will blame, he will be blamed. 5. They will praise, they will be praised. 6. We blame, we are blamed. 7. He has praised, he has been praised. 8. They have blamed, they have been blamed. 9. He had praised, he had been praised. 10. They had blamed, they had been blamed. 11. He may praise, he may be praised. 12. He would blame, he would be blamed. 13. They may praise, they may be praised.

FIRST CONJUGATION - FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.1 DIRECT OBJECT.

RULE V.-Direct Object.

379. The Direct Object of an action is put in the Accusative.

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world.3 Cic. Līběra rem publicam, Free the republic. Cic. Populi Rōmāni sălūtem dēfendite, Defend the safety of the Roman people. Cic.

1 It is thought advisable that the pupil should now commence a review of the grammatical forms which he has already learned. Accordingly, this Exercise will involve nouns of the First and of the Second Declension. The pupil should therefore carefully review those Declensions (42, 45). In connection with the subsequent Exercises, it is expected that the other Declensions and the other Grammatical forms will be reviewed in order, as will be indicated in the respective headings which precede the several Exercises.

2 The Direct Object of an action is generally the object, person, or thing, on which the action is directly exerted; as, salutem, safety, in the third example; defend (what?) the safety. But the Direct Object is sometimes the effect of the action, i.e. the object produced by it; as, mundum, world, in the first example, made the world.

3 In English, the object follows the verb; thus, in this example, world follows made; but in Latin the object usually precedes the verb: thus mundum precedes aedificavit. So also, in the third example, salūtem precedes defendite; but sometimes the object follows the verb: thus in the second example, rem publicam follows libera.

MODEL FOR PARSING DIRECT OBJECTS.

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world.

Mundum is a noun (31) of the Second Declension, as it has i in the Genitive Singular (40); STEM, mund. Singular mundus, mundi, mundo, mundum, munde, mundo. Plural: mundi, mundōrum, mundis, mundos, mundi, mundis. It is of the Masculine gender, by 45; is in the Accusative Singular; and is the Direct Object of the transitive verb aedificavit, according to Rule V.: "The Direct Object of an action is put in the Accusative."

1. Lusciniam laudo.1 2. Lusciniam laudāmus. 3. Luscinias laudat. 4. Luscinias laudant. 5. Luscinia laudătur. 6. Lusciniae laudantur. 7. Patriam amāmus. 8. Pro patria2 pugnabimus. 9. Nonne3 Themistocles patriam liberavit? 10. Patriam liberavit. 11. Italiam liběravērunt.

12. Italia liberata est. 13. Tarquinius templum aedifică

1 Lusciniam is the Direct Object of laudo, according to Rule V.

2 See Rule XXXII. page 24.

3 See 346, II. 1, page 59.

4 For agreement of participle with subject, see Rule XXXV. 460, 1, page 54.

vit. 14. Templum aedificabat. 15. Templa aedificavěrant. 16. Templa aedificata erant. 17. Templum aedificātum erit. 18. Puěrum laudabāmus. 19. Puĕri laudāti sunt. 20. Nonne1 bellum renovātum est?

III. Translate into Latin.

1. The nightingale is singing. 2. The nightingales are singing. 3. The nightingales will sing. 4. The boys have been praised. 5. Did you not1 praise the boys ?2 6. We praised the boys. 7. The boys will be praised. 8. Have we not liberated Italy? 9. You have liberated Italy. 10. We will liberate the country. 11. We were ploughing the field. 12. Will you plough the field? 13. The field will be ploughed.

FIRST CONJUGATION-THIRD DECLENSION.3

ADVERBS.

RULE LI.—Use of Adverbs.

582. Adverbs* qualify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other

ADVERBS:

Săpientes feliciter1 vivunt, The wise live happily. Cic. Făcăle1 doctissimus, unquestionably the most learned. Cic. Haud ǎliter, not otherwise. Virg.

1 See 346, II. 1, page 59.

2 The Latin word for boys in this sentence will be in the Accusative, according to Rule V., and will precede the verb.

3 The pupil should now review the Third Declension (48–54).

4 The Adverb is, therefore, the part of speech which is used to qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Feliciter, happily, is an adverb qualifying the verb vivunt, live (live happily). Facile, easily, unquestionably, is an adverb qualifying the adjective doctissimus, the most learned (easily, i.c. unquestionably the most learned). Haud, not, is an adverb qualifying the adverb aliter, otherwise (not otherwise). The adverb in Latin usually stands directly before the word which it qualifies, as in these examples.

MODEL FOR PARSING ADVERBS.

Săpientēs feliciter vivunt, The wise live happily.

Feliciter is an adverb, and qualifies vivunt, according to Rule LI.: "Adverbs qualify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other ADVERBS."

1. Avis volat. 2. Aves volant. 3. Nonne1 avis cantabat? 4. Aves cantabant. 5. Rex urbem2 aedificavit. 6. Urbs aedificata3 est. 7. Urbes aedificatae erunt. 8. Milites fortiter pugnavērunt. 9. Scipio milites laudāvit. 10. Scipio militum virtutem laudabat. 11. Scipionem laudāmus. 12. Scipio patrem servavit. 13. Scipio urbem expugnavit. 14. Urbs expugnata est. 15. Milites patriam amant. 16. Milites pro patria pugnabant. 17. Pičtas puĕros ornat. 18. Virtutes civitatem ornant.

1 See 346, II. 1, page 59.

2 Urbem, direct object of aedificavit, according to Rule V.

3

Why aedificata in one case, and aedificatae in the other? Why not aedificatus in both? See Rule XXXV. 460, 1, page 54.

4 Fortiter, an Adverb qualifying pugnāvērunt, according to Rule LI. In what order will you look out the words in this sentence? Suggestion V.

See

III. Translate into Latin.

2

1. The birds are singing. 2. Do you not1 love birds ?2 3. We love birds. 4. This bird will fly. 5. Did you not1 save the city? 6. The soldiers saved the city. 7. Shepherds love the mountains. 8. We love virtue. 9. Is not 10. It is loved. 11. Do not the citizens

virtue loved? praise the king? 12. They praise the king. 13. The king will be praised. 14. The virtue of the king is praised.

II. Translate into English.

1. Homines5 cantum lusciniae laudant. 2. Cantus lusciniae laudatur. 3. Romulus exercitum fugat. 4. Nonne

1 See 346, II. 1, page 59.

2 Remember that the object in Latin usually precedes the verb.

3 The pupil should now review these Declensions (116, 119).

4 To keep one's word, fidem servāre: I keep my word, fidem meam servo, or fidem servo, as the Latin possessives, meus, my, tuus, your, etc., when not emphatic, are often omitted; when expressed, they usually follow their

nouns.

5 In this sentence, what order will you follow, in accordance with Suggestion V., in looking out the words in the Vocabulary? In accordance with Suggestion VII., for what forms will you look in the Vocabulary to find the meaning of homines (51, II.), milites (50, II.), stimulāvit (205) ?

6 See Rule XVI. page 22.