ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, MANNER, MEANS.

RULE XXI.-Cause, Manner, Means.

414. Cause, Manner, and Means1 are denoted by the Ablative :

Ars utilitāte laudātur, An art is praised because of its usefulness. Cic. Glōria dūcitur, He is led by glory. Cic. Duobus modis fit, It is done in two ways. Cic. Sol omnia luce collustrat, The sun illumines all things with its light. Cic. Apri dentibus se tūtantur, Boars defend themselves with their tusks. Cic. Aeger ĕrat vulneribus, He was ill in consequence of his wounds. Nep. Laetus sorte tua, Pleased with your lot. Hor.

1. APPLICATION OF RULE.-This Ablative is of very frequent occurrence, and is used both with verbs and adjectives.

2. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE.-This designates that by which, by reason of which, because of which, in accordance with which, any thing is or is done.

3. ABLATIVE OF MANNER.-This Ablative is regularly accompanied by some modifier, or by the preposition cum; but a few ablatives, chiefly those signifying manner,— mōre, ordine, rătiōne, etc., occur without such accompaniment:

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Vi summa, With the greatest violence. Nep. More Persarum, In the manner of the Persians. Nep. Cum silentio audire, To hear in silence. Liv. Id ordine făcere, To, do it in order, or properly. Cic.

1 It is not always possible to distinguish between Cause, Manner, and Means. Sometimes the same Ablative may involve both Cause and Means, or both Means and Manner. Still the pupil should be taught to determine in each instance, as far as possible, what is the real force of the Ablative. Thus in the examples, utilitāte denotes cause, because of its usefulness; gloriä, means, with perhaps the accessory notion of cause; modis, manner; luce, means; dentibus, means; vulneribus, cause, with perhaps the accessory notion of means; and sorte, cause and means.

4. ABLATIVE OF MEANS. - This includes the Instrument and all other Means employed.

5. ABLATIVE OF AGENT.

This designates the Person

by whom any thing is done as a voluntary agent, and takes

the preposition a or ab:

Occisus est a Thēbānis, He was slain by the Thebans.1 Nep.

3

1. Consul virtute 2 laudatus est. 2. Urbs natūrā munīta erat. 3. Haec urbs arte munietur. 4. Muneribus 3 delectamur. 5. Roma Camilli virtute est servāta. 6. Camillus hostes magno proelio superavit. 7. Scipio patrem singulāri virtute servavit. 8. Scipio ingenti gloria triumphavit. 9. Scythae corpora pellibus vestiēbant.

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1 By comparing this example with those under the Rule, the second for instance, it will be seen that the Latin construction distinguishes the person by whom any thing is done from the means by which it is done, designating the former by the Ablative with a or ab (a Thebānis, by the Thebans), and the latter by the Ablative without a preposition; gloriā, by glory.

2 Ablative of Cause, according to Rule XXI.

3 Ablative of Means.

4 Ablative of Manner.

5 The privilege of entering Rome in grand triumphal procession was sometimes awarded to eminent Roman generals as they returned from victory. Triumphavit here refers to such a triumph.

1. Are not the fields adorned with flowers? 2. The fields are adorned with beautiful flowers. 3. Have you not strengthened your memory by use? 4. I have strengthened my memory by daily use. 5. You will be praised for (because of) your diligence.2 6. Our pupils have been praised for their diligence. 7. The general saved the city by his valor. 8. Rome was saved by the valor of the Roman soldiers.

ABLATIVES WITH COMPARATIVES.

RULE XXIII. -Ablative with Comparatives.

417. Comparatives without QUAM are followed by the Ablative:

Nihil est ǎmābilius virtūte,3 Nothing is more lovely than virtue. Cic. Quid est mělius bănĭtāte,3 What is better than goodness? Cic.

1. COMPARATIVES WITH QUAM1 are followed by the Nominative, or by the case of the corresponding noun before them:

Hibernia minor quam Britannia existimatur, Hibernia is considered smaller than Britannia. Caes. Agris quam urbis terribilior, More terrible to the country than to the city. Liv.

1 Ablative of Means. Rule XXI.

2 Ablative of Cause.

3 Virtute and bonitāte are both in the Ablative, by this Rule; the former after the comparative amabilius, and the latter after the comparative melius.

4 Quam is a conjunction, meaning than. Conjunctions are mere connectives, used to connect words or clauses.

5 Agris and urbi, the one before and the other after quam, are both in the same construction, in the Dative, depending upon terribilior according to Rule XIV. 391.

II. Translate into English.

1. Virtus mihi1 gloriā2 est carior. 2. Patria mihi vitā2 meā est carior. 3. Quid est jucundius amicitiā? 4. Quid foedius est avaritia? 5. Aurum argento pretiosius est. 6. Animus corpore est nobilior. 7. Turris altior erat quam murus. 8. Quid multitudini1 gratius quam libertas est? 9. Pater tuus est sapientior quam tu. 10. Quis eloquentior fuit quam Demosthenes?

III. Translate into Latin.

1. Silver is more valuable than iron.2 2. Virtue is more

valuable than gold. 3. Wisdom is more valuable than money. 4. Will not wisdom be more useful to you than gold? 5. Wisdom will be more useful to me than gold. 6. Goodness is more valuable than knowledge. 7. Good

1 See Rule XIV. 391.

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2 Ablative, depending upon the comparative without quam, according to Rule XXIII.

3 In the same case as turris, the corresponding noun before quam. It is the subject of erat understood.

4 Subject of es understood.

5 In this and the following examples use quam, according to 417, 1.

ness is dearer to us than glory. 8. The Romans were braver than the Gauls. 9. The soldiers were braver than the general.

ABLATIVE OF PLACE.

420. This Ablative designates

I. The PLACE IN WHICH any thing is or is done:

II. The PLACE FROM WHICH any thing proceeds, including Source and Separation.

RULE XXVI.-Ablative of Place.

421. I. The PLACE IN WHICH and the PLACE FROM WHICH are generally denoted by the Ablative with a Preposition. But

II. NAMES OF TOWNS drop the Preposition, and in the Singular of the First and Second declensions designate the PLACE IN WHICH by the Genitive:

I. Hannibal in Itălia1 fuit, Hannibal was in Italy. Nep. In nostris castris, In our camps. Caes. In Appia via, On the Appian Way. Cic. Ab urbe proficiscitur, He departs from the city. Caes. Ex Africa, From Africa. Liv.

II. Athenis fuit, He was at Athens. Cic. Băbylōne mortuus est, He died at Babylon. Cic. Fugit Corintho, He fled from Corinth. Cic. Romae 2 fuit, He was at Rome. Cic.

1 In Italia, in castris, and in via designate the PLACE IN WHICH; while ab urbe and ex Africă designate the PLACE FROM WHICH. They are in the Ablative with a preposition.

2 Athenis, Babylōne, and Corintho, being names of towns, omit the preposition; while Romae, also the name of a town, is in the Genitive, as it is in the Singular of the First declension.