Istě, that.

Istě, that, is declined like ille. It usually refers to objects which are present to the person addressed, and sometimes expresses contempt.

Idem, compounded of is and dem, is declined like is, but shortens isdem to idem, and iddem to idem, and changes m to n before the ending dem; thus:

187. The Relative qui, who, so called because it relates to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, called its antecedent, is declined as follows:

188. Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking questions. The most important are

Quis and qui, with their compounds.

Quis (who, which, what?) is generally used substantively, and is declined as follows:

Qui (which, what?) is generally used adjectively, and is

declined like the relative qui.

VI. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

189. Indefinite Pronouns do not refer to any definite persons or things. The most important are

Quis and qui, with their compounds.

190. Quis, any one, qui, any one, any, are the same in form and declension as the interrogatives quis and qui1 191. From quis and qui are formed

I. The Indefinites :

aliquis, aliqua, alíquid or aliquod, quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam or quodpiam, quidam, quaedam, quiddam or quoddam, quisquam,

quidquam,

some, some one.

some, some one. certain, certain one. any one.

1 But after si, nisi, ne, and num, the Feminine Singular and the Neuter Plural have quae or qua; si quae, si qua. In like manner, aliquis has aliqua in the Feminine Singular and in the Neuter Plural.

quivis,

quaevis, quidvis

quilibet,

or quodque,

or quodvis,

every, every one. any one you please.

quaelibet, quidlibet or quodlibet, any one you please.

EXERCISE XVI.

I. Vocabulary.

2

1. Mihi, tibi, sibi. 2. Ad me, ad te. 3. Contra nos, contra se. 4. Ante vos, ante nos. 5. Pro vobis.1 6. Meă2 vită. 7. Patriă tuă. 8. Pro patria tua.2 9. Contra patriam tuam. 10. Nostra consilia. 11. Nostris consiliis. 12. Vestri patres. 13. In nostra patria. 14. Hic2 puer, hi puĕri. 15. Haec corōnă, hae corōnae. 16. Hoc donum, haec dona. 17. Haec urbs praeclară. 18. Ex hac vitā. 19. Illīus libri. 20. In eā pugnā. 21. In eōdem prato. 22. Quae 2 urbs?

1 See 184, 1. Substantive pronouns are used in the several cases like nouns, and are parsed by the same rules. See Rule XXXII. 432. Other pronouns are sometimes used as nouns, and parsed in the same way.

2 The Possessive, the Demonstrative, and the Interrogative pronouns, in this exercise, are all used as adjectives, and agree with their nouns, like any other adjectives, according to Rule XXXIII. 438, p. 32. Hence meă is in the Nominative Singular Feminine, to agree with vită; nostris, in the Dative or Ablative Plural Neuter, to agree with consiliis; hic, in the Nominative Singular Masculine, to agree with puer.

1. We, you. for himself.

III.

Translate into Latin.

2. You, me, himself. 3. For you, for me, 4. Of himself, of you. 5. Against you,

10. These

against me. 6. My book, your book, his book. 7. My books, your books, his books. 8. Our parents, your parents, their parents. 9. This letter, that letter. letters, those letters., 11. This city, that city. 12. These cities, those cities. 13. After that victory. 14. The same words. 15. With the same words.

CHAPTER IV.

VERBS.

192. Verbs in Latin, as in English, express existence, condition, or action: est, he is; dormit, he is sleeping; legit, he reads.

193. Verbs comprise two principal classes:

I. TRANSITIVE VERBS, - which admit a direct object of their action: servum1 verbĕrat, he beats the slave.

II. INTRANSITIVE VERBS, — which do not admit such an object: puer currit, the boy runs.

194. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.

I. VOICES.

195. There are two Voices: 2

I. THE ACTIVE VOICE,-which represents the subject as acting or existing: păter filium amat, the father loves his son; est, he is.

1 Here servum, the slave, is the direct object of the action denoted by the verb beats: beats (what?) the slave.

2 Voice shows whether the subject acts (Active Voice), or is acted upon (Passive Voice).

II. THE PASSIVE VOICE,

- which represents the subject as acted upon by some other person or thing: filius a patre amātur, the son is loved by his father.

II. MOODS.

196. Moods1 are either Definite or Indefinite:

I. The Definite or Finite Moods make up the Finite Verb; they are:

1. The INDICATIVE MOOD,-which either asserts something as a fact, or inquires after the fact: legit, he is reading; legitne, is he reading?

2. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, — which expresses, not an actual fact, but a possibility or conception, often rendered by may, can, etc.: legat, he may read, let him read.

3. The IMPERATIVE MOOD, which expresses a command or an entreaty: lege, read thou.

II. The Indefinite Moods express the meaning of the verb in the form of nouns or adjectives; they are:

1. The INFINITIVE, - which, like the English Infinitive, gives the simple meaning of the verb, without any necessary reference to person or number: legere, to read.

2. The GERUND, — which gives the meaning of the verb in the form of a verbal noun of the second declension, used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. It corresponds to the English participial noun in ING: amandi, of loving; amandi causā, for the sake of loving.

3. The SUPINE, - which gives the meaning of the verb in the form of a verbal noun of the fourth declension, used only in the accusative and ablative singular: amātum, to love, for loving; amātu, to be loved, in loving.

4. The PARTICIPLE,-which, like the English Participle, gives the meaning of the verb in the form of an adjective.

1 Mood, or Mode, means manner, and relates to the manner in which the meaning of the verb is expressed, as will be seen by observing the force of the several Moods.