V. The key to the meaning of any simple sentence (345, I.) will be found in the simple subject and predicate; i.e., in the Nominative and its Verb. Hence, in looking out the sentence, observe the following order. Take

1. The Subject, or Nominative.

The ending will, in most instances, enable you to distinguish this from all other words, except the adjectives which agree with it. These may be looked out at the same time with the subject.

Sometimes the subject is not expressed, but only implied, in the ending of the verb. It may then be readily supplied, as it is always a pronoun of such person and number as the verb indicates: as, audio, I hear, the ending io showing that the subject is ego; auditis, you hear, the ending itis showing that the subject is vos.

2. The Verb, with Predicate Noun or Adjective, if any.

This will be readily known by the ending. Now, combining this with the Subject, you will have an outline of the sentence. All the other words must now be associated with these two parts.

3. The Modifiers of the Subject; i.e., adjectives agreeing with it, nominatives in apposition with it, genitives dependent upon it, etc.

But perhaps some of these have already been looked out in the attempt to ascertain the subject.

In looking out these words, bear in mind the meaning of the subject to which they belong. This will greatly aid you in selecting from the dictionary the true meaning in the passage before you,

4. The Modifiers of the Verb, i.e. (1) Oblique cases, accusatives, datives, etc., dependent upon it, and (2) Adverbs qualifying it.

Bear in mind all the while the force of the case and the meaning of the verb, that you may be able to select for each word the true meaning in the passage before you.

VI. In complex and compound sentences (345, II., III.), discover first the connectives which unite the several members, and then proceed with each member as with a simple

sentence.

VII. In the use of Dictionary and Vocabulary, remember that you are not to look for the particular form which occurs in the sentence, but for the Nom. Sing. of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and for the First Pers. Sing. Pres. Indic. Act. of verbs. Therefore,

1. In Pronouns, make yourself so familiar with their declension, that any oblique case will at once suggest the Nom. Sing.

If vobis occurs, you must remember that the Nom. Sing. is tu.

2. In Nouns and Adjectives, make yourself so familiar with the case-endings, that you will be able to drop that of the given case, and substitute for it that of the Nom. Sing.

Thus mensibus; stem mens, Nom. Sing. mensis, which you will find in the Vocabulary. So urbem, urb, urbs.

3. In Verbs, change the ending of the given form into that of the First Pers. Sing. of the Pres. Indic. Act.

Thus amabat; stem am, First Pers. Sing. Pres. Indic. Act. amo, which you will find in the Vocabulary. So amavērunt; First Pers. Perf. amāvi, Perf. stem amav, Verb stem am; amo.

To illustrate the steps recommended in the preceding suggestions, we add the following

Model.

VIII. Themistocles imperator servitute totam Graeciam liberavit.

1. Without knowing the meaning of the words, you will discover from their forms,

1) That Themistocles and imperator are probably nouns in the Nom. Sing.

2) That servitute is a noun in the Abl. Sing.

3) That totam and Graeciam are either nouns or adjectives in the Accus. Sing.

4) That liberāvit is a verb in the Act. voice, Indic. mood, Perf. tense, Third Person, Singular number.

2. Now, turning to the Vocabulary for the meaning of the words, you will learn,

1) That Themistocles is the name of an eminent Athenian general: THEMISTOCLES.

2) That libero, for which you must look, not for liberāvit, means to liberate: LIBERATED.

Themistocles liberated.

3) That imperātor means commander: THE COMMANDER. Themistocles the commander liberated.

4) That Graeciam is the name of a country: GREECE. Themistocles the commander liberated Greece.

5) That totus means the whole, all: ALL.

Themistocles the commander liberated all Greece.

6) That servitus means servitude: FROM SERVITUDE.

servitude.

Themistocles the commander liberated all Greece from

STRUCTURE OF THE LATIN SENTENCE.

IX. The structure of a sentence is best shown by analyzing it, and by parsing the words which compose it.

Parsing.

XVII. In parsing a word,

1. Name the Part of Speech to which it belongs.

3

2. Inflect it, if capable of inflection.

3. Give its gender, number, case, voice, mood, tense, person, etc.*

4. Give its Syntax, and the Rule for it.5

TRANSLATION.

XIX. In translating, render as literally as possible without doing violence to the English.

1 It has not been thought advisable to enter upon the subject of analysis at this early stage of the course. That will be presented in the Reader, which follows this work.

2 These suggestions are taken, without change, from the Reader. Accordingly, the numerals are made to correspond to those in that work. 3 Inflect; i.e., decline, compare, or conjugate.

4 That is, such of these properties as it possesses.

5 For Models for Parsing, see pp. 16, 22, 24, 33, 55, 57, 59, 66, 71, and 73.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

For Explanation of Abbreviations and References, see p. ix.

Acer, acris, acre. Sharp, severe, Amnis, amnis, m. River.
valiant.
Acies, ăciei, f. Order of battle, bat- Amor, amōrĭs, m. Love.

Ad, prep. with acc. To, towards, Ancus, i, m. Ancus, a Roman king.

Animăl, ănimālis, n. Administro, ārě, āvi, ātům. To ad- Anĭmús, ī, m.

Admoneo, admŏnērě, admonui, ad- Annŭlŭs, ī, m. Ring.

Alexander, Alexandri, m. Alexan- Arabs, Arăbis, m and f. Arab, an

Arrogantiă, ae, f. Arrogance.
Ars, artis, f. Art, skill.
Artaxerxēs, is, m.
Persian king.

| Camillus, i, m.
general.

Camillus, a Roman

Artaxerxes, a Campus, ī, m. Plain.

Arx, arcis, f. Citadel, fortress.
Athenae, ārum, f. plur. Athens, the
capital of Attica.
Atheniensis, ĕ. Athenian.
Atheniensis, is, m. and f. Athenian,
an Athenian.

Atticus, i, m. Atticus, a Roman

name.

Audio, irě, īvi, ītům. To hear.

Auditor, audītōris,

m.

auditor.

Aureus, ă, ům.

Golden.

Aurăm, 1, n.

Gold.

Avārĭtiă, ae, f.

Avarice.

Avĭdus, ă, ům.
Avis, ăvis, f.

Hearer,

Carthaginiensis, ĕ. Carthaginian.
Carthaginiensis, is, m. and f. A
Carthaginian.

Carthago, Carthaginis, f. Carthage,
a city of Northern Africa.
Carthago Novǎ. New Carthage,
Carthagena, a city of Spain.

Desirous of, eager for. Cārus, ă, ŭm. Dear.

Bird.

B.

Caius, ii, m. Caius, a proper Conjux, conjugis, m. and f. Wife,

name.

husband, spouse.