4. ADJECTIVES WITH RES are used with great freedom: res adversae, adversity; res secundae, prosperity; res publica, republic.

5. ADJECTIVES FROM PROPER NAMES are often equivalent to the English objective with of: pugna Márǎthōonia, the battle of Marathon.

6. DESIGNATING A PART.-A few adjectives sometimes designate a particular part of an object: prīmus, mědius, ultimus, extrēmus, postrēmus, intimus, summus, infimus, imus, supremus, etc.: prima nox, the first part of the night.

442. EQUIVALENT TO A CLAUSE.-Adjectives, like nouns in apposition, are sometimes equivalent to clauses:

Nemo saltat sobrius, No one dances when he is sober, or when sober. Cic. Hortensium vivum ămāvi, I loved Hortensius, while he was alive. Cic.

1. Prior, prīmus, ultĭmus, postrēmus, are often best rendered by a relative clause:

Primus mōrem solvit, He was the first who broke the custom. Liv.

443. INSTEAD OF ADVERBS.-Adjectives are sometimes used where our idiom employs adverbs:

Socrates věnēnum laetus hausit, Socrates cheerfully drank the poison. Sen. Roscius érat Rōmae frequens, Roscius was frequently at Rome. Cic.

444. COMPARISON.-A comparison between two objects requires the comparative degree; between more than two, the superlative:

Prior hōrum, the former of these (two). Nep. Gallōrum fortissimi, the bravest of the Gauls. Caes.

2. COMPARATIVE AFTER QUAM.-When an object is said to possess one quality in a higher degree than another, both adjectives are put in the comparative; but when it is said to possess one quality rather than another, both are in the positive, the former with măgis or põtius :

Clarior quam gratior, more illustrious than pleasing. Liv. Disertus măgis quam săpiens, fluent rather than wise. Cic.

3. Comparatives and Superlatives are often strengthened by other words:

Multo maxima pars, by far the largest part. Cic. Quam maximae copiae, forces as large as possible. Sall.

4. COMPARISON IN ADVERBS has the same force as in adjectives: Quam saepissime, as often as possible. Cic.

CHAPTER IV.

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

RULE XXXIV.-Agreement of Pronouns.

445. A Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in GENDER, NUMBER, and PERSON:

Animal quod sanguinem håbet, an animal which has blood. Cic. Ego, qui te confirmo, I who encourage you. Cic. Vis est in virtutibus; eas excita, There is strength in virtues, arouse them. Cic.

1. APPLICATION OF RULE.-This rule applies to all Pronouns when used as nouns. Pronouns used as adjectives conform to the rule for adjec

The Antecedent is the word or words to which the pronoun refers, and whose place it supplies. Thus, in the examples under the rule, animal is the antecedent of quod, and virtutibus the antecedent of eas.

2. AGREEMENT WITH PERSONAL PRONOUN.-When the antecedent is a Demonstrative in agreement with a Personal pronoun, the relative agrees with the latter:

Tu es is qui me ornasti, You are the one who commended me. Cic.

3. WITH TWO ANTECEDENTS.-When a relative or other pronoun, refers to two or more antecedents, it generally agrees with them conjointly, but it sometimes agrees with the nearest:

Puĕri můliĕresque, qui, boys and women, who. Caes. culpa, quae, error and fault, which. Cic.

Peccatum ac

1) With antecedents of different genders, the pronoun conforms in gender to the rule for adjectives (439, 2 and 3); hence puĕri mulieresque qui, above.

2) With antecedents of different persons, the pronoun prefers the first person to the second, and the second to the third, conforming to the rule for verbs. See 463, 1.

4. WITH PREDICATE NOUN OR APPOSITIVE.-A pronoun sometimes agrees with a Predicate Noun or an Appositive instead of the antecedent: Animal quem (for quod) vŏcāmus hominem, the animal which we call man. Cic. Flūmen Rhēnus, qui, the river Rhine, which. Caes.

5. CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO SENSE.-Sometimes the pronoun is construed according to the real meaning of the antecedent, without regard to grammatical form:

Equitatus, qui viderunt, the cavalry who saw. Caes.

6. ANTECEDENT OMITTED.-The antecedent of the relative is often omitted when it is indefinite, is the pronoun is, or is implied in a possessive:

Sunt qui censeant, There are some who think. Cic. Vestra, qui cum integritāte vixistis, hoc interest, This interests you who have lived with integrity. Cic. Here the antecedent is vos, implied in vestra.

7. CLAUSE AS ANTECEDENT.-When the antecedent is a sentence or clause, the pronoun, unless attracted (445, 4), is in the Neuter Singular, but the relative generally adds id as an appositive to such antecedent:

Nos, id quod debet, patria dělectat, Our country delights us, as it ought (lit. that which it owes). Cic.

8. RELATIVE ATTRACTED.-The relative is sometimes attracted into the case of the antecedent, and sometimes agrees with the antecedent repeated:

Judice quo (for quem) nosti, the judge whom you know. Hor. Dies instat, quo die, The day is at hand, on which day. Caes.

9. ANTECEDENT ATTRACTED.—In poetry, rarely in prose, the antecedent is sometimes attracted into the case of the relative:

Urbem quam stătuo, vestra est, The city which I am building is yours. Virg.

446. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.-The Nominative of Personal Pronouns is used only for emphasis or contrast:

Significāmus quid sentiamus, We show what we think. Cic. Ego rēges ejēci, vos tyrannos intrōdūcītis, I have banished kings, you introduce tyrants. Cic.

447. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, when not emphatic, are seldom expressed, if they can be supplied from the context:

Mănus lava, Wash your hands. Cic.

448. REFLEXIVES.-Sui and Suus have a reflexive sense (himself, etc.); sometimes also the other Personal and Possessive pronouns, together with Is, Ille, and Ipse: Se diligit, He loves himself. Cic. Sua vi movētur, He is moved by his own power. Cic. Me consōlor, I console myself. Cic.

449. Sui and Suus generally refer to the Subject of the clause in which they stand:

Se diligit, He loves himself. Cic. Justitia propter sese colenda est, Justice should be cultivated for its own sake. Cic. Annŭlum suum dědit, He gave his ring. Nep.

1. In SUBORDINATE CLAUSES expressing the sentiment of the principal subject, Sui and Suus generally refer to that subject:

Sentit ănĭmus se vi sua mŏvēri, The mind perceives that it is moved by its own power. Cic. A me pětivit ut secum essem, He asked (from) me to be with him (that I would be). Cic.

2. Suus sometimes refers to an oblique case, especially when used substantively:

Justitia suum cuique tribuit, Justice gives to every man his due. Cic.

450. DEMONSTRATIVES.-Hic, Iste, Ille, are often called respectively demonstratives of the First, Second, and Third Persons, as hic designates that which is near the speaker; iste, that which is near the person addressed, and ille, that which is remote from both, and near only to some third person:

Custos hujus urbis, the guardian of this city. Cic. Mūta istam mentem, Change that purpose of yours. Cic. Si illos negligis, if you disregard those. Cic.

2. In reference to two objects previously mentioned, (1) Hic generally follows Ille and refers to the latter object, while Ille refers to the former: but (2) Hic refers to the more important object, and Ille to the less important:

Ignavia, lăbor: illa, hic; Indolence, labor: the former, the latter. Cels. Pax, victòria: haec (pax) in tua, illa in deōrum pōtestāte est; Peace, victory: the former is in your power, the latter in the power of the gods. Liv.

4. Ille is often used of what is well known, famous: Medea illa, that well-known Medea. Cic.

453. The RELATIVE is often used where the English idiom requires a demonstrative or personal pronoun; sometimes even at the beginning of a sentence:

Res loquitur ipsa; quae semper vålet, The fact itself speaks, and this (which) ever has weight. Cic. Qui proelium committunt, They engage battle. Caes. Quae quum ita sint, since these things are so. Cic.

4. A RELATIVE CLAUSE is sometimes equivalent to Pro with the Abl.: Quae tua prudentia est = qua es prudentia = pro tua prudentia = such is your prudence, or you are of such prudence, or in accordance with your prudence, etc. Spēro, quae tua prudentia est, te vălère, I hope you are well, such is your prudence (which is, etc.).

5. RELATIVE WITH ADJECTIVE.-Adjectives belonging in sense to the antecedent, sometimes stand in the relative clause in agreement with the relative, especially comparatives, superlatives, and numerals :

Vasa, quae pulcherrima viděrat, the most beautiful vessels which he had seen (vessels, which the most beautiful he had seen). Cic.

455. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.-Aliquis, quis, qui, and quispiam, are all indefinite, some one, any one:

Est ǎliquis, There is some one. Liv. Dixit quis, Some one said. Cic. 456. Quidam, a certain one, is less indefinite than aliquis:

Quidam rhetor antiquus, a certain ancient rhetorician. Cic.

457. Quisquam and ullus are used chiefly in negative and conditional sentences, and in interrogative sentences implying a negative:

Něque me quisquam agnovit, Nor did any one recognize me. Cic.

458. Quivis, Quilibet, any one whatever, and Quisque, every one, each one, are general indefinites. See 191.

459. Alius and Alter are often repeated: ălius—ălius, one-another; alii-alii, some-others; alter-alter, the one-the other; altěri-altĕri, the one party-the other:

Alii glōriae serviunt, ălii pěcūniae, Some are slaves to glory, others to money. Cic.

1. Alius repeated in different cases often involves an ellipsis:

Alius ălia via civitatem auxērunt, They advanced the state, one in one way, another in another. Liv.

2. After Alius, Aliter, and the like, atque, ac, and et often mean than: Non ǎlius essem atque sum, I would not be other than I am. Cic.

CHAPTER V.

SYNTAX OF VERBS.

SECTION I.

AGREEMENT OF VERBS.

RULE XXXV.-Verb with Subject.

460. A Finite Verb agrees with its Subject in NUMBER and PERSON:

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic. Ego rēges ejeci, vos tyrannos intrōdūcītis, I have banished kings, you introduce tyrants. Cic.