Aberdeenshire Accommodation Bills in Southern Europe, from which a liqueur is produced largely consumed on the Continent. ABRUS, the name of a red bean grown in share 50, par 50, div. paid 10 per cent. per an., ABERDEENSHIRE, an extensive county in the N.E. of Scotland, bounded by the North Sea on the N. and E. by the counties of Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth on the S., and by Invernessshire and Banffshire on the W. Pop. 244,607; area, 1,260,625 stat. acres; occupiers of land 11,656; average extent held by each, 49 acres ; acreage under crop of all kinds, bare, fallow, and grass, 573,554 acres; under corn crops, wheat, 755 acres; barley or bere, 17,964 acres; oats, 191,305 acres; rye, 696 acres; beans, 241 acres; peas, 281 acres; total 211,242 in 1870 against 211,222 acres in 1869. Green crops, Potatoes, 8,062 acres ; turnips, and swedes, 94,402; mangold, 61 acres; carrots 52 acres; cabbage, kohl rabi, and rape, 147 acres ; Vetchis, lucerne, and other green crops, 1,658 acres; total, 104,382 in 1870 against 103,628 acres in 1869. Flax, 18 acres; Bare, fallow, or uncropped arable land, 1,050 acres; clover, sanfoin, and grasses in rotation, 226,506 acres; permanent pasture, meadow or grass, not broken up in rotation (exclusive of heath or mountain land), 30,356 acres. Live stock. Horses, 22,822; cattle, 155,714; sheep, 137,922; pigs, 8,908. Manufactures. Linen and sail cloth chiefly. Minerals. Gravel is a valuable and extensive production of the county. The parish of Old Machar produces manganese; limestone and granite abound in various places; plumbago is found near the Deveron, and at Peterhead onyx pebbles are to be met with; amethysts and acqua-marines of a fine colour and exceedingly hard are found in several parts of this county. ABKARRY, revenue derived in India from duties levied on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors and drugs, such as toddy, pachwai, and arrack, opium, bhang churrus, &c. ABOARD, in or on board of a vessel. ABOUCOUCHOU, a description of woollen cloth made in Languedoe, Provence, &c., in France, and exported via Marseilles to the markets of the Levant. ABRA, a Polish coin, value about 12td. sterling. At Constantinople it passes for onefourth of an aslani, and at Smyrna and Cairo it is current for the same value as a Dutch dollar. ABROHANI, a sort of fine muslin of Bengal. ABROTANOIDES, coral resembling southern wood, found on the bottom of the sea in the Indian Ocean. ABROTANUM, the male and female evergreen plant called southern wood. ABRIDGMENT, a summary or contraction of a writing, &c., wherein the less material things being omitted or more briefly mentioned, the whole is brought into a lesser ABUCCO, or ABOCCA, or ABOCCHI, a weight of Pegu, weighing a pound and a half. ABUKESB, a base dollar formerly current amongst the Arabs, but of Dutch coinage. ABWAB signifies in India heads or subjects of taxation, miscellaneous cesses, imposts, and charges. ACACIA. [Fr. Suc d'acacia, Ger. Acaciensaft, It. Acacia, Sp. Acacia verdadera o de Levante, Port. Acacia], a juice squeezed from the kernels of the pods of the Acaciavras, a thorn shrub of Arabia and Egypt. It is prepared in round balls covered with fine bladders, and is of a tan colour, smooth and shining; it is of an unpleasant taste. ACAPULCO, a seaport on the western coast of Mexico, of little commercial importance. Lat. 16° 50' 29" N. Lon. 99° 46′ W. "Imports. Principally cotton goods, hardware, and wines. Exports. Cotton, hides, timber, fruit, and shells. ACCEPTOR is the person who accepts the responsibility of paying a bill when it matures or becomes due. His name is written across the bill, and also the place where it will be paid on presentation. ACCEPTILATION. The remission of a debt; an acquittance from a creditor without payment. ACCIL, amongst chemists, means lead. ACCOMMODATION BILLS are instruments used to obtain capital on apparently the same basis as bills of exchange, but in reality on the good faith of one or more individuals to provide for such bills when they mature. The difference between a bona fide bill and one of accommodation is, that in the first case the acceptor pays because he has received value; and in the other, the drawer of the document, because it is he alone that has been benefitted. It is customary to give the acceptor an undertaking to provide for the bill at due date, though that does not protect him from being proceeded against if the bill has not been paid; it is only evidence that he has received no consideration in an action to recover from the drawer the amount of the bill which he has been forced to pay. Such paper is at times of great serviee, as thereby a merchant may be enabled to hold over his stock during some period of decline in the market, and which, under other circumstances, he might be compelled to sell at a ruinous loss; but it is only at such a crisis an accommodation bill should be used. Bankers are perfectly well aware of their character, though they profess to represent real property, and accordingly they are discounted at higher rates than bona fide bills. A discounter considers that, as fictitious bills are less likely to be paid than real ones, because the dealers in this class of paper are more adventurously speculative than other people, he must protect himself by Account an increase of discount. That interest sweeps away a considerable portion of business profits, and leads a merchant to attempt covering the loss by an extended trade in an exceedingly risky direction, and which probably points to the Bankruptcy Court, or, at the least, a composition with his creditors. Parties to accommodation bills generally flock together; so that when one falls, the others are dragged down with him. Admeasurement and all others concerned, always obliged to him, the said appearer, for re-imbursement in due form of law." An Act of Honour is also performed in want of regular acceptance. ADAMANT, a diamond, a loadstone. ADAMANTINE SPAR is the hardest substance known, with the exception of a diamond; specific gravity, 4. It contains 90 per cent. of alumine, with a little iron and silicia, and is generally of a pale grey or greenish colour, but sometimes of red and brown tints. It is found in India, China, and some parts of Europe. The Indian variety is considerably ACCOUNTANT is a person who makes up whiter than the Chinese, and is usually deemed and keeps accounts, prepares balance-sheets, the purest. In the East it is used for polishaudits the books of public companies, and is ing steel and cutting gems, but the European engaged in the work of a general book-lapidaries prefer diamond powder.-Waterson. keeper. ACCOUNT is the term applied to all kinds of computations or statement by numbers. (See BOOKKEEPING.) ACETABULUM, a dry and liquid measure of the Romans, weighing about 10 drachms. ACHIA, a pickle of a pale yellow colour imported from India. ACHIOTI, a red drug obtained from the Anotta tree, chiefly in Brazil, and used in dyeing. ACHITH, a vine grown in Madagascar, which ripens in December. January, and February. Its fruit is about the size of a green pea. ACORI is the blue_coral fished up on the coast of Africa from Rio-del-Re to the river of the Camaronis. ACORNS [Ger. Eicheln, Du. Akors, Fr. Glands, It. Ghiande, Sp. Bellotas, Rus. Schedudii], the seed or fruit of the oak. ACQUIT, a discharge or release in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ACQUITTANCE, a written discharge of a debt, in some cases made before a notary public. In law, an acquittance should be sealed. It is equivalent to a receipt in full of all demands being debts, except such as are on speciality, viz., bonds, bills, and other instruments sealed and delivered, on which account these only can be destroyed by some speciality of equal force, such as a general release. ADARINE, a Spanish weight, used chiefly in Spanish America, particularly at Buenos Ayres, and is one-sixteenth part of an ounce Troy weight. ADATIS, a description of fine Bengali muslin of 13 yards to the piece. ADEN, a seaport of Arabia, about 100 miles E. of the entrance to the Red Sea, and 118 miles S. E. from Mocha. Lat. 12° 52' N. Lon. 45° 5′ E. Pop. 30,000. The town is situated on a rocky promontory, which forms two bays, one of which, to the W., is the coaling-ground of the mail and other steamers sailing to and from Suez. This bay is well sheltered and accessible, and, within thirty yards of the shore, maintains at low water a depth of upwards of twenty feet. At one time Aden was a city of great wealth and influence, now its trade is only nominal; but being situated in the direct line of communication between India and Europe, it has acquired importance as an intermediate station. ADIT, a passage cut in the side of a hill in order to convey ore from the mine_without craning it to the mouth of the pit. It is cut wide enough to permit the workmen to pass freely with their wheelbarrows. ADENOS, marine cotton, which is the produce of Aleppo. ADJUSTMENT, in marine insurance, is an expression used in the settlement of losses on policies of insurance on vessels or cargo, as the case may be. When an adjustment has been made, the underwriter records the same on the policy thus: "Adjusted a loss on this policy of -, payable in months." It is then dated, and, until the money is paid, is equivalent to a promissory note, and cannot afterwards be disputed. ACRE of land is four square roods, a rood forty perches or poles; a Welsh acre is double. ACT OF HONOUR is a declaration made before a notary public by a third person, who is interested in preserving a friend's credit if his acceptance has been returned dishonoured through absence or illness, and by which act the expenses of re-exchange are avoided, and the absentee is enabled to hold all persons ADMEASUREMENT, in shipping law, is thus concerned liable for re-imbursement, if neces-explained: "The tonnage of ships inwards is sary. The Act of Honour runs thus: After- to be measured thus: "Take the length of the wards, on the same day, month, and year, be- keel within board (so much as she treads on fore me, the said notary, and witnesses, personally came and appeared, with Mr., of this city, merchant, who declared he was ready and would accept the said Bill of Exchange now under protest, for the honour and account of Mr. - the drawer (as the case may be), holding him, the said drawer thereof, the ground), and the breadth within board by the midship beam from plank to plank, and half the breadth for the depth, then multiply, the length by the breadth, and that product by the depth, and divide the whole by 94, the quotient will give the true contents of the tonnage." Administration ADMINISTRATION is the name given to the custom-house at Callao. ADRIANOPLE, RED or LIZARY, a kind of madder brought from the Levant. ... Adrianople trouble, very active efforts in this direction, with a view to renovate the species with healthy larvæ. They import eggs of the best sort of silkworm from France and Italy, from Persia and Japan, and other producing countries. But a very small portion of the Adrianople silk crop is manufactured in the country, most of it is exported abroad raw, principally to France. 80,000 lb. weight of dried cocoons is the average quantity annually consumed in the reeling establishments." Adrianople reeled silk is much esteemed in the French markets. ADRIANOPLE (Turkish, Edrench), an important city of Turkey in Europe, on the left bank of the Maritza, 134 miles N.W. of Constantinople. Lat. 41° 41′ 17′′ N. Lon. 26° 35′ 41′′ E. Pop. 90,000. Chief products. Wheat, barley, Indian corn, rye, and silk. Imports. Grey, white, and printed cotton goods, hardware, earthenware, &c. Trade is in the hands of Greek merchants. Respecting the cultivation of silk in the Vilayet of Adrianople, ViceConsul Blunt says:"The mulberry-treethe alba, or white-fruited species-grows easily and abundantly in these provinces. Vast plantations of it have been formed and successfully reared within the last thirty years or so, capable of feeding a very considerable quantity of silkworms, and the growers bestow on them great care and attention, with a view to obtain from them a greater abundance of good leaves. Extensive cocooneries-called by the natives bojeliks-also exist in all the producing districts, besides other facilities eminently conducive to the rearing of silkworms. The fact is that these districts possess all the necessary elements but one for the cultivation of good silk. What the cultivators require is a superior kind of sound eggs, which, I apprehend, is difficult to procure. The principal native growers have made, and continue to make, at considerable expense and RETURN OF Number and Value of Sheep and Goats IN VILAYET OF Adrianople Province. Sheep Husbandry. The rearing of sheep is carried on extensively throughout the province. The two prominent breeds are the "kivirjik" and the "karabash." The former bear some affinity to the demi-merinos or "metis," and are esteemed more highly than the "karabash," which are reported as not unlike the sheep in Macedonia and Thessaly. The wool of the kivirjik is long, soft, and elastic, and twisted into ringlets: it is considered superior to all the other wools exported from Turkey, and is classed next to the merino and metis fleeces. The wool of the "karabash" is exceedingly coarse. Four or five shepherds and six to eight dogs accompany a flock of 1000 sheep. Of the sheep, one male is kept to twenty females. lambing season begins in January in the lowlands, and late in February in the Balkan districts. The shearing takes place in May. A shearer can cut about 50 sheep a day. DURING 1867. The Value of Goats at 30 piastres cách. 6,000,000 1,420,000 56,800,000 215,000 6,450,000 1,022,000 40,880,000 205,000 6,150,000 2,740,000 60,000 1,800,000 Thus giving a total of 5,290,000 sheep and 1,800 "kovorins" (ewes) at 45 piastres Piastres. 81,000 150 "kotch" (rams) at 50 piastres 7,500 ..... 2,000 Total cost, piastres ....... 90,500 Expenses. Shepherds' wages, including food, san- 8,000 8,000 6,500 7,000 1,500 Wool. The average annual quantity of wool produced in the Vilayet is estimated at about 4,899,000 okes, or 122,475 cwt. Fully one-third is exported to foreign markets-the greater part to Marseilles; the remainder is retained for home consumption. Sheep's wool and wool in lime are only taken up for foreign account. Lambs' wool is too short for the manufactories abroad. That in lime is obtained from the tanneries established in most of the towns in the Vilayet. The trade for foreign account begins in May, is very rife in June and July, and terminates in September. The wools are exported unwashed; the grease or "yolk" is allowed to remain. A good average unwashed fleece weighs about 3 lb. Manufactories. - It is estimated that 300,000 okes of wool are annually manufactured by the natives of the Vilayet into woollen and worsted stuffs. The manufactories are in the provinces of Philippolis and Slemnia. The principal productions are as follows: Abba. A coarse, durable cloth, much used by the natives. It is made in pieces of an average length of 12 yards by 14 inches broad, weighing about 8 lb. Shayak. Cloth and flannel, made from fine wool, also very durable and much used, and more expensive than the abba. Kelims. Carpets and rags dyed in bright fast colours. Ketche. A coarse kind of felt used for carpeting and horse-clothing. Aba-gaiton. Braid for cloaks. Yun-harji. Red sashes of various lengths, much used by the Mahommedans. Ibrams. Small carpets and rugs, used for travelling, and horse-cloths. Tchorabs. Stockings for the military. Eldevens. Coarse kind of gloves. The textile art of the natives has improved a little within the last few years; better sorts of Abba and Shayak cloths are now made by hand-looms, which have been adapted to the weaving of stripes, checks, and twills. This improvement is owing to the introduction of foreign power-looms and carding-machines. An establishment so furnished in Philippolis produces annually about £40,oco worth of cloth, and another in Slemnia employs 400 hands, and consumes annually some 250,000 okes of wool. Goats-hair is not exported, but is manufactured into carpets, felt, horse and cattle blankets, nose-bags, bandages, saddle-bags, &c. The goats of the Vilayet are estimated to furnish about 350,000 okes of hair, valued at Estuarya The average 1,750,000 piastres (15,625). value of unwashed goats-hair is five piastres for one oke. Sheep, lamb, goat, and kid skins are bought largely for home and foreign consumption. The first sort, and considered very superior, is called "Sahtian:" it is made of goat-skins. The second sort, made of sheepskins, is called "Mechin," and is of inferior quality. The different kinds of skins are collected from the butchers and others, and brought to the principal centres of the export trade-Adrianople, Philippolis, Rodosta, Gallipoli, Enos, and Burgas. The province of Adrianople exports about 85,000 lamb-skins to England, and 60,000 kid-skins to England and France. The lamb-skins most esteemed in England weigh about 315 lb. per bale of 120 pieces; they are sold at 4 to 5 piastres each. Goat-skins are cut up and made into sandals, pouches and thongs, &c., and some, when stripped off the slaughtered animals, are made into bags to contain oil, butter, and cheese. Money.-112 piastres = 1 sterling; 4 piastres 1 franc; weight, 1 oke=2 lb. 13 oz.; 40 okes 1 cwt.; 50 kilogrammes = 1 cwt. = ADULTERATION, the act of debasing by an improper mixture. Adulteration of coin is effected by making use of a wrong metal or an undue alloy, or too great an admixture of the baser metals with gold or silver; adulterating is somewhat less extensive than debasing, which includes diminishing, clipping, &c. AD VALOREM," according to the value ;" an assessment for duty by the Commissioners of Customs. ADVANCE, the amount of money usually paid on consignment of goods; the sum generally amounts to about three-fourths of the invoice price. ADVENTURE, a shipment of goods sent abroad under the charge of a supercargo for sale on account of the shipper. ADVENTURINE or AVENTURINE, a peculiar stone found in Bohemia, Silesia, and in several parts of France, of a yellowish-brown colour, speckled, brittle, and capable of taking a high polish. ADVICE, in commerce, means the information which passes from one merchant to another when the writer has drawn a Bill of Exchange on his correspondent; or, in the case of goods, when a shipment has been made or a sale effected on account of the correspondent. AEM, AM or AME, a German liquid measure; it is commonly of 20 vertels or 80 masses; at Heidelberg it is of 12 vertels, and the vertel of four masses, which reduces the aem to 48 masses; at Wurtemberg the aem is of 16 yunes, and the yune of 10 masses, which makes the aem about 160 masses. This measure is not the same as the aam of Amsterdam. ÆSTUARYA, in geography, denotes an arm of Affa the sea which runs a good way within land, such as the Bristol Channel and many of the friths of Scotland. AFFA, on the coast of Guinea, is an ounce weight of gold; the half ounce is called eggeba. AFFENBOURGH HAMEN, a secondary Rhine wine produced near Coblentz. AFFIDAVIT is an oath in writing sworn to before a magistrate or some functionary authorised to administer one. The usual forms are: Affidavit of the due execution of a Prosecution or letter of Attorney. A B of maketh oath and saith that he was present and did see C D of duly sign, seal and as his act and deed deliver the procuration or letter of attorney hereunto annexed, and that the same C D subscribed against the seal of the said procuration or letter of attorney is of the proper handwriting of the said C D, and the names of this deponent and of subscribed to the said procuration or letter of attorney as witnesses to the due execution thereof are of this deponents and of the said tive hand-writing. own proper respec Affidavit of goods sold and delivered. A B of maketh oath and saith that CD of- named in the procuration or letter of attorney herewith annexed is justly and truly indebted unto him, this deponent, in the sum of sterling for goods and merchandise sold and delivered as more fully appears by the account also hereunto annexed. Affidavit for Money Paid, Lent and Advanced, Laid Out and Expended, &c., &c. AB of maketh oath and saith that CD of named in the procuration or letter of attorney hereunto annexed is justly and truly indebted unto him this deponent in the sum or sterling for so much money lent and advanced by this deponent, and also paid, lent out and expended to and for the use and for and on the account of him the said C D and for lawful interest accrued therein from the several and respective times of paying lending and advancing the same, and also exclusive of lawful interest which has already or may hereafter accrue and become due on the several bonds, bills, and notes according to the several and respective tenors thereof, as more fully appears by the said bonds, bills, notes, and accounts, as the several authentic copies thereof (as the case may be), and by the general account current between the said C D and him the deponent also hereunto annexed. And this deponent further saith that the sum of £-- above mentioned is still justly due and owing to him this deponent, and that he this deponent hath not had or received any part thereof, either from the said CD or of or from any other person or persons for or on account of the said CD, save and except what is credited by the said account current and subscribed by him this deponent. Agenda Affidavit for Goods Sold and Delivered when made by a Clerk. A B of, clerk to Messrs. C and D of maketh oath and saith that E F of is justly indebted unto the said C and D for goods and merchandise sold and delivered to the said E F and forwarded for them by this deponent; and this deponent further saith that the several accounts and invoices also hereunto annexed and marked A No. 1 (as the case may be) were duly extracted from the books of the said C and D and examined by him this deponent. Quaker's Affirmation. -- A B of (being one of the people called Quakers) solemnly affirmeth that, &c. (as in affidavits only you say affirmeth instead of maketh oath, and affirmant instead of deponent affirmed, &c. AFRICAN LARD is obtained by repression from the kernel of the nut of the Elais Guineensis, a native of the coast of Guinea, and has properties dissimilar to the palm oil from the same tree. It has the appearance of hard butter, is very beautiful, rich, and clear, and for cooking purposes is unexcelled by the best lard.-Simmonds. AFSLAGERS are auctioneers at Amsterdam who are appointed by the municipal authorities to attend public sales. They bear also the name of vendic meester. AFT, on board ship, is the same as abaft. AFWESLAD a copper coin of one of the provinces of Sweden. AGAL, a woollen cord used in an Arab headdress, manufactured and sold according to quality at from 10 to 125 piastres each. AGALLOCUM or AGALLOCHUM, a species of aloes wood, odoriferous, variegated and acrimonious to the taste, of hard substance, difficult to burn, but when it takes fire a quantity of sap runs from it, which is used for medical purposes. AGAR-AGAR an edible seaweed found in great abundance on the Malayan Islands. From the better kind a glutinous jelly suitable for the table is made, and from the inferior a sort of paste applicable to many useful purposes. AGATE, [Ger. Achat, Du. Achuat, Da. and Sw. Agat, Fr. Agate, It., Sp., and Port. Agata, Rus. and Pol. Agat] a precious stone, takes its name from a river in Sicily Achates. where it was first discovered. It is varied in its colour and the figures it represents, as in many are observed the figure of a dove, and when so it is called phassæates; when the form is that of a horn it is named herackates, and it bears the title of dendrachates when the figures are those of trees. In colour, many are of a dark ash or black, others are tawny, and others again the colour of coral. AGATE, an instrument used by gold wire drawers, which bears the jewel of this name in the centre of it. AGENDA, another term for memorandum book. |