the Duke of Wellington. Having declared for Dom Pedro in 1828, it was blockaded in 1832, which, for a long time, was an almost fatal blow to its active commerce.

Although an ancient town, there are few objects of antiquity to be seen. Oporto is simply a commercial city, and its chief dependence is on its very extensive wine trade. The famous red wine, called Port, which takes its name from this city, is largely produced in the adjoining district. It has also considerable commerce in oil, sugar, and oranges, with manufactures of silk, linen, hats, and numerous tanneries.

The houses are generally well built and whitewashed. On the summit of the surrounding hills, which encircle the city in the shape of an amphitheatre, are the very elegant houses and gardens of the principal merchants. The Cathedral is a fine building, dating back to the 12th century. It stands on a high hill, the site of an ancient castle, but contains little to repay a visit. In the sacristy there is a picture of the Virgin, said to be by Raphael.

To the southwest of the Cathedral stands the Episcopal Palace, whence there is a fine view.

Notice its magnificent staircase. The churches are numerous; that of San Francisco was erected in the 13th century, and is of considerable proportions. It was in the convent to which this church belonged that the fire broke out during the siege of 1832, and the supposition was that a plot had been formed to destroy all the Duke of Bragança's soldiers quartered in the different convents. This plot led to the suppression of all the religious orders.

The ascent of the Torre dos Clerigos should be made to obtain a view of the city. This is one of the highest towns in Portugal, being over two hundred feet above sea-level.

There are several good hospitals in the city. That of Da Misericordia, when finished, will be the largest in Europe. It is admirably conducted. In this building there is an Académie maintained at the expense of the state.

The Foundling Hospital receives from fifteen hundred to two thousand infants yearly. It is well managed; the mode of procedure is similar to that practiced in other establishments of the kind.

Near the hospital in the Campo dos Martyres is the Relacao, comprising both a Court of Justice and a Prison.

One of the handsomest buildings in Oporto is the Palacio da Bolsa, in which the great exhibition of 1861 was held. It is used for different purposes. The Crystal Palace of Oporto, used for the International Exhibition of 1865, is now occupied as a place of amusement, comprising museum, concert-rooms, picture-gallery, reading-rooms, billiard-rooms, restaurant, etc., with an elegant park and garden.

There are two clubs in Oporto, the Assemblea Portuense and the Club Portuense, where travelers are admitted on presentation by a member.

A visit should be made to the English Factory-house, close to the bishop's palace. This is a club-house, where guests are admitted on presentation by a member.

The Church of Cedofeita is a small edifice, erected in the 12th century. It will repay a visit to examine some fine Romanesque work.

The Church of Misericordia should be visited. In the sacristy is a large picture representing the foundation of the church, with the portraits of Dom Manoel and his family. In the square, in front of the church, is a sarcophagus containing the bones of the executed patriots.

A visit should be made to the very neat English church and cemetery. The church was commenced in 1817, and was the first permitted to be erected in the dominion of Portugal.

There is an admirable Public Library in Oporto, containing 100,000 volumes and numerous valuable manuscripts.

Among the other fine promenades, the gardens of Count Rezende, which are open on Sundays, are much resorted to.

Two miles and a half from Oporto is the bathing-place of San Joao da Foz, now reached by an American horse-railway. Here are numerous handsome villas, clubhouses, hotels, etc. The bathing is good

and the scene extremely lively. It was near this spot that the Oporto packet, bound for Lisbon, was wrecked in 1852, on which occasion sixty lives were lost.

A railway is now open from Oporto to the ancient city of Braga, the Braccara Augusta of the Romans. It is said to have been founded by the Carthaginian general Hamilcar, 200 B.C. It was the capital of the Suevi from 445 to 585, when it was captured by the Visigoths. It was one of the important towns during the early history of Portugal, and now contains 17,000 inhabitants. It is the principal town in the province of Douro-Minho (hotel, Estrella de Norte), is the see of an archbishop, and contains numerous Roman remains, an amphitheatre, aqueduct, etc. It has a fine Public Library, situated in the Campo St. Anna. There is also a good library in the archbishop's palace. The Cathedral is a small but very interesting building, the older portions dating from the 12th cent ury.

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In addition to the Church of Santa Cruz, near which stands the Hospital, an establishment that is admirably managed, is the pilgrimage church of Dom Jesus dos Nari gantes, which is situated on a high hill. The edifice itself is plain and simple; but commencing at the foot of the hill, and ascending to the top, are a series of chapels and fountains representing the various scenes in the life, death, and resurrection of the Saviour. The figures are made of wax, life-size. Here are the chapels of

the Ascension, Last Supper, etc., twelve in all.

There is a good diligence-road from Braga to Zamora, in Spain, via Chaves and Bragança, with delightful scenery.

There is a railway open from Oporto to Penafiel, a distance of twenty-four miles. This is a town of 3000 inhabitants, but contains nothing of importance.

The traveler, in returning from Oporto to Spain, leaves the line to Lisbon at the junction of Entroncamento.

ROUTE 115.-Paris to Copenhagen, via Cologne, Minden, Hanover, Luneburg. Hamburg, and Lubeck.

ROUTE 116.-Hamburg to Copenhagen, tia Kiel and Corsoer.

ROUTE 117.-Hamburg to Copenhagen, via Rendsborg, Slesvig, Flensborg, Vamdrup, Lunderskov Junction, Kolding, Fredericia, Strib, Odense, Nyborg, Corsoer, and Roeskilde.

ROUTE 118.-Hamburg to Copenhagen, via Rendsborg, Slesvig, Flensborg, Sonderborg, Svendborg, Corsoer, and Roeskilde.

ROUTE 119.-Copenhagen to Charlottenlund (Lyngby), Klampenburg, Vedback, Runsted, and Horsholm.

ROUTE 120.-Copenhagen to Lyngby, Elsinore, Gurre, Fredensborg, Frederiksborg, Frederiksvärk, Frederikssund, and Reskilde (Copenhagen).

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ROUTE 121. Hamburg to Frederikshavn, via Rensborg, Slesvig, Flensborg, Vamdrup, Lunderskov Junction, Kolding, Fredericia, Horsen, Skanderborg Junction (Silkeborg and Herning), Aarhuus Junction (Ryomgaard and Grenaae), Langaa Junction, Randers Junction (Ryomgaard and Grenaae), Hobrõe, Aalborg, and Hjörring. ROUTE 122.-Aarhuus to Viborg, Skive, Struer, Holstebroe, Ringkjōbing, Varde, Esbjerg (Island of Fanče), Bramminge Junction (Ribe), Lunderskov Junction, and Kolding.

ROUTE 123.-Skanderborg to Herning, ria Silkeborg.

ROUTE 124.-Copenhagen to Kallund borg, via Roeskilde, Holbek, and Jyderup. ROUTE 125.-Copenhagen to Kjöge, Nestred, Vordingborg, Isle of Moen, Masnedsund, Orehoved, Nykjöbing, Maribo (Bandkolm and Rodbye), and Nakskov.

ROUTE 126.-Copenhagen to Faxe and Podvig, via Kjöge and Haarlev.

ROUTE 127.-Copenhagen to Frederikssund by rail, via Ballerup.

ROUTE 128.-Odense to Svendborg, and the south of the Island of Fyen. ROUTE 129.-Copenhagen to the Island of Bornholm.

VOL. III.-N

GEOGRAPHY.

ROUTE 130.- Copenhagen to the Färöe Islands and Iceland, via the Orkney and Shetland Isles.

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION.

Geographical Notice, Census, Population and Religion, Revenue, Military and Produce Statistics, Colonial Possessions, History and Reigning Family, Scenery, Climate, Money, Weights and Measures, Modes of Conveyance, Accommodation, Passports, Custom-house, Guides, and Various Suggestions.

The continental portion of Denmark is bounded on the north by the channel of the Skager-rack, on the south by the duchy of Slesvig, on the west by the North Sea, and on the east by the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat. It covers an area of 22,874 square miles. The islands of the Danish archipelago, numbering about 200, add, however, largely to the extent of the kingdom, the largest among them being Zealand, Fyen, Lolland, Falster, and Bornholm, the latter off the south-east coast of Sweden. All these cover, with Greenland, Iceland, the Färöe Isles, and the Danish possessions in the Antilles (the islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John), an additional area of 141,025 square miles. The surface of continental Denmark, forming part of the great European plain, is almost entirely level, the greatest elevation not exceeding 600 feet; the coasts are low, and are in many places protected from the inundations of the sea by means of dikes, as in Holland. The rivers are inconsiderable in size, the Gudenaa, in the northern part of Jutland, being the longest (90 miles). The Eider forms the boundary between Slesvig and Holstein, and is navigable from Rendsborg to the North Sea for craft of moderate dimensions: a canal from Rendsborg to Kiel connects it with the Baltic. The Trave, in the south, joins the Baltic near Lubeck. The soil is in many places marshy, owing to the numerous lakes and salt-water lagoons,

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the latter along the coast, the former both on the main-land and in the islands.

The principal islands of the Danish archipelago, belonging to Denmark, are, as already said, Zealand (on which Copenhagen is situated), Fyen, Alsen, Langeland, Aaland, Falster, Möen, Femern, Bornholm, and many others of smaller size. The inhabitants of these islands are principally engaged in the fisheries, which supply them with a large portion of their food.

The soil is generally fertile, and, though good pasture-ground may be said to be wanting, the inhabitants, besides providing abundantly for themselves, supply the neighboring countries to a large extent with cattle and corn, every acre of ground being turned to some account.

There are very few forests in Denmark, and consequently hardly any of the larger wild animals abound; the woods were formerly extensive, but they have been gradually cut down, until now there remain but a few on the eastern coasts of Jutland. Here the wild-boar is occasionally met; also the stag and fallow-deer; while foxes, martens, and polecats exist in great numbers.

The entire population of Denmark numbered, in 1878, 1,910,000; of these 1,769,583 profess the Lutheran religion; Reformed, 1433;. Catholics, 1857; Baptists, 3223; and the remainder are divided among the Jews, Greeks, Methodists, Anabaptists, Quakers, and Irvingians, including 2128 Mormons, and 205 of uncertain creed."

The entire national debt of Denmark amounted, in 1877, to 46,004,839 rix-dollars. The government receipts from March, 1876, to March, 1877, amounted to 24,042,976 rix-dollars, and the expenditures to 23,347,530 rix-dollars, making a decrease in the national debt of 695,440 rix-dollars for that year.

The army is raised by conscription, the plan being somewhat similar to the one adopted in Prussia. The service is entered at the age of twenty-two, and lasts for sixteen years in the line and reserve. On a war footing, the Danish army comprises but 48,982 men. The fleet is composed of 34 vessels of 26,650 horse-power and mounting 243 cannon; of these five are iron-clads. The merchant fleet (steam and sail) numbers 3200 vessels (over 4 tons) of 250,643

tons.

Corn, cattle, and dairy produce are the staple exports of Denmark, which is essentially an agricultural country. For the last few years the average export of corn has been about 1,500,000 quarters; that of cattle, 53,000 horned cattle, 18,000 sheep, and 50,000 swine. In all but alimentary produce the imports greatly exceed the exports. The Danish horses are also largely exported, being much sought for on the Continent on account of their strength and endurance.

Of the Danish Colonial Possessions, Iceland has a population of 71,300, and covers an area of 40,000 square miles; the Färöe Islands, of which 17 are inhabited (35 in all) have a population of 7000; Greenland, nearly as large as Iceland, has 9473 inhabitants, of which the majority are women; the Antilles contain in all 37,600 inhabitants.

History. In the earliest historic times Denmark comprised Jutland, including the duchy of Slesvig, the Danish Islands, and the southern part of Sweden. Christianity was not introduced into the kingdom until the year 826, before which period the inhabitants all engaged in the worship of Odin, from whom their princes were supposed to be descended. These princes were called Skioldungiens, from Skiold, the first of the line. From the beginning of the eighth century the Danes as well as the Norwegians engaged extensively in piracy, and their incursions are often mentioned in history, where the marauders frequently bear the name of Northmen. They attempted to succor the Saxons in their wars with Charlemagne, but were defeated and obliged to sue for peace in 803, when the River Eider was declared the boundary between Denmark and Germany, and remained such until 1864, when Denmark was forced to surrender the duchy of Slesvig to the German Empire. During the war with Charlemagne, a line of defences was constructed by the Danish king from the Eider to the Baltic. This was extended in the tenth century into the famous Danevirke by Thyra, wife of King Gorm, who went by the name of Danabod, or Danes' joy.

In their frequent incursions, the Danes ravaged the coasts of the Carlovingian empire, of Spain, and, above all, of Great Britain. Twice nearly the whole of En

gland was conquered by them: once in 878, during the time of Alfred the Great, who soon took from them the greater part of their conquests; and again under Canute the Great in 1015, after the death of Edmund Ironsides. It was during the reign of Canute that Christianity became thoroughly established in Denmark. Although the Danes did not participate in the Crusades, they made expeditions for the establishment of Christianity into the provinces east and south of the Baltic. On one of these occasions, during a battle near Revel, when they were pressed and almost overcome by enemies, they were rallied by the appearance of a scarlet banner bearing a white cross, which, according to their belief, fell down from heaven, but which was in reality sent by the pope. Since that time (1219) this banner, called the Danebrog, has been the national emblem, superseding the figure of the raven used by the Danish kings up to that period.

The empire of Canute, consisting of Denmark and Norway, with territories along the shores of the Baltic, also of England and part of Scotland, was broken up, and Denmark was distracted by intestine feuds until the reign of Queen Margaret, daughter of Waldemar IV., when the crowns of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were united by the Union of Calmar (1397). This union, however, existed but nominally; and, after being several times ruptured, was finally broken in 1523. In 1448, after the death of Christopher of Bavaria, Christian I., the first of the house of Oldenburg, which still reigns in Denmark, was elected to the throne. During his reign the duchy of Holstein was attached to the kingdom. Under Christian IV., Denmark took an unfortunate part in the Thirty Years' War, and lost many of its provinces. This monarch did much, however, toward the improvement of the country, and left many lasting monuments in the numerous handsome buildings which he caused to be erected, notably the castles of Frederiksborg and Rosenborg. The power of the nobility, however, was so great as to paralyze all the efforts of the king; but this was overthrown by a popular insurrection during the reign of his son, Frederick III., in 1665, when their want of patriotism had occasioned the loss of the provinces east of the Sound, which were conquered by

Charles X. of Sweden, to which kingdom they have ever since belonged. From 1665 to 1848 Denmark remained an absolute hereditary monarchy, and during that period greatly increased in commerce and prosperity. This happy state was but twice interrupted by wars with England, in 1802 and 1807. During the latter period Copenhagen was severely bombarded by English vessels, and the Danish fleet was captured and carried away to England. Having been drawn against her will into the wars which agitated Europe, Denmark was obliged in 1814 to cede Norway to Sweden, while in 1816 she gained the duchy of Lauenburg, ceded to her by Prussia. In 1849 Frederick VII. granted a parliamentary constitution to the kingdom; a Diet was formed composed of two assemblies-the Folkething, corresponding to the English House of Commons; and the Lands-thing, or House of Lords. Frederick VII. being the last of the direct descendants of Christian I. in the eldest branch of the house of Oldenburg, with the exception of a childless uncle, the question of the succession caused great commotion throughout the kingdom, and gave a pretext for the duchies of Slesvig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to separate themselves from Denmark. A war of three years ensued with Prussia, which terminated, in the year 1852, in the defeat of the latter; and by the Treaty of London, May 8th, the succession was assured, after the extinction of the house of Oldenburg, to Christian of Sonderburg-Glücksburg. Nevertheless, at the death of Frederick VII., Germany reclaimed the independence of the duchies, and caused a new war, this time disastrous to Denmark, who, by the treaty signed the 30th of October, 1864, resigned the duchies of Slesvig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.

Reigning Family.-Christian IX., King of Denmark; born April 8th, 1818; son of Frederick William Paul Leopold, Duke of Slesvig-Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg, and of Louisa Caroline, Princess of Hesse; ascended the throne November 16th, 1863, and married May 26th, 1842.

Queen Louise Wilhelmine Frederica Caroline Augusta Julia, Princess of HesseCassel, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel.

Children-1. Prince - Royal Christian Frederick William Charles; born June 3d,