bunt.1

6. Amamus, amabāmus, amabĭmus. 7. Amāvi, amavěram, amavĕro. 8. Amavit, amavĕrat, amavěrit. 9. Amāvi, amavimus. 10. Amavĕram, amāverāmus. 11. Amavĕro, amaverimus. 12. Amem, amārem, amavĕrim, amavissem. 13. Amēmus, amarēmus, amaverimus, amāvissēmus. 14. Amet, ament. 15. Amaret, amārent. 16. Amavĕrit, amavěrint. 17. Amavisset, amavissent. 18. Ama, amāte, amatōte. 19. Amāto, amanto.

III. Translate into Latin.

1. I praise, I was praising, I will praise. 2. He praises, they praise. 3. He will praise, they will praise. 4. He was praising, they were praising. 5. You were praising, you will praise, you praise. 6. He has loved, he had loved, he will have loved. 7. I have praised, I had praised, I shall have praised. 8. He may love, they may love. 9. Let him praise, let them praise. 10. He would blame, they would blame. 11. I should have praised, we should have praised. 12. Praise thou, praise ye.

FIRST CONJUGATION-PASSIVE VOICE.

EXERCISE XXI.

I. Translate into English.

1. Amor, amābar, amābor. 2. Amāris, amabāris, amabĕris. 3. Amātur, amantur. 4. Amabātur, amabantur.

(the stem, 203) in common; but they differ from each other in the endings, -o, ābam, abo. In the forms amat, amant, there is a still closer resemblance: not only is the stem am common to both, but the endings have the letters at in common; or, in other words, the plural ending ant differs from the singular ending at only in inserting n: AT, ANT.

1 Here the pupil will observe that the plural ending ābunt differs from the singular ending abit, not only in inserting n before t, but also in changing i into u: ABIT, ABUNT.

5. Amabitur, amabuntur. 6. Amāmur, amabāmur, amabimur. 7. Amātus1 sum, amātus eram, amātus ero. 8. Amātus es, amātus eras, amātus eris. 9. Amātus est, amāti1 sunt. 10. Amātus erat, amāti erant. 11. Amātus erit, amāti erunt. 12. Amer, amārer, amātus sim, amātus essem. 13. Amēmur, amarēmur, amāti simus, amāti essēmus. 14. Amētur, amentur. 15. Amaretur, amarentur. 16. Amātus sit, amāti sint. 17. Amātus esset, amāti essent. 18. Amātor, amantor.

II. Translate into Latin.

1. He is praised, they are praised. 2. He was praised, they were praised. 3. He will be praised, they will be praised. 4. I am blamed, I was blamed, I shall be blamed. 5. You are loved, you are praised. 6. You were loved, you were praised. 7. You will be loved, you will be praised. 8. I have been blamed, you have been praised. 9. I had been blamed, you had been praised. 10. I shall have been blamed, you will have been praised. 11. You may be blamed, you might be blamed. 12. He would have been blamed, they would have been praised. 13. Let him be praised, let them be praised. 14. Be thou praised, be ye praised.

1 The learner will observe, that, when the verb and the subject (expressed or implied) are in the Singular, the participle (amātus), which forms one element of the verb, is also in the Singular; and that, when the verb and the subject are in the Plural, the participle (amāti) is also in the Plural.

The form of the participle also varies with the gender of the subject, as well as with its number. Thus, if the subject is Masculine, the participle will be amātus in the Singular, and amāti in the Plural; if Feminine, amāta in the Singular, and amātae in the Plural; and, if Neuter, amātum in the Singular, and amāta in the Plural. Thus the participle in the compound tenses (i.e., in those which are made up of the participle and the auxiliary sum) agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case, like an adjective, according to Rule XXXV. 1, note.

FIRST CONJUGATION-BOTH VOICES.

EXERCISE XXII.

I. Translate into English.

8.

10. Amāret, ama

1. Laudo, laudor. 2. Laudabo, laudabor. 3. Laudabam, laudabar. 4. Laudem, lauder. 5. Laudarem, laudārer. 6. Laudat, laudatur. 7. Amabat, amabātur. Amābit, amabitur. 9. Amet, ametur. 9. Amet, amētur. rétur. 11. Laudarent, laudarentur. 12. Ament, amentur. 13. Laudant, laudantur. 14. Amabant, amabantur. Laudabunt, laudabuntur. 16. Amavit, amātus est. 17. Laudaverat, laudātus erat. 18. Amavĕrit, amātus erit. 19. Lauda, laudare. 20. Amāto, amator. 21. Laudanto, laudantor.

15.

1. He blames, he is blamed. 2. I was praising, I was praised. 3. You will praise, you will be praised. 4. He

1 In this Exercise, the pupil should carefully compare the corresponding forms in the two Voices, - the Active and the Passive, - and observe the difference between them. The Passive laudor differs from the Active laudo only in adding r; the Passive laudabar differs from the Active laudabam only in taking r in place of m. Thus we find, that, in the Indicative and in the Subjunctive, the first person of the Passive is formed from the first person of the Active by simply adding r; or, if the Active ends in m, by substituting r for m. Again: the Passive laudātur differs from the Active laudat only in adding ur. Thus we find, that, in the Indicative and in the Subjunctive, the third person of the Passive is formed from the third person of the Active by simply adding ur.

2 Where must we look to find the meaning of these endings, in the Vocabulary, or in the Grammar? and where to find the general meaning of the verb? See Suggestion II. To find the meaning of the verb to which laudabor belongs, for what form must we look in the Vocabulary? See Suggestion VII.

will blame, he will be blamed. 5. They will praise, they will be praised. 6. We blame, we are blamed. 7. He has praised, he has been praised. 8. They have blamed, they have been blamed. 9. He had praised, he had been praised. 10. They had blamed, they had been blamed. 11. He may praise, he may be praised. 12. He would blame, he would be blamed. 13. They may praise, they may be praised.

FIRST CONJUGATION— FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.1 DIRECT OBJECT.

RULE V.-Direct Object.

2

379. The Direct Object of an action is put in the Accusative.

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic. Liběra rem publicam, Free the republic. Cic. Păpůli Rōmāni sălūtem dēfendite, Defend the safety of the Roman people. Cic.

1 It is thought advisable that the pupil should now commence a review of the grammatical forms which he has already learned. Accordingly, this Exercise will involve nouns of the First and of the Second Declension. The pupil should therefore carefully review those Declensions (42, 45). In connection with the subsequent Exercises, it is expected that the other Declensions and the other Grammatical forms will be reviewed in order, as will be indicated in the respective headings which precede the several Exercises.

2 The Direct Object of an action is generally the object, person, or thing, on which the action is directly exerted; as, salūtem, safety, in the third example; defend (what?) the safety. But the Direct Object is sometimes the effect of the action, i.e. the object produced by it; as, mundum, world, in the first example,-made the world.

3 In English, the object follows the verb; thus, in this example, world follows made; but in Latin the object usually precedes the verb: thus mundum precedes aedificavit. So also, in the third example, salutem precedes defendite; but sometimes the object follows the verb: thus in the second example, rem publicam follows libera.

MODEL FOR PARSING DIRECT OBJECTS.

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world.

Mundum is a noun (31) of the Second Declension, as it has i in the Genitive Singular (40); STEM, mund. Singular: mundus, mundi, mundo, mundum, munde, mundo. Plural: mundi, mundōrum, mundis, mundos, mundi, mundis. It is of the Masculine gender, by 45; is in the Accusative Singular; and is the Direct Object of the transitive verb aedificavit, according to Rule V.: "The Direct Object of an action is put in the Accusative."

1. Lusciniam laudo.1 2. Lusciniam laudāmus. 3. Luscinias laudat. 4. Luscinias laudant. 5. Luscinia laudătur. 6. Lusciniae laudantur. 7. Patriam amāmus. 8. Pro patria2 pugnabimus. 9. Nonne3 Themistocles patriam liberavit? 10. Patriam liberavit. 11. Italiam liběravērunt. 12. Italia liberata est. 13. Tarquinius templum aedifică

4

1 Lusciniam is the Direct Object of laudo, according to Rule V.

2 See Rule XXXII. page 24.

3 See 346, II. 1, page 59.

4 For agreement of participle with subject, see Rule XXXV. 460, 1, page 54.