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ABLATIVE OF SOURCE AND SEPARATION.

TIME.

2. Dŏmus, rus and the genitives hŭmi, mīlĭtiae and belli:

Rūri ǎgere vitam, to spend life in the country. Liv. Domi militiaeque, at home and in the field. Cic. Domo prōfúgit, He fled from home. Cic. 3. The Genitive of other nouns also occurs:

Rōmae Numidiaeque, at Rome and in Numidia. Sall.

RULE XXVII.-Ablative of Source and Separation. 425. SOURCE and SEPARATION are denoted by the Ablative, generally with a preposition :

Cic.

SOURCE-Hoc audivi de părente meo, I heard this from my father. Statua ex aere facta, a statue made of bronze. Cic. Jove nātus, son of Jupiter. Cic.

SEPARATION.-Caedem a vōbis depello, I ward off slaughter from you. Cic. Expulsus est patria, He was banished from his country. Cic.

1. The ABLATIVE OF SOURCE designates that from which anything is derived, including parentage, material, etc.

2. The ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION designates that from which anything is separated, or of which it is deprived, and is used:

etc.

1) With Intransitive verbs signifying, to abstain from, be distant from,

2) In connection with the Accusative after transitive verbs signifying, to hold from, separate from, free from, and the like.

3. The Preposition is generally omitted

1) With Perfect Participles denoting parentage or birth—gěnitus, nātus, ortus, etc.:

Jove natus, son of Jupiter. Cic.

2) With Verbs of Freeing, except libero, which is used both with and without a preposition :

Somno solvi, to be released from sleep. Cic. But see 410, 7.

4) Sometimes with other words, especially in poetry.

RULE XXVIII.-Ablative of Time.

426. The TIME of an Action is denoted by the Ablative:

Octōgēsimo anno est mortuus, He died in his eightieth year. Cic. Natāli die suo, on his birthday. Nep. Hieme et aestāte, in winter and summer. Cic.

1. DESIGNATIONS OF TIME.-Any word, so used as to involve the time of an action or event, may be put in the ablative: bello, in the time of war.

ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC.

2. The ABLATIVE WITH IN is used to denote

SPECIFICATION.

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1) The circumstances of the time, rather than time itself:

In tali tempore, under such circumstances. Liv.

2) The time in or within which anything is done: In diebus proximis děcem, in the next ten days. Sall.

427. ACCUSATIVE OR ABLATIVE.-The time since an action or event is denoted by Abhinc or Ante with the Accusative or Ablative, and the time between two events, by Ante or Post with the Accusative or Ablative:

Abhinc annos trěcentos fuit, He lived (was) three hundred years since. Cic. Paucis ante diebus, a few days before. Cic. Post dies paucos vēnit, He came after a few days. Liv.

3. QUAM may follow ANTE and POST, may be united with them, or may even be used for postquam:

Quartum post annum quam rědiĕrat, four years after he had returned. Nep.

RULE XXIX.-Ablative of Characteristic.

428. The Ablative with an adjective may be used to characterize a person or thing:

Summa virtute ǎdolescens, a youth of the highest virtue. Caes. Cătălina ingenio mălo fuit, Catiline was a man of a bad spirit. Sall.

1. The ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC is used

1) With Substantives as in the first example.

2) In the Predicate, like the Predicate Genitive (401).

2. The ABLATIVE WITH A GENITIVE instead of the ablative with an adjective is sometimes used:

Uri sunt specie tauri, The urus is of the appearance of a bull. Caes.

3. GENITIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC.-See 396, IV.

RULE XXX.-Ablative of Specification.

429. The Ablative may be used with a word to define its application :

Agēsĭlāus nōmine, non potestāte fuit rex, Agesilaus was king in name, not in power. Nep. Claudus altĕro pěde, lame in one foot. Nep. Mōribus similes, similar in character. Cic.

1. FORCE OF ABLATIVE.-This shows in what respect or particular anything is true: thus, king (in what respect?) in name.

2. ACCUSATIVE OF SPECIFICATION. See 380.

430. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.-A noun and a participle, a noun and an adjective, or two nouns may be grammatically independent of (absolved from) the rest of the sentence, and yet may express various adverbial modifications of the predicate. When so used they are said to be in the case Absolute.

RULE XXXI-Ablative Absolute.

431. The Ablative is used as the CASE ABSOLUTE :

Servio regnante viguerunt, They flourished in the reign of Servius (Servius reigning). Cic. Regibus exactis, consules creati sunt, After the banishment of the kings, consuls were appointed. Liv. Sĕrēno coelo, when. the sky is clear. Sen. Căninio consule, in the consulship of Caninius. Cic.

1. USE.-The Ablative Absolute is much more common than the English Nominative Absolute, and expresses a great variety of relations,— time, cause, reason, means, condition, concession, etc.

2. HOW RENDERED.-This ablative is generally best rendered (1) by a Clause with-when, while, for, since, if, though, etc., (2) by a Noun with a Preposition,—in, during, after, by, from, through, etc., or (3) by an Active Participle with its Object:

Servio regnante, while Servius reigned, or in the reign of Servius. Cic. Religione neglecta, because religion was neglected. Liv. Equitātu praemisso, subsequēbātur, Having sent forward his cavalry, he followed. Cacs.

VIII. CASES WITH PREPOSITIONS.

RULE XXXII.-Cases with Prepositions.

432. The Accusative and Ablative may be used with Prepositions:

Ad ǎmīcum scripsi, I have written to a friend. Cic. In curiam, into the senate house. Liv. In Itălia, in Italy. Nep. Pro castris, before the camp.

433. The ACCUSATIVE is used with

Ad, adversus (adversum), ante, ăpud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, ob, pěnes, per, pōne, post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, trans, ultra, versus.

1. Like Prope, the derivatives pròpior and proximus take the Accus. dependent perhaps upon ad understood.

1. Many verbs compounded with ab, de, ex, or super, admit the Ablative

dependent upon the preposition.

435. The ACCUSATIVE or ABLATIVE is used with

In Asiam profugit, He fled into Asia. Cic. Hannibal in Itălia fuit, Hannibal was in Italy. Nep. Subter togam, under the toga. Liv. Hac super re scribam, I will write on this subject. Cic.

1. In and Sub take the Accusative in answer to the question whither? the Ablative in answer to where?

2. Subter and Super generally take the Accusative, but super with the force of-concerning, of, on (of a subject of discourse), takes the Ablative.

437. Several adverbs are sometimes used as prepositions with an oblique case, though in most instances a preposition could readily be supplied:

Propius pěriculum (ad), nearer to danger. Liv. Pălam populo, in the presence of the people. Liv. Clam vobis, without your knowledge. Caes.

СНАРТER III.

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.

RULE XXXIII.—Agreement of Adjectives.

438. An Adjective agrees with its Noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE:

Fortūna caeca est, Fortune is blind. Cic. Vērae ămicitiae, true friendships. Cic. Măgister optimus, the best teacher. Cic.

1. This Rule includes Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Participles. 2. ATTRIBUTIVE AND PREDICATE ADJECTIVES.-An adjective is called attributive, unless it unites with the verb (generally sum), to form the predicate; it is then called a predicate-adjective: as caeca est, above.

3. AGREEMENT WITH CLAUSE, ETC.-An adjective may agree with any word or words used substantively, as a pronoun, clause, infinitive, etc. :

Quis clarior, Who is more illustrious? Cic. Certum est liberos ǎmāri, It is certain that children are loved. Quint. See 35, III.

4. NEUTER WITH MASCULINE.-Sometimes the Predicate Adjective is neuter, when the subject is Masc. or Fem.:

Mors est extremum, Death is the last (thing). Cic.

5. NEUTER WITH GENITIVE.-A neuter adjective with a genitive is often used instead of an adjective with its noun :

Multum opěrae (for multa opěra), much service (much of service). Cic.

6. CONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO SENSE.-Sometimes the adjective or participle conforms to the real meaning of its noun, without regard to grammatical gender or number:

Pars certare pārāti, a part (some), prepared to contend. Virg. Dēmosthenes cum ceteris ĕrant expulsi, Demosthenes with the others had been banished. Nep.

7. AGREEMENT WITH PREDICATE NOUN OR APPOSITIVE.-See 462.

439. WITH TWO OR MORE NOUNS.-An adjective or participle, belonging to two or more nouns, may agree with them all conjointly, or may agree with one and be understood with the others:

Castor et Pollux visi sunt, Castor and Pollux were seen. Cic. Těměritas ignōrātioque vitiōsa est, Rashness and ignorance are bad. Cic.

1. The ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE generally agrees with the nearest noun: Agri omnes et măria, all lands and seas. Cic.

2. DIFFERENT GENDERS.-When the nouns are of different genders, they may denote

1) Persons: then the adjective or participle agreeing with them conjointly is masculine: Påter et måter mortui sunt, Father and mother are dead. Ter.

2) Persons and Things: then the adjective generally takes the gender of the person: Rex rēgiáque classis profecti sunt, The king and the royal fleet set out. Liv.

3) Things: then the adjective is generally neuter: Honōres victōriae fortuita sunt, Honors and victories are accidental (things). Cic.

3. NEUTER WITH MASCULINE OR FEMININE.-With masculine or feminine nouns denoting inanimate objects, the adjective is often neuter:

Labor et dolor sunt finitima, Labor and pain are kindred (things). Cic. 4. TWO OR MORE ADJECTIVES.-Two or more adjectives in the singular may belong to a plural noun:

Prima et vicesima legiones, the first and the twentieth legion. Tac.

441. USE OF ADJECTIVES.-Adjectives are often used substantively: docti, the learned; multi, many persons; multa, many things.