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captus essěm, essēs, esset; | captī essēmus, essētĭs, essent.

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1 The pupil will observe that the conjugation of Capio is somewhat peculiar, combining certain characteristics of the Fourth Conjugation with others of the Third. He should now carefully compare it with the conjugation of Rego and with that of Audio, and note with accuracy both the differences and the resemblances.

2 The Gauls were a people inhabiting the country of ancient Gaul, embracing modern France.

Jacio, jăcěrě, jeci, jactum,

Lăpis, lăpidis, m.

Lux, lūcis, f.

Mūrus, i, m.

Publiŭs, ii, m.

Regulus, i, m.

Tēlum, i, n.

Trōjă, ae, f.

1

to cast, throw, hurl.

stone.

light.

wall.

Publius, a proper name.

Regulus, Roman general. javelin.

Troy, city in Asia Minor.

II. Translate into English.

1. Graeci Trojam capiebant. 2. Trojam cepērunt. 3. Troja capta est. 4. Troja capta erat. 5. Regulus ipse captus est. 6. Belli duces capientur. 7. Haec urbs capiētur. 8. Illam urbem capiēmus. 9. Roma a Gallis capta erat. 10. Galli Romam ceperant. 11. Scipio multas civitates cepit. 12. Luna lucem a sole accipit. 13. Lucem a sole accipimus. 14. Tuam3 epistolam accepi. 15. Milites tela jaciebant.

III. Translate into Latin.

1. We were taking the city. 2. The city will be taken. 3. The city has been taken. 4. The cities will be taken. 5. The cities have been taken. 6. Who took Carthage? 7. Publius Cornelius Scipio took Carthage. 8. Have you not received my letter? 9. I have received your letter. 10. Have you not received five letters? 11. We have received ten letters.

5

1 For the agreement of the participle in the compound tenses with the subject, see Rule XXXV. 1, page 54.

2 See Rule XXXII., page 24.

3 What is the usual place of the Possessive Pronoun ? See page 77, note 1. In this sentence, tuam precedes its noun because it is emphatic. 4 Which form of the Interrogative Pronoun should be used, quis or qui? See 188.

5 Which Interrogative Particle should be used? page 59.

See 346, II. 1,

PART THIRD.

SYNTAX.

CHAPTER I.

SYNTAX OF SENTENCES.

SECTION I.

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES.

343. SYNTAX treats of the construction of sentences. 344. A sentence is thought expressed in language.

345. In their STRUCTURE, sentences are either Simple, Complex, or Compound:

I. A SIMPLE SENTENCE expresses but a single thought: Deus mundum aedificavit, God made the world. Cic.

II. A COMPLEX SENTENCE expresses two (or more) thoughts, so related that one is dependent upon the other:

Dōnec ĕris felix, multos numĕrābis amicos; So long as you are prosperous, you will number many friends. Ovid.

1. CLAUSES.- In this example, two simple sentences, (1) "You will be prosperous," and (2) "You will number many friends," are so united that the first only specifies the time of the second: You will number many friends, (when?) so long as you are prosperous. The parts thus united are called Clauses or Members.

III. A COMPOUND SENTENCE expresses two or more independent thoughts:

Sol ruit, et montes umbrantur, The sun descends, and the mountains are shaded. Virg.

346. In their USE, sentences are either Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, or Exclamatory.

I. A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE has the form of an asser

tion:

Miltiades accūsātus est, Miltiades was accused. Nep.

II. An INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE has the form of a question :

Quis non paupertatem extimescit, Who does not fear poverty? Cic. 1. INTERROGATIVE WORDS. - Interrogative sentences generally contain some interrogative word,—either an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or adverb, or one of the interrogative particles, ne, nonne, num :

1) Questions with ne ask for information: Scribitne, Is he writing? Ne is always thus appended to some other word.

2) Questions with nonne expect the answer yes: Nonne scribit, Is he not writing?

3) Questions with num expect the answer no: Num scribit, Is he writing? III. An IMPERATIVE SENTENCE has the form of a command, exhortation, or entreaty:

Justitiam cole, Cultivate justice. Cic.

IV. An EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE has the form of an exclamation:

Reliquit quos viros, What heroes he has left! Cic.

SECTION II.

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES.

347. The simple sentence in its most simple form consists of two distinct parts, expressed or implied:

1. The SUBJECT, or that of which it speaks.

2. The PREDICATE, or that which is said of the subject: Cluilius moritur, Cluilius dies. Liv.

Here Cluilius is the subject, and moritur the predicate.

348. The simple sentence in its most expanded form consists only of these same parts with their various modifiers:

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