum, par, justum, mělius, ūtilius, longum, difficile, and the like: Longum est persèqui utilitǎtes, It would be tedious (is a long task) to enumerate the uses. Cic.

SECTION V.

TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

476. Tense in the Subjunctive does not designate the time of the action as definitely as in the Indicative, but it marks with great exactness its continuance or completion. 477. The Present and Imperfect express Incomplete

action:

Văleant cives, May the citizens be well. Cic. Utinam vēra invenire possem, O that I were able to find the truth. Cic.

478. The Perfect and Pluperfect express Completed

action:

Oblitus es quid dixerim, You have forgotten what I said. Cic. Thěmistocles, quum Graeciam liberasset, expulsus est, Themistocles was banished, though he had liberated Greece. Cic.

480. The Subjunctive Tenses in their use conform to the following

RULE XXXVII-Sequence of Tenses.

Principal tenses depend upon Principal tenses: Historical upon Historical:

Nititur ut vincat, He strives to conquer. Cic. Quaesiĕras nonne pŭtārem, You had asked, whether I did not think. Cic.

481. In accordance with this rule:

I. The Subjunctive dependent upon a Principal tense-present, present perfect, future, future perfect-is put,

1. In the Present for Incomplete Action:

II. The Subjunctive dependent upon a Historical tense-imperfect, historical perfect, pluperfect—is put,