ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE.

RULE VIII.-Accusative of Time and Space.

378. DURATION OF TIME, and EXTENT OF SPACE, are expressed by the Accusative:

Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos,1 Romulus reigned thirty-seven years. Liv. Quinque millia passuum ambŭlāre, To walk five miles. Cic. Pedes octoginta distare, To be eighty feet distant. Caes. Nix quattuor pedes1 alta, Snow four feet deep. Liv.

2.

1. Lacedaemonii pacem sex annos 2 servavērunt. Magnam noctis partem vigilavěram. 3. Puer octo horas

1 Annos denotes Duration of Time, while millia and pedes denote Extent of Space. They are all in the Accusative by this Rule.

2 In the Accusative. denoting Duration of Time. See Rule VIII. No special Model for parsing is necessary. The pupil will be guided by previous directions and Models.

dormivit. 4. Latīnus multos annos regnavit. 5. In Italia sex menses fuimus. 6. In illa urbe decem dies fuimus. 7. Agger octoginta pedes1 latus fuit. 8. Hic gladius sex pedes longus est.

1. Did you not walk two hours? 2. We walked three hours. 3. Did you not sleep six hours? 4. We slept eight hours. 5. The soldiers guarded the city ten months. 6. Were you not in the city four months? 7. We were in the city five months. 8. The mound was fifty feet high.

ACCUSATIVE OF LIMIT.

RULE IX.-Accusative of Limit.

379. The Name of a Town used as the Limit of motion is put in the Accusative:

Nuntius Rōmam redit, The messenger returns to Rome. Liv. Plato Tarentum2 vēnit, Plato came to Tarentum. Cic. Fugit Tarquinios,2 He fled to Tarquinii. Cic.

1 In the Accusative, denoting Extent of Space.

2 Romam, Tarentum, and Tarquinios are all names of towns used as the Limit of Motion; i.e., the motion is represented as ending in those towns. They are in the Accusative, according to Rule IX.

Reduco, reducerě, reduxi, rěductům, to lead back.

1. Cicero Romam 1 revocatus est. 2. Consules Romam revocāti sunt. 3. Hannibal Carthaginem1 revocātus erat. 4. Lysander Athēnas1 navigāvit. 5. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugātus est. 6. Consul regem Tarentum fugavit. 7. Thebāni exercitum Spartam ducunt. 8. Miltiades exercitum Athenas reduxit.

2

1. Who fled to Carthage? 2. Did not the enemy flee to Carthage? 3. They fled to Carthage. 4. Will not the army be led back to Rome ?2 5. The army has been led back to Rome. 6. The commander led the army to Athens.

SECTION V.

DATIVE.

382. The Dative is the Case of the Indirect Object, and is used,

I. With Verbs.

II. With Adjectives.

III. With their Derivatives, - Adverbs and Substantives.

DATIVE WITH VERBS.

383. INDIRECT OBJECT. - A verb is often attended by a noun designating the object indirectly affected by the 1 In the Accusative, according to Rule IX.

2 The Latin word will be in the Accusative, in accordance with Rule

action, — that To or FOR which something is or is done. A noun thus used is called an Indirect Object.

RULE XII.-Dative with Verbs.

384. The INDIRECT OBJECT is put in the Dative:

I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE Verbs:

Tempori1 cedit, He yields to the time. Cic. Sibi timuĕrant, They had feared for themselves. Caes. Lăbōri student, They devote themselves to labor. Caes. Nōbis1 vita dăta est, Life has been granted to us. Cic. Numitōri deditur, He is delivered to Numitor. Liv.

II. With TRANSITIVE Verbs, in connection with the ACCUSATIVE:

Pons iter hostibus 2 dědit, The bridge gave a passage to the enemy. Liv. Lēges civitatibus suis scripserunt, They prepared laws for their states. Cic.

1 Tempori, sibi, and labōri are in the Dative with the Intransitive verbs cedit, timuĕrant (intransitive here), and student; while nobis and Numitōri are in the Dative with the Passive verbs data est and deditur.

2 Hostibus is in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative iter, with the Transitive verb dedit. In the same way, civitatibus is in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative leges, with the Transitive verb scripsē

runt.

II. Translate into English.

1. Cives legibus1 parent. 2. Multae Italiae civitates Romānis parēbant. 3. Haec sententia Caesări1 placuit. 4. Illa sententia Caesări displicuit. 5. Milites gloriae labōrant. 6. Hoc consilium Caesări nuntiātum est. 7. Nostra consilia hostibus nuntiata sunt. 8. Tibi magnam gratiam habēmus. 9. Habeo senectūti magnam gratiam. 10. Conon pecuniam civibus donavit. 11. Pastor puĕro viam monstrāvit. 12. Tibi viam monstrābo. 13. Romāni Carthaginiensibus bellum indixerunt.

III. Translate into Latin.

3

1. Did I not obey my father?1 2. You obeyed your father. 3. We will obey the laws of the state. 4. Do not the citizens serve the king? 5. They have served the king. 6. Will you not serve the state? 7. We will serve the state. 8. Will you not tell me 9. I have told you (to you) the truth.

(to

me1) the truth? 5 10. Will you show

1 Indirect Object, in the Dative, according to Rule XII. I.

2 Indirect Object, in the Dative, in connection with the Accusative gratiam with the Transitive verb habēmus, according to Rule XII. II.

In the arrangement of Objects, the Indirect generally precedes the Direct, as in this sentence; though the order is sometimes reversed, as in the tenth sentence in this Exercise.

3 In examples like this, the Possessive pronoun may either be expressed or omitted, as it is often omitted in Latin when not emphatic. 4 Dative. See Rule XII. II.