Anacoste. Money. The gulden Is. 8d. Weights and Measures. Poud = 22 lb. avoir. Mud of potatoes = 2 imp. bush. Mud of coal = 2 imp. bush., about 10'8 muden to the ton. Last of grain = 10 imp. quarts. Ranne = 1 imp. pints, about 4 to the imp. gallon. Cubic ell 35 3 cubic feet. Postal communication twice daily via Belgium: letters under oz., 3d.; under 1 oz., bd.; every additional oz., 3d. Via France, daily mail, oz., 6d. ; under oz., is. ; under I OZ., IS. 6d. = AMSTERDAM Exchange Bourse London 11'95 florins and cts. for £1 sterling. Frankfort, 99 florins and cts. for 100 z. v. florins. Genoa, 47 florins and cts. for 100 lirie. Hamburg, 35 florins and cts. for 40 marks banco. Leghorn, 47 florins and cts. for 100 lire. Lisbon, 46 florins and cts. for 40 crusados of 400 reis. Madrid, 2.42 florins and cts. for 1 duro. Naples, 794 florins and cts. for 40 ducats del regno. Paris, 55 florins and cts. for 120 francs. Petersburg, 1.92 florins and cts. for 1 silver ruble. Vienna, 36 florins and cts. for 30 florins. Usance of bills from England, 1 month's date. ANACOSTE, a kind of woollen diaper, manufactured in Holland for the Spanish market. The piece is one ell broad, and twenty ells long. ANAGROS, a measure for corn, containing about six bushels Winchester measure, used in some parts of Spain. ANALYSIS, in chemistry, the reduction of mixed bodies into its principles, which is effected by heat and mixture. Analysis of powers is the operation of resolving them into their roots, otherwise called evolution. ANATA or ANNOTTO [Ger. and Rus. Orlean, Du. Oleaan, Rokoe, Da. Orleans, Sw. Orleana, Fr. Roucou, It. Oriana, Sp. Ochioto, Port. Oruca], a kind of red dye brought from the West Indies. It is procured from the pulp of the seed capsules of a tree called Bixa, in South America. The Anata is usually prepared thus: the contents of the fruit or capsule are thrown into a wooden bowl, where as much water is poured on them as is necessary to suspend the red matter or pulp. When the seeds are left quite naked, they are taken out, and the wash is left to settle. The water is then poured off, and the sediment dried by degrees in the shade; after which it is made into balls or cakes for exportation. ANATOCISM signifies the acceptance of a usurious interest for loans of money. ANATRON or NATRON, a kind of native salt, extracted from the Nile by evaporation and crystallization. It is a little acrid and alkaline to the taste. ANCHOR, in shipping affairs, is a very large Anchusa. and heavy iron instrument, with a double hook at one end, and a ring at the other, by which it is fastened to a cable. It is cast into the bottom of the sea or rivers, where taking its hold it keeps ships from being drawn away by the wind, tide, or current. There are several kinds of anchors. Ist. The sheet anchor, which is the largest, and is never used but in violent storms to prevent the ship from being driven on shore. 2nd. The two bowers, which are used for ships to ride in a harbour. 3rd. The grapnel. The iron of which anchors are made ought neither to be soft nor too brittle. In order to give them a proper temper, it is the practice to join brittle with soft iron together. The anchor is said to be a-peak when the cable is perpendicular between the hawse and the anchor. An anchor is said to come home when it cannot hold the ship. An anchor is foul when, by the turning of the ship, the cable is hitched about the fluke. To shoe an anchor is to fit boards upon the flukes, that it may hold fast in soft ground. When the anchor hangs right up and down by the ship's side, it is said to be a cock bell, upon the ship's coming to an anchor. Riding at anchor is the state of a vessel moored, fixed by her anchors. Dropping an anchor imports the letting it down into the sea. In some cases, it is necessary to drop two anchors opposite each other; one to keep the ship firm against the tide or flow, the other against the ebb. Weighing anchor is the process of raising it on board when the vessel is on the eve of sailing. ANCHOR, a measure of brandy, &c., containing ten gallons. ANCHORAGE, or anchoring ground, is a place fit to hold the anchor of a ship, so that she may ride in security. The best ground for that purpose is stiff clay or hard sand, and the best riding at anchor is when a ship locked and out of the tide. Anchorage also means a duty paid to the authorities of the haven where the vessel is at anchor. land ANCHOVIES [Ger. Anschovis, Du. and Sw. Ansjovis, Da. Anoios, Fr. Anchois, It. Acciughe, Sp. and Port. Anchovas, Rus. Antshofischi, the name of a small sea-fish common in the Mediterranean. The anchovy is so like the common sprat that the latter is often pickled and sold for the former. fishery is carried on chiefly in the night-time, when a light being put on the stern of the vessels, the fish flock round, and are caught in the nets. The anchovy is much used in sauces, from the excellence of its taste. The ANCHUSA, also called Alcanna, Alkanet. The root only of this plant is used: it comes principally from the Levant. The root is externally of a red colour, and white within, with little blue bands, and being rubbed on the hand, tinges it of a vermilion colour. As the colour for the sake of which it is used lies in the bark, the smaller roots are to be preferred. They are chosen new, clean, and dry, yet so pliable es not to be brittle. £15; red kangaroo, £25; yellow-footed rock kangaroo, 5; Jerboa kangaroo, £1; Derbian wallaby, 3; Bennett's wallaby, £5. ANIME is a kind of gum or resin used in perfumes, distinguished by the names of the eastern and the western: the latter distils on an incision made in a tree called courbat, frequently found in South America, which is ANCONY, in the iron mines, a bloom wrought into the figure of a flat iron bar, about three feet long, with a square rough knob at each end. ANDAMAN ISLANDS are Indian islands situated in the east part of the Bay of Bengal, between Lat. 10° 30′, and 13° 40' N., and Lon. 92° 50' E. Pop. 3,000. Of no commercial importance. The soil is suitable for the cultivation of cotton, and the large number of eco-transparent, of a very agreeable smell, and of nomic plants of value which flourish in such a climate. The first clearing of the land would be unhealthy, as it always is in tropical climates, but the insalubrity would rapidly disappear with clearing and cultivation. The aborigines are few in number, and found only on the coast. ANGELICA [Ger. Angelika, Fr. Angelique, It. and Port. Angelica is a plant of many virtues, being stomachic, cordial, alexipharmic; of great use in malignant pestilential fevers, in all contagious distempers, &c. It is a large umbelliferous plant common in the United Kingdom, and of a fragrant, aromatic smell.. Its taste is bitter. The root, stalks, leaves, and seed are used. ANGLESEY, an island, a county of Wales, in the Irish Sea, finely wooded in several parts, and fertile in grass and corn. It is connected with the mainland by a tubular bridge, which crosses the Menai Straits. Pop. 50,919. Minerals. Copper and sulphur principally; lead ore, silver, and green marble are also found here. Towns. Beaumaris, Amlwch, and Holyhead. Area, 193,453 stat. acres. Occupiers of land, 3,312. Average extent held by each, 42 acres. Acreage under crop of all kinds, 138,298 acres. Under Corn Crops. Wheat, 1,817 acres ; barley or corn, 6,178 acres; oats, 24,717 acres; rye, beans, and peas, 124 acres. Total, 32,836 acres in 1870, against 32,859 acres in 1869. Green Crops. Potatoes, 5,047 acres; turnips, 5,286. Mangold, carrots, &c., in all 10,751 acres. Clover, &c., 36,362 acres. Permanent pasture, 57,241 acres. Live Stock. Horses, 6,551; cattle, 37,432, sheep, 46,780; pigs, 14.676. Railway communication, London and N. Western. ANGOSTURA or CUSPARIA BARK, in the materia medica, is a useful tonic, procured from the stem and branches of a species of Galipea. It has a strong, bitter flavour, and its odour is unpleasant. ANGARIA, the water melon, a fruit cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and in other warm climates of Europe, as well as in Africa, Asia, and America, where its cooling quality is highly esteemed. ANIL, the shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is prepared. ANIMALS, MARKET PRICE OF RARE. Jackal, £2; hyæna, £15; paradoxuris, £2; Ichneumon, £12; grison, £2; coali, 110s.; brown bear, £5; Himalayan bear, £12; black gaya, 20; Japanese deer, 1o; hog deer, 5; Vulpine phalangers, £1 5s.; shortheaded phalangers, 1; black-faced kangaroo, a colour like frankincense; the former has three distinctions: the white sort; a blackish kind, like myrrh; and a pale sort, which is dry and resinous. This gum is of use in pharmacy. ANINGA, a root which grows in the Antilles Islands, and is not unlike the China plant. It is used by some sugar-bakers for refining sugar. ANISE, a greyish wood, brought from the East Indies in thick logs, and called anise upon account of its scent, which is like that of the plant of the same name. The anise wood is not only used in inlaid work and turnery ware, but the seed is sold for flavouring tea liquor, &c. This seed, which is enclosed within a very hard and very thick, small pod, resembles that of the coloquintida, except only that it is of a tanned and shining colour and of a pretty good scent. ANKER, a liquid measure. The English anker contains 8 imp. gall. The Scotch anker 7 imp. gall. Amsterdam, 8. Copenhagen, imp. gall. 8 ANNA, a small coin current in India, of the value in English money of three halfpence. ANNABASSES, a coarse kind of blanketing made for the Guinea Coast. ANNUITANT, a person who has an annuity. ANNUITIES, periodical payments of money amounting to a fixed sum in each year, and continuing for a certain period to be determined by a particular event, as on the failure of a life, or for an indefinite term; which latter are called perpetual annuities. The Postmaster General is empowered to grant Immediate or Deferred Annuities "of not more than £50 on the lives of persons of either sex, and of the age of 10 years and upwards. In this case the annuitant has direct Government security. The sums to be charged for the purchase of Immediate Annuities will vary with the age and sex of the person on whose life the annuity is to depend: A man aged 65 can purchase an £ s. d. A woman of the same age can pur- 88 18 4 103 16 8 73 3 4 84 19 2 The sums to be charged for the purchase of Deferred Annuities, or Deferred Monthly Allowances, will vary with the age and sex of the person on whose life the annuity or Annuities. monthly allowance is to depend; and with the length of the term for which the annuity is deferred (or, in other words, with the number of years which are to pass before the commencement of the annuity), and with the conditions of the contract as to the mode of purchase, mode of payment, and return or non-return of purchase money. d. When the condition of the contract is to be that no part of the purchase money shall, in any event, be returned :A man aged 30 may purchase a De- £ s. ferred Annuity of £10, to commence on his reaching the age of 60, and to be payable halfyearly, either by an immediate payment of Or by an annual payment, until 21 3 4 8 4 32 8 4 Or an annual payment, up to 60, of 1 17 6 46 And a man aged 30 may purchase a Deferred Allowance of £2 75. 3d. per month, to commence when he reaches the age of 60, by a payment until he reaches that age of 85. per month; and a woman of like age may, by a like payment of 8s. per month,, purchase a Deferred Allowance of £1 16s. 7d., to commence when she reaches the age of 60. When the condition of the contract is, that in the event of the death of the person on whose life the Annuity or Allowance is to depend before the commencement of the annuity or allowance, the purchase money is to be returned to his representatives; and that if the purchaser at any time before the commencement of the annuity or allowance is unable to continue, or wishes to discontinue, the purchase, the purchase money shall be returned to him; the price charged will be higher than when no such condition is made. Under this condition, a man aged 30 ... s. d. 40 9 2 20 10 may purchase a Deferred Annuity of Lio, to commence when he attains to 60 years of age, and to be payable half-yearly, either by an immediate payment of... Or by an annual payment, until he attains to 60 years, of And a woman of like age may purchase a like annuity either by an immediate payment of. 47 Ο ΙΟ Or by an annual payment of 2 76 And a man aged 30 may purchase an allowance of £1 145. 2d. per month, to commence when he attains the age of 60 years, by a monthly payment of 8s. ; and a woman of like age, by a like payment, until she reaches the age of 60 years, may purchase an allowance of £195. 4d. per month. ...... As the tables may be procured at any postoffice, together with the Post-office regulations in full respecting annuities, there is no necessity for finding space for them here. ANNUL, in book-keeping, signifies to render Antrim. an article null by making it of no import in the account. Instead of erasing a sum that has been carried by mistake to the credit side of an account, the account is debited for the same sum; and, on the contrary, if a sum has been placed to the debtor side of an account, the same sum is placed to the credit of the account. ANTEDATE, a spurious or false date prior to the true date of a bond, bill, &c. ANTHRACITE or BLIND COAL is a mineral charcoal extensively used for smelting iron. It is black, light, and sometimes with a shining surface. It is to be found in many of our coal mines, particularly in those of South Wales. ANTIGUA, one of the most important of the Leeward Islands. Extent, 108 square miles. Population. 37,125. Principal Towns. St. John's, Pasham, Falmouth. Products. Sugar, rum, molasses, cotton, arrowroot, preserves. Imports. Ales, beef, pork, bread, biscuits, butter, candles, dried fish, flour, machinery, meal, oats, rice, spirits, tobacco, wines, wood, madeup clothing, manufactured woollen and cotton goods, bar iron, hardware, earthenware, glassware, &c. ANTIMONY [Ger. and Du. Spiesglas, Du. Spidseglas, Sw. Spitsglas, Fr. Antimoine, It. Sp. and Port. Antimonio, Rus. Antimonia], one of the semi-metals, separated by fusion from a very hard and heavy lead-coloured substance called ore of antimony; this ore is composed of a number of extremely small, sparkling granules, which give it the appearance of a lump of the purest steel when fresh broken. Antimony is of a greyish-white_colour, and has a good deal of brilliancy. Its texture is laminated, and exhibits plates crossing each other in every direction, and sometimes assuming the appearance of imperfect crystals. When rubbed upon the fingers, it communicates to them a peculiar taste and smell. The mines where antimony is taken are situated in Hungary, Transylvania, Bohemia, Saxony, and parts of France. Founders, pewterers, and clockwork-makers all make use of antimony. ANTIPODES, in geography, are such inhabitants of the earth as live diametrically opposite to one another; that is, in parallels of latitude equally distant from the equator, but one north, the other south, and under the same meridian, though 180° is just half that meridian distant from one another. ANTRIM, a maritime county in Ireland, prov. Ulster. N. and S., the Irish Sea; S., Down; W., Lough Neagh and Londonderry. Greatest length, 56 miles; breadth, 31 miles; area, 761,803, stat. miles. Pop. 235,936. Under crop in 1870: wheat, 9,650; oats, 85,309; barley, 806; beans and peas, 1,926; potatoes, 54,584; turnips, 7,558: other green crops, 2,323; flax, 16,955; meadow and clover, 81,486; total extent, 260,597, against 256,907 in 1869, 258,475 in 1868, 252,336 in 1867; uncropped arable land, 1,178, or 815 less than in 1869. Live Stock. Cattle of all kinds, 145,774; sheep, 83,701; pigs, 61,697; goats, 3,995: Antwerp. poultry, 307,049; horses and mules, 27,515; Appraisement. Grain market is supplied largely from the Rice. 3,479 1,154,640 231 guano 6os. to 70s. per ton. From United States: rice From River Plate: coffee .... From Havanna: cargo, sugar From the Black Sea: 50s. per ton. 45s. to 55s. per ton. 6s. to 8s. per quarter. 3 per Cent. Obligations. Sub. £941,000. APPLE [Ger. Apfel, Fr. Pomme], the fruit APPRAISING, the valuing or setting a price statute. APPRAISEMENT- 230,272 178,684 223,169 Amount not exceeding £5 27,922 16,800 29,443 IO .......... I " 30.......... I 2 50.......... 2 6 The stamp must be on the sheet containing the aggregate amount of valuation. Persons delivering an appraisement written on unstamped paper are liable to a penalty of £50. Arabia. Lo 50 for each offence. 2. If any person employs Ο ΙΟ o an unauthorized person, he will be liable to O 15 o be prosecuted, and, if convicted, to a penalty 100 of £20 for each offence. 3. If any person knowingly receives or accepts to be entered on any ship any mate, seaman, midshipman, or apprentice, illegally engaged or supplied, he will be liable to a prosecution, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £20 for each offence. And, 4. Any person other than the superintendent of a Government mercantile marine office, who demands or receives, directly or indirectly, any remuneration whatever from any mate, seaman, midshipman, or apprentice, for obtaining them employment, will be liable to a prosecution, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £5 for each offence. These provisions are given thus fully on account of the frauds in connexion with the apprenticing of lads to the merchant service discovered by the authorities at the Board of Trade, and which people might easily prevent by applying direct to the Regis trar General of Seamen, 6, Adelaide Place, London Bridge, E. C., from whom may be obtained, free of charge, a printed list of persons authorized to engage or supply mates, midshipmen, apprentices, boys, and seamen. The fee for each apprenticeship effected through the superintendent's assistance is only five shillings. APPRENTICE, an individual who is under 21 years of age, and who is bound by indenture to some tradesman, in order to receive instruction in a certain trade. In return for this instruction, it is stipulated that he (the apprentice) shall serve his employer for a specified time. The enforcement of the obligations between masters and apprentices is committed to the Justices of the Peace. These obligations are numerous, but they may be briefly summed up to this effect: that the apprentice shall faithfully serve his master, and that the latter will teach the former his trade or profession to the best of his ability. The indenture of apprenticeship must be stamped as follows: APPRENTICESHIP, INDENTURE OF.-To learn a profession, trade, or employment (except articles of clerkship to an attorney or solicitor): Where no premium is paid, the apprenticeship not being in order to admission in any court Premium under £30 £ s. d. O 2 I " 3 200 ............ 6 o AQUA-FORTIS, a corrosive liquor extracted o from saltpetre, mixed with sand, alum, or vitriol, which is used as a menstruum to dis solve silver, and is commonly held to have been invented about the year 1300, being of a oo variety of uses among refiners, dyers, mosaic "" 1,000... ..... 50 。。 workers, colourers of ivory, bookbinders, 1,000 or upwards.. 60 o o diamond-cutters, and engravers. Counterpart, or Premium.. 0 5 0 AQUA MARINA, a gem or precious stone of a sea-green colour-whence it has this denomination-which is found along the sea APPRENTICESHIP in the Sea Service. In seeking employment for boys as apprentices on board a vessel, application should only be made to such persons as are duly authorized by the Board of Trade to make engagements, and these are "The owner, the master, or the mate of the ship, or some person who is the bona fide servant, and is in the constant employ of the owner; the superinten dent of a Government mercantile marine office, or an agent licensed by the Board of Trade." According to the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, superintendents of mercantile marine offices are required to afford "persons desirous of apprenticing boys to the sea service, and to masters and owners of ships requiring apprentices, such assistance as is in their power for facilitating the making of such apprenticeships." The same Act provides that 1. If any unauthorized person engages or supplies any man, seaman, midshipman, or apprentice to be entered on board any ship in the United Kingdom, he will be liable to be prosecuted, and, if convicted, to a penalty of £20 coasts. AQUA REGIA, or Aqua regalis, an acid corrosive spirit of water, serving as a menstruum in the dissolution of gold. The essential ingredient in aqua regia is common or sea-salt. ARAKI, a liquor of Egypt, prepared from the grape. ARABIA extends from 12° to 34° N. Lat., and from 32° to 60° E. Long. It extends about 1,500 miles from N. to S., and 1,300 from E. to W. Pop. About 10,000,000, composed of the commercial inhabitants of the coast, and the Bedouins or Arabs, engaged in pastoral pursuits. Divisions: Hedjaz, or the Sheriffat of Mecca, subject to the Viceroy of Egypt, the kingdom of Yemen, and Imamat of Muscat. Soil, &c. The nature of the soil is arid in the extreme. Agriculture is occupied in the production of wheat, maize, millet, barley, beans, lentils, rape, with the sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, and |