Newfoundland principal kind exported. Indian corn is grown in the southern parts; flax, wheat, and other cereal are raised. Industries. Saw and grist mills, employing 4,668 hands, 125 tanneries, 52 weaving and carding establishments, 11 foundries, 8 breweries, and 94 other factories. Shipbuilding is carried on extensively. The value of the imports is estimated to be £40,000 annually, and of the exports £90,000. Principal ports. Fredericton, the seat of government, pop. 3,000; St. John, commercial capital, pop. 10,000; St. Andrews, Newcastle, and Dalhousi. Nutmeg mark. Spawning fish form only a small part of this fishery; the most abundant catch is from the cod that follow in the trail of the lodde; the catch appears entirely to depend upon the shoals of these small fish, which annually swarm along the coast and the fiords of Finmark. In the province of Mordland and Tromsoe the herring fishery is likewise carried on, and has proved to be not only of importance as furnishing daily provision to the inhabitants, but furnishing the most valuable bait for the Lofoden fishery. Trade. The average value of the total imports into Norway in the five years 1866-70 was 24,000,000, and of the exports 19,600,020 specie daler. Of the imports, 36 per cent. came from Great Britain, 35 from Germany, 10 from Russia, 6 from France, and 5 per cent. from Denmark and Sweden. About one-third of the total exports were shipped to Great Britain, one-sixth to Germany, and oneseventh to France. Money. Specie-daler = 5 marks = 120 shillings=4s. 5d. Weights and Measures. Pund=1'1 lb. avoir.; tod = 12'02 Eng. inches; kande 3'3 imp. pints. NOTARY-PUBLIC is a person duly appointed to attest deeds and writings; he also protests and notes foreign and inland bills of exchange and promissory notes; translates languages and attests the same, enters and extends ships' protests, &c. NOTE is a minute of anything relating to business taken short at the time of any transactions occurring. NOTE, promissory, a writing upon stamped paper, promising the payment of a certain sum, at a stated period. See Bills of ExCHANGE. NEWFOUNDLAND, a British colony in the Atlantic, E. from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Area, 57,000 square miles; pop. about 150,000. Newfoundland derives its importance from the fisheries upon its coast. Trade. In 1867 the imports were estimated at 5,561,008 dols.; exports, 5,068,603 dols. In 1868, imports, 4,304,423 dols.; exports, 4,263,660 dols. The importations were less in 1868 than those of 1867, owing, in a great degree, to an excess in that year, which left large stocks on hand; those goods which pay ad valorem duty being at least one half the deficiency. The remainder is made up on the principal articles of commerce-viz., flour, pork, butter, molasses, salt, spirits, sugar, and tobacco. There is also, chiefly in the articles of dry cod, salmon, and sealskins, a falling off in the export trade, both as regards quantity and value. NEW GRANADA, see PANAMA. NEW ZEALAND, see ZEALAND, NEW. NORWAY, a kingdom of northern Europe, occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, and lying between Lat. 58° 5′ and 71° 11' N., and Long. 5° 11' and 32° E. It NUTS, or HAZEL-NUTS [Ger. Haselnüsse, is bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by Du. Hazelnooten, Da. Hasselnödder, Sw. Russia, Lapland, and Sweden, S. by the Hasselnotter, Fr. Noisettes, Avelines, It. Skager Rack, and W. by the North Sea and Naccinole, Avelane, Sp. Avellanas, Port. the Atlantic. Length about 1,080 miles, and Avellaas, Rus. Orechi, Pol. Loskowy orzech. greatest breadth 275 miles. Principal Cities Lat. Avellana]. There are three species of and Towns are Christiania, the capital, nut trees, viz. (1.) The Corylus avellana Bergen, Drontheim, Stavanger, Drammen, (from Avellino, in Italy, where they were first Christiansand, and Frederickshald. Pop. cultivated) or hazel, of which the filbert is a 1,701,365; area, 92,000 geo. sq. miles. Mining. variety. (2.) Corylus rostrata or American The geographical discoveries that have been cuckold nut. (3.) Corylus columbo, Constanticarried on under the auspices and at the ex-nopolitan nut. They are all of the large shrub pense of the state have resulted in the dis- kind, hardy and deciduous; and have several covery at Fenmark of coal formations as well varieties valuable for their nuts. These nuts as gold; the latter has been found in the sand are more nourishing than walnuts, and also of the rivers Alten and Tana, as well as on the harder to digest. To come to perfection they banks on each side. Limestone, quartz, and require a dry season; much rain will destroy hornblende are also found. The mountains them. The kernel of the fruit has a mild, are rich in iron, copper, silver, and cobalt. farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to most Soil is in general of a poor quality. The land palates. The oil expressed from them is little of a light, sandy texture, which, under the inferior to the oil of almonds. best cultivation, could not yield heavy crops. There are, however, vast pasture-lands of very good quality. Crops. The principal is barley, then rye, oats, wheat, potatoes, flax, hemp, a little tobacco, and fruit. Fishing is the chief branch of industry along the coast. The cod fishing of Lofoden is considered the most valuable, the yield being estimated at 16,000,000 marketable fish, Another fishing is that of Fin NUTMEG [Ger. Muskatennüsse, Du. Muskaät, Da. Muskad, Sw. Muskot, Fr. Muscades, Noix muscades, It. Noce muscada, Sp. Moscada, Port. Noz mascada, Rus. Mussktanue oreschki, Pol. Muszatowa galka, Lat. Nux moschata]. There are two sorts of nutmegs, the one male and the other female. female is that in common use; the male is longer and more cylindric, but it has less of The Nux-Vomica the fine aromatic flavour than the other. The seeds or kernels called nutmegs have been long used both for culinary and medical purposes. The tree, in size and foliage, resembles the pear tree; it attains the height of thirty feet, producing numerous branches, which rise together in stories. The bark of the trunk is of a reddish-brown, but that of the young branches is of a bright green colour. The leaves are nearly elliptical, pointed, undulated, on the upper side of a bright green, on the under whitish. The flowers are small, and male and female on separate trees; they are succeeded by the fruit, which is covered with an external green substance, similar in its form to the common walnut, but more fleshy and full of juice. It is nine months before the fruit comes to perfection. The nutmeg differs in goodness according to the age of the tree, the soil, the position, and mode of culture. The round nutmeg is preferred to that which is oblong; and that fruit is more particularly esteemed which is fresh, moist, heavy, of good smell, and an agreeable though bitter flavour, and which yields an oily juice when pricked. Oak dance all over England, in woods, forests, and NUX-VOMICA, a flat, compressed, round kernel of a fruit, somewhat downy, and of a very firm texture; it has no smell, but is of a very bitter taste. We have it only from the East Indies, together with another drug, the lignum colubrinum, the tree on which the nux-vomica grows. This tree, which is ex-feet high, or more, with a very large trunk, and tremely large, is principally met with in Malabar and Coromandel. The species are three: the nux vomica, colubrina, and potatorum. The surface of the nux-vomica is not much corrugated, its texture is firm like horn, of a pale greyish colour without, and various colours within, sometimes white, and sometimes brown; the largest, whitest, newest, and cleanest being the best. It is generally about the breadth of a shilling. It is extremely bitter and deleterious, though used in medicine. Nux-vomica has been suspected to have been made use of in the porter breweries, although it is so strongly narcotic as to poison dogs, fishes, &c. When it is suspected that a dog has swallowed this drug, the administering of two or three spoonfuls of vinegar will perfectly counteract its deleterious effects. widely spreading head, having a whitish bark, large, oblong-oval, deeply serrated, smooth leaves, the serratures bowed backwards, and acorns placed in singularly large prickly cups. This is a noble species, almost equal in growth to our common English oak. 9. Cerris, or small prickly-cupped Spanish oak, grows thirty to forty feet high, and has oblong-lyreshaped, pinnatified, transversely jagged leaves, downy underneath, and small acorns placed in prickly cups. 10. The ilex, or common evergreen oak, grows forty or fifty feet high, having a smooth bark, oval and oblong, undivided, serrated, petiolated leaves, downy and whitish underneath. The varieties are, broad-leaved, narrow-leaved, and sometimes with sawed and prickly leaves. 11. The gramuntia, or Montpelier holly-leaved, evergeen oak, grows forty to fifty feet high; and has oblong-oval, closesitting, sinuated-spinous leaves, downy underneath, bearing a resemblance to the leaves of holly. 12. The suber, or cork-tree, grows thirty to forty feet high, having a thick, rough, fungous cleft-bark, and oblong-oval, undivided, serrated leaves, downy underneath. 13. The coccifera, scarlet, or kermes oak, grows from OAK [Ger. Eiche, Du. Eik, Da. Eeg, fourteen to fifteen feet high, branching all the Sw. Ek, Fr. Chêne, It. Quercia, Sp. Roble, way, and of bushy growth, with large oval, unCarballo, Port. Roble, Carbalho, Rus. Dub. divided, indented-spinous leaves, and producPol. Dab, Lat. Quercus]. There are twenty- ing small glandular excrescences, called kermes six species of the oak-tree; the most or scarlet grain, used by the dyers. The small markable are: 1. The robur, or common scarlet glands found in this tree are the effects English oak, from sixty to one hundred feet of certain insects depositing their eggs betwixt high, with a prodigious large trunk and spread-the bark of the branches and leaves, causing ing head. This species grows in great abun- an extravasation of the sap, and forming the re H Oakum excrescence or substance in question, which, being dried, is the kermes, or scarlet pastel. 14. The Molucca, or Moluccan oak, commonly called American live oak, grows about forty feet high, having oval, spear-shaped, smooth entire leaves, and small oblong, eatable acorns. The English oak claims precedence as a timber tree, for its prodigious height and bulk, and the superiority of its timbers. All the various kinds will prosper in any middling soil and open situation, though in a loamy soil they are generally more prosperous. OAKUM, old ropes untwisted and pulled out into loose hemp, in order to be used in caulking the seams, tree-nails, and bends of a ship, for stopping and preventing leaks. OARS are generally cut out of fir timber; those for barges are made out of New England or Dantzic rafters. OATS [Ger. Hafer, Fr. Avoine]. The following species of this grain are natives of England. (1.) The tall oat grass. (2.) The bearded oat grass. (3.) The yellow oat grass. (4) The naked oat grass. (5.) The meadow oat grass. (6.) The rough oat grass. (7.) The common oats cultivated in our fields. Oats are principally used for feeding horses in England, and in the north for making bread after they have been reduced into meal by grinding and cleaning. The best oats should be white, clean, of a large grain, well filled, and heavy. OBSERVATION, among navigators, implies the taking the sun's or stars' meridian altitude, in order thereby to find the latitude of the place required. OCHRE [Ger. Ocher, Oker, Du. Oker, Da. Ocksr, Ocher, Sw. Ockra, Ochra, Fr. Ochre, Ocre, It. Ocra, Ocria, Sp. Ocre, Port. Ocra, Ochre, Rus. Wochra, Pol. and Lat. Ochra], a genus of earth, slightly coherent, and composed of fine, smooth, soft, argillaceous particles, rough to the touch, and readily diffusible in water. It is a combination of alumina and red oxide of iron. Ochres are of various colours, as red, blue, yellow, brown, green, &c. They are to be found in greater abundance in England and Italy than in any other part of the world. Ochres are of extensive use as colours not only in oil but in water-painting. The colours of every species of ochre may be varied by means of fire, and thus brown and yellow ochres are frequently turned to red pigments. OCTAVO signifies a sheet of paper folded into eight leaves. OFFING, or OFFIN, is that part of the sea a good distance from the shore, where there is deep water, and no need of a pilot to conduct the ship; thus, if a ship from shore is seen sailing out to seaward, they say she stands for the offing; and if a ship, having the shore near her, has another a good way without her, or towards the sea, they say that ship is in the offing. OIL [Ger. Oel, Du. Oli, Olie, Oly, Da. Olje, Sw. Olja, Fr. Huile, It. Olie, Sp. Aceite, Oil Port. Oleo, Rus. Maslo, Pol. Oley, Lat. Oleum]. There are two classes of oils exceedingly different from each other; namely, fixed oils and volatile oils. Fixed oils are distinguished by the following characters:-1. Liquid, or easily becoming so when exposed to a gentle heat. 2. An unctuous feel. 3. Very combustible. 4. A mild taste. 5. Boiling-point not under 600°. 6. Insoluble in water and alcohol. 7. Leave a greasy stain upon paper. Those oils which are called also fat or expressed oils are numerous, and are obtained, partly from animals and partly from vegetables, by simple expression as instances may be mentioned, whale or train oil, obtained from the blubber of the whale; olive-oil, obtained from the fruit of the olive; linseed-oil and almond-oil, obtained from linseed and almond kernels. Fixed oils may also be extracted from poppyseeds, hemp-seeds, beech-mast, birch-tree, and many other vegetable substances. The affinities of fixed oils are, lime, barytes, fixed alkalies, magnesia, ammonia, oxide of mercury, other metallic oxides, alumina. The importance of fixed oils is well known. Some of them are employed as seasoners of food; some are burnt in lamps; some form the basis of soap: not to mention their utility in painting, and many other important purposes which they serve. Volatile oils, called also essential oils, are distinguished by the following properties:-1. Liquid; often almost as liquid as water; sometimes viscid. 2. Very combustible. 3. An acrid taste, and a strong, fragrant odour. 4. Boiling-point not higher than 212. 5. Soluble in alcohol, and imperfectly in water. 6. Evaporate without leaving any stain on paper. By this last act it is easy to discover whether they have been adulterated with any of the fixed oils. Let a drop of the volatile oil fall upon a sheet of writing-paper, and then apply a gentle heat to it. If it evaporates without leaving any stain upon the paper, the oil is pure; but if it leaves a stain, it has been contaminated with some fixed oil or other. Volatile oils are almost all obtained from vegetables, and they exist in every part of the plants; the root, the bark, the wood, the leaves, the flower, and even the fruit, though they are never found in the substances of the cotyledons; whereas the fixed oils, on the contrary, are almost always contained in these bodies. When the volatile oils are contained in great abundance in plants, they are sometimes obtained by simple expression. This is the case with oil of oranges, of lemons, and of bergamot'; but, in general, they can only be obtained by distillation. The part of the plant containing the oil is put into a still with a quantity of water, which is distilled off by the application of a moderate heat. The oil comes over along with the water, and swims upon its surface in the receiver. By this process are obtained the oils of peppermint, thyme, lavender, and a great many others, which are prepared and employed by the perfumer. Others are procured by the distilla Oil of Turpentine tion of resinous bodies. This is the case in particular with oil of turpentine, which is obtained by distilling a kind of resinous juice, called turpentine, that exudes from juniper. OIL OF TURPENTINE. Upon making turpentine, the sap which collects in a hole at the bottom of the tree is put into a basket. The part which runs through constitutes the turpentine, and the thicker matter which remains in the basket they put into a common alembic, adding a large quantity of water. They distil this as long as any oil is seen swimming upon the water. This oil, separated from the surface, is the common limpid, essential oil, called spirit of turpentine. The remaining matter at the bottom of the still is common yellow rosin. OILY GRAIN [Ger. Sesam]. The produce of a plant of which there are three species. It is called the sesamum. The Oriental sesamum grows naturally in India, and is an annual plant. It is chiefly to be met with on the Malabar coast and in Ceylon. The Sesamum indicum, another species, grows also in many parts of India. The first is frequently cultívated in Africa and the East generally as a pulse. An oil is made from the seed which will keep good for many years. Nine pounds of this seed have yielded as much as two quarts of oil. OLIBANUM, a dry, resinous substance, obtained from the Juniperus Lycia, and chiefly collected in Arabia. It is the frankincense of the ancients. It is in transparent, brittle masses, about the size of a chestnut. Its colour yellow. It has little taste, and when burnt, diffuses an agreeable odour. Alcohol dissolves it, and with water it forms a milky liquid. When distilled, it yields a small quantity of volatile oil. Olibanum is to be chosen whitish yellow, pure, dry, and as clear as pos sible. OLIVE OIL [Ger. Baumöl, Du. Boomöli, Da. Bomolje, Sw. Bomolja, Fr. Huile d'olives, It. Olio d'uliva, Sp. Aceite de aceitunas, Pol. Oleo das azeitonas, Rus. Derewännoe masslo, Pol. Oleiva, Lat. Oleum olivarum]. The oil is undoubtedly that part of the produce of the olive trees which is of the greatest value. The quality of it depends on the nature of the soil where the trees grow, on the kind of olive from which it is expressed, on the care which is taken in the gathering and pressing of the fruit, and likewise on the separation of the part to be extracted. Unripe olives give an intolerable bitterness to the oil. When they are over-ripe, the oil has an unguinous taste. The southern parts of France, and also Italy, Candia, and Sicily, yield the greatest quantities. The provinces in Naples most abundant in oils are Bari, Otranto, Calabria, and Abruzzo. Large quantities are annually exported from Gallipoli. Sicilian oil is inferior to Calabrian, and the latter to the Gallipoli. The Calabrian and Gallipoli oils have less foot, and more colour and substance, than those of Sicily. This superior quality of the Gallipoli oil may in some measure proceed from the Onyx nature of the soil; but it arises more particularly from better management in manufacturing and refining it. This oil is bright and clear. The district of the Dietro Marino produces the best oil in Calabria, in goodness very little inferior to that of Gallipoli. Milazzo ís the place which, in Sicily, produces the greatest quantity of oil; then Sciacca; then Cefalu, Tara, Mistretta, Pettineo, and St. Stefano. The oils from Milazzo and Sciacca are chiefly consumed in the soap manufactures; those from Pettineo and Mistretta are the best for use with food, but their consumption is limited to Italy, as they have, like all oils produced in Naples and Sicily, a rank taste and smell. This country is supplied with oil from Leghorn and Genoa, known under the denomination of Lucca and Florina saw oil. The parts of France which afford the greatest quantity of oil are Florence and Languedoc. The French oils are excellent. These oils are usually exported from Marseilles. The oil from the island of Candia is nearly similar to Sicilian oil, and is fit only to be employed in the manufacture of soap. The best oil should be clear, of strong body, free from foot or sediment, of a perfectly sweet taste and smell, and a bright gold colour. OLIVETS, in the commerce of the coast of Africa, a name given to mock pearls, or a species of bugle in form somewhat similar to the fruit of an olive-tree. They are usually white, and are much prized by the natives of Senegal. OMNIUM, a term used by stock-jobbers to express all the articles included in the contract between Government and the original subscribers to a loan. ONION [Ger. Zwiebel, Zippel, Du. Uyen, Ajain, Da. Rödlög, Sw. Rödlök, Fr. Oignon, It. Cipolla, Sp. Cebolla, Port. Cebola, Rus. Luk, Pol. Gebula, Lat. Gepa]. The most reputed sorts of onion are the Strasburg, the Spanish, the Portuguese, and the Egyptian. The Spanish and Portuguese onions are most famous in this country, and vast quantities of them are imported in baskets. ONYX [Ger. and Sw. Onyx, Fr. Onix, Onice, Sp. Onique, Port. Onix, Pol. Onich, Oniks, Lat. Onyx], one of the semipellucid gems, with variously coloured zones, but none red; being composed of crystal, debased by a small admixture of earth, and made up either of a number of flat plates, or of a series of coats surrounding a central nucleus, and separated from each other by veins of a different colour, resembling zones or belts. There are four species of this gem: I. A bluish-white one, with broad white zones. 2. A very pure onyx, with snow-white veins. 3. The jasp-onyx, or horny onyx, with green zones. 4. The brown onyx with bluish-white zones. The ancients attri. buted wonderful properties to the onyx, and imagined that if worn on the finger it acted as a cardiac. It is found on the shores of rivers in the East Indies, New Spain, and other parts of America, as also in Germany; but the latter Opal are greatly inferior to the American kind. The Oriental are the most beautiful of all. OPAL [Ger. and Sw. Opal, Fr. Opales, It. Opalo, Sp. Opalo, Piedra iris, Port. Opala, Lat. Opalus]. This stone is found in the East Indies, in Egypt, Arabia, Cyprus, Persia, and Tartary, and in some parts of Europe, especially in Hungary, in the Crapacks near the village of Czennizka. When first dug out of the earth it is soft, but it hardens and diminishes in bulk by exposure to the air. The substance in which it is found is a ferruginous sandstone. The opal is always amorphous. Its fracture is conchoidal. Commonly somewhat transparent. Specific gravity from 1.958 The lowness of its specific gravity, in some cases, is to be ascribed to accidental cavities which the stone contains. These are sometimes filled with drops of water. Some specimens of opal have the property of emitting various-coloured rays, with a particular effulgence, when placed between the eye and the light. The opals which possess this property are distinguished by lapidaries by the epithet oriental, and often by mineralogists by the epithet nobilis. This property rendered the stone much esteemed by the ancients. to 2.540. OPIUM [Ger. Opium, Trockner mohnsaft, oder seblafsaft, Fr. Opium, It. Oppio, Sp. and Port. Opio, Lat. Opium] is obtained from the papaver album, or white poppy, a plant which is cultivated in great_abundance in India and other parts of the East. The poppies are planted in a fertile soil, and well watered. After the flowering is over, and the seed capsules have attained nearly their full size, a longitudinal incision is made in them about sunset for three or four evenings in succession. From these incisions there flows a milky juice which soon concretes, and is scraped off the plant and wrought into cakes. In this state it is brought to Europe. Opium thus prepared is a tough, brown substance, has a peculiar smell, and a nauseous, bitter, acrid taste. It becomes softer when held in the warm hand, and burns very readily and strongly. It is a very compound substance, containing sulphate of lime, sulphate of potass, an oil, a resinous body, an extractive matter, gluten, mucilage, &c., besides the peculiar narcotic principle to which, probably, it owes its virtues as a soporific. The meconium, or common opium, is prepared in the East Indies by pressing the poppy heads, that have been already cut. The juice that comes out of them, mixed with the least beautiful of the other drops, is kneaded with water, and made into cakes, which are exported. An excessive fondness for opium prevails in all parts of Turkey and the East Indies. In vain the Chinese authorities have condemned its use, the consumption still goes on. It is greater, however, at Malacca, Borneo, the Moluccas; Java, Sumatra, &c. The islanders smoke it with their tobacco; those who are desirous of attempting some desperate deed intoxicate themselves with the fumes. The number of persons in China given to the consumption of Oranges opium has been estimated at three milllons, and the average quantity smoked by each individual is about 17 grains a day. The consumption of Indian opium in China amounts to about 60,000 chests of 140 lb. each, the value of which may be estimated at 37,000,000 dollars. Notwithstanding severe penalties, imprisonment, temporary banishment, even death, the number of those who smoke opium seems to be as great as ever. OPOBALSAMUM [Ger. Du. Da. and Sw. Opobalsamum, Fr. Opobalsamum, Baume de Gilead, It. Sp. and Port. Opobalsamo, Lat. Opobalsamum], balsam or balm of Gilead; called also Balsamum Judiacum, Syriacum, Meccha, and golden balsam. It is admitted, even by the Turks, that on account of the great price of this article, it is very difficult to find it genuine, it being adulterated immediately on its filtration from the tree which yields it, and scarcely to be found pure anywhere. The marks of its supposed purity are, a very yellow colour, perfectly transparent; a strong fragrant smell, with something of the lemon or citron flavour, and a bitter, sharp, and astringent taste. It is also very tenacious and glutinous, sticking to the fingers, and capable of being drawn into long threads. OPOPONAX [Ger. Du. Da. and Sw. Opoponax, Fr. Opopanax, It. Opoponasso, Sp. and Port. Opoponaca, Lat. Opoponax], a resin obtained from the pastinaco opoponax, a plant which is a native of the countries round the Levant. The gum resin is obtained by wounding the roots of the plant. The milky juice, when dried in the sun, constitutes the opoponax. It is in lumps of reddish-yellow colour, and white within, of a bitter and acrid taste. water it forms a milky solution. Specific gravity 1'62. Opoponax is usually brought to us in granules or drops, and sometimes in large masses, formed by a number of the drops connected by a quantity of substance of the same kind; but these are usually loaded with extraneous matter, and are greatly inferior to the loose kind. With ORANGES [Ger. Pomeranzen, Du. Oranjen, Da. Pomerantser, Sw. Pomeranser, Fr. Oranges, It. Melaranee, Sp. Naranjas, Port. Laranjas, Rus. Pomeranezii, Pol. Pomerancay, Lat. Aurantia mala]. This fruit is the produce of the Citrus aurantium, of which the varieties are:-1. Seville orange. This is a very handsome tree, and the hardiest of any, as in this country it shoots freely, produces large and beautiful leaves, flowers, &c. The fruit of this variety is large, rough-rinded, and of excellent quality for economical uses. 2. The China orange. This tree has moderately-sized leaves, a smooth, thin rind, and sweet fruit; of this there are several varieties in warm countries, where they grow in the open ground. The orange tree in general has an upright smooth trunk, divided upwards into a branchy regular head, from five to ten and twelve feet high, oval, spear-shaped, entire leaves, having winged, footstalks, and nume |