Mutterberger Alp (inn), the last place in the valley, whence different and difficult ascents of various peaks may be made. The Mutterberger Pass, or Joch (9892 feet), is reached in four hours from here, thence seven hours to Tiefenthal Ferner, and Mutboden; this last is hard work.) Fend, in the Oetzthal; see beginning of this route.] [The Kaunthal, or Kaun Valley, strikes into the Oetzthal district at Prutz, eight Gries, whence Lengenfeld is reached in miles from Landeck, and is the most westone hour. Lengenfeld, in the Oetzthal. (Described in the beginning of this route.)] [The Pitzthal, or Valley, can be entered either at the orth or south end; it can be traversed from Imst (its point of entrance on the Inn Valley road) to Mittelberg, at its southern extremity, in 11 hours. It is a narrow valley, inclosed by high mountain walls, but in easy communication, through passes, with the Oetz Valley on the east, and the Kaun Valley on the west. Passing Wald, Wenns, Jenzens, Grübel, and Harlach, with other intermediate hamlets of little note, we reach St. Leonards, seven and a half hours from Imst, three from Plangeros, and four from Mittelberg. From Trenkwald there is communication with Huben in the Oetzthal, and Feuchten in the Kaunthal. Plangeros, ten and a half hours from Imst. One hour more and we reach Mittelberg, the last hamlet in the valley. (Fend, in the Oetzthal, may be reached from here in nine hours, via Mittelberg Glacier, 1184 erly of all these valleys. The valley is about twenty miles in length, and can be traversed from Prutz to See, the last village, in about five and a half hours. There is some very fine scenery. Leaving Prutz, in half an hour we arrive at Kauns (whence Wenns in the Pitzthal can be reached in five hours by the Piller Pass.) Passing Schloss Berneck, in one hour and a half Kaltenbrunn is reached; there is an inn here. (St. Leonards, in the Pitzthal, may be reached from here over the Kaltenbrunner Alp.) Another hour and a half and we reach Feuchten, where there are two very fine waterfalls, the Gsöllbach, similar to the Giessbach, and the Brunigbach. (Six hours hence to Trenkwald in the Pitzthal by a pass between the Sonnenkogel and the Schwabenkogel.) Two hours from Feuchten is See, the last place in the valley. Guides can be here procured for excursions in any direction, such as the Gabatsch Alp, Mittelberg in the Pitzthal, Rofen in the Fender. thal, etc.; the last-named is comparatively easy.] HISTORY. [SPAIN.] HISTORY. SPAIN, which constitutes nearly the whole Rearing sheep seems to be the principal of the southwestern peninsula of Europe occupation of the natives. The flocks (Portugal being confined to one fifth of the spend their winters in the comparatively whole), extends nearly six hundred miles mild plains of Estremadura, and in the from north to south; it contains 180,000 summer ascend the higher steppes of Leon square miles, and is only one tenth smaller and the Castiles. The sunny province of than France, and twice the size of Great Andalusia occupies the whole of the south Britain and Ireland. It is divided into three of Spain. Here the noble Moor made his distinct regions: the south and southeast last and desperate struggle. This favored warm and fertile, the productions being region, supposed by the Moors to have those of the temperate and tropical zones; dropped from heaven, has been the theme the central consisting of elevated plains, of poets from time immemorial. Here rich but scantily watered; the northern covered groves of orange and lemon trees adorn the chiefly with mountain ranges, high, broken, valleys. The cultivation of the sugar-cane, and rugged; each region being provided the vine, the fig, and the olive is extensive, by nature with outlets to convey its pro- while the warm and fructifying plains deductions to any quarter of the globe. In velop the myrtle, the mulberry, and the addition to these, the numerous railroads laurel. Its mountains, being covered with netting the whole kingdom, which are now perpetual snow, supply sufficient moisture nearly completed, will fully develop this for the soil of the valleys, as the hotter the formerly isolated country, rich in every season the greater the melting. The namineral and vegetable which any territory tives of Andalusia resemble in a great is capable of producing. The variety and measure the Moors, who formerly occupied richness of the mines of silver, quicksilver, their country: they certainly have their lead, copper, and iron are truly astonish- hospitable and intellectual, if not their ining. Although Spain is now divided into dustrial, qualities. forty-nine provinces, it is better known to travelers under its old divisions, some of which were formerly separate kingdoms, and are still inhabited by separate races, whose dialect, manners, and pursuits are entirely different. The northern provinces, which we first enter from France, are Galicia, Asturias, and Biscay at the The principal productions are wines, west, and Navarre, Catalonia, and Aragon brandies, wool, silk, quicksilver, lead, salt, at the east. These have a temperate and skins, and olive-oil. The imports are sugvariable climate, similar to the middle lati-ar, coffee, salt fish, staves (which come tudes of Europe. The natives are hardy, bold, and industrious. The mountains are clothed with splendid forests of oak and The government of Spain is an hereditchestnut, while the valleys, well watered, ary and limited monarchy, the legislative produce abundant harvests of corn. The power being vested in the sovereign and middle provinces are Leon and Estrema- Cortes, the latter consisting of a Senate and dura at the west, the latter bordering on House of Representatives. The members Portugal; Castile, Old and New, in the cen- of the Senate are appointed by the crown, tre; and Valencia and Murcia at the east. and hold their office during life. The repThese provinces, being high and unshel-resentatives are elected by electoral juntas, tered, are subject to great changes; they are but scantily watered, and the summer's sun almost destroys the vegetation, while the winter's piercing blasts sweep over these high plateaus with fearful violence. The population of Spain is variously estimated. From recent conversations with gentlemen in office at Madrid, we are inclined to set it at not less than seventeen millions. It has been rapidly increasing in the northern and southern provinces during the last ten years. principally from the United States), and a variety of manufactured articles. one member for every fifty thousand population. They have full freedom of speech and vote, and are elected for a term of five years; but the sovereign may dissolve this house at pleasure. The privilege of voting is dependent on a certain scale of annual taxation, which scale is reduced one half in favor of professional persons, such as doctors of law or medicine, architects, painters, sculptors, and persons serving the state in any capacity, or officers on half pay. Bankrupts and persons convicted of penal offenses are deprived of the right of franchise. Military service is obligatory, and comprises eight years-four in active service, and four in the army of the reserve; one can, however, purchase his exemption for $400. The army has recently been reduced to a peace footing of 100,000 men (the cadres of the former army being preserved)-viz.: 69,492 infantry, 16,130 cavalry, 10,232 artillery, and 4146 engineers. The total number of vessels of all classes in the navy in 1878 was 131, of 23,267 horse-power, carrying 746 guns, 14,000 sailors, and 5500 marines. The officers comprise 1 admiral, 8 vice-admirals, 26 rear-admirals, 87 captains, and 250 midshipmen. The finances of Spain are improving, the receipts for 1877-78 amounting to $183,967,161, and expenses $183,943,796. The public debt is $1,486,729,307. The commerce of Spain amounts toimports, $66,600,000; exports, $75,600,000. The population of Spain and her several colonies in 1870 was: Spain, 16,835,506; Cuba, 1,400,000; Porto Rico, 625,000; Philippines, 6,000,000; Carolines, 18,800; Palaos, 10,000; Mariannes, 8000— total, 24,897,306. The principal productions of these colonies are sugar and tobacco, two thirds of the former being exported to the United States. The United States also import largely both sugar and hemp from the Philippines. The first inhabitants of Spain, whose origin is unknown, were the Iberians. After them came the Celts, from Gaul, who inhabited the northern and western provinces. These were succeeded by the Phoenicians; then the Greeks and Carthaginians. These last were conquered by the Romans B.C. 227, by whom the country was held until conquered by the Goths, A.D. 410. The Romans, however, still claimed part of Spain until A.D. 484. Four Gothic kings reigned up to Eurico, the first king of the Visigothic domination, At the death of the latter the kingdom was divided among the following six kings: Sancho III. of Castile... 1158 Enrique I. of Castile.. 1188 Alfonso IX. of Leon .. 1230 Fernando III, King of Castile and Leon... 1252 The Kingdom of Navarre existed from 980 to 1512, and that of Aragon from 1035 to 1479, in which year Fernando of Aragon united both kingdoms to Castile. The Moors ruled in a portion of Spain from 711 to 1492. From the year 1226 to 1492 their domination was reduced to the Kingdom of Gra [Fernando conquered Jaen, Seville, and Cor- nada, when they were driven out by Fernando dova] and Isabel. The present ruler, Alfonso XII. Francisco d'Assisi Fernando Pio Juan Maria de la Concepcion Gregorio, was born November 28, 1857, and proclaimed King of Spain December 30, 1874. Married, January 23, 1878, to Maria de las Mercedes, third daughter of the Duke of Montpensier, born at Madrid June 24, 1860; died July, 1878. Married again to the Archduchess. Christina of Austria November 29, 1879. Daughter-Maria de las Mercedes- Isabelle, Princess of the Asturias; born September 12, 1880. 1. [Married Isabel in 1479, and united his kingdom to that of Castile. It was during this reign that Columbus discovered America, embarking at the port of Palos, in Andalusia, August 3, 1492. It was also during the reign of Fernando and Isabel-in the year 1492-that the Moorish rule in Spain ceased by the conquest of Granada. Ferdinand took possession of the Kingdom of Navarre in 1512, after which time it became in- 2. corporated with Castile. The West Indies, being discovered by Columbus in 1492, became colonies of this kingdom during this reign.] Charles I. of Austria, grandson of Fernando..... 1556 The king's sisters are Infanta María Isabel Francisca d'Assisi Cris- Infanta María del Pilar Berenguela Isabel 4. Infanta Maria Eulalia Francisca d'Assisi Mar- The king's mother and father areMaría Isabel II.; born October 10, 1830. Suc ceeded, under the tutelage of her mother, Queen Christina, her father, King Ferdinand VII., September 29, 1833, in accordance with the order of succession confirmed by decree of March 29, 1830. Proclaimed queen, at Madrid, October 2, 1833. Declared of age by the Cortes, November 8, 1843. In 1868, in consequence of the Revolution, she left Spain, and was declared dethroned the same day by the Provisional Government. She protested, at l'au, in France, against the new state of affairs, but afterward renounced all pretensions to the throne in favor of her son Alfonso, Prince of the Asturias, now reigning. She was married October 10, 1846, to her first cousin. Francisco d'Assisi Maria Fernando, Infante of Spain, born May 13, 1822, eldest son of Francisco de Paulo. Proclaimed king October 10, 1846. Both Isabel and Francisco d'Assisi at present (1879) reside at Paris. Queen Cristina, mother of Isabel, died at Ilavre in 1878. There are ten universities in Spain, viz., | their holiday clothes, for there is no way of Valladolid, Madrid, Toledo, Seville, Sara- showing gallantry so much approved among gossa, Valencia, Santiago, Salamanca, Ovi- the lower orders as treating to a bull-tight; edo, and Granada, and some 25,000 schools. and when this is carried so far as to include Education is very decidedly on the in- a drive in a red and gilded cabriolet, the peasant need sigh no longer. crease. "I had been able to secure a place in The history of Spanish literature commences at the beginning of the 12th cent-one of the best boxes. The spectacle was ury. Previous to that time writers used the bad Latin of the period. The Spanish language is derived direct from the Latin, to which have been added numerous words from the different nationalities which have at various times occupied the Peninsula. For particulars of the history of Spanish Literature, see the admirable work of George Ticknor. The great amusement of the Spanish people, in addition to music and dancing, is the bull-fight. In almost every town in Spain may be seen the bull-ring, which, during the season (summer), is thronged with spectators of every age and sex. most imposing; the whole amphitheatre, said to contain 17,000 persons, was filled in every part, round and round, and from the ground to the ceiling, carrying the imagination back to antiquity, and to the butcheries of a Roman holiday. The arena is about 230 feet in diameter; this is surrounded by a strong wooden fence about six feet in height, the upper half retiring about a foot, so as to leave in the middle of the fence a stepping-place, by which the men may be able, in time of danger, to throw themselves out of the arena. Behind this fence there is an open space about nine feet wide, extending all the way round, meant as a retreat, and where also the men in reserve are in waiting, in case their companions should be killed or disabled. Behind this space is another higher and stronger fence, bounding the amphitheatre, for the spectators. From this fence Mr. Inglis's account being one of the the seats decline backward, rising to the most graphic, we take the privilege of here outer wall, and above these there are boxinserting it: "The bull-fight is the nation-es, which are all roofed, and are, of course, al game of Spain, and the love of the Span-open in front. The best places in the boxiards for this spectacle is almost beyond es cost about 4s.; the best in the amphibelief. Monday, in Madrid, is always, dur-theatre below, about 2s. 6d. ; the commoning the season of the bull-fights, a kind of holiday everybody looks forward to the enjoyment of the afternoon, and all the conversation is about los toros. Frequency of repetition makes no difference to the true amateur of the bull-fight; he is never weary of it; at all times he finds leisure and money to dedicate to his favorite pastime. The spectacle is generally announced in the name of his majesty. It begins at four o'clock, and before then all the avenues leading toward the gate of Alcala are in commotion; the Calle de Alcala, in particular, throughout its whole immense extent, is filled with a dense crowd, of all ranks and conditions, pouring toward the gate. A considerable number of carriages are also seen-even the royal carriages; but these arrive late; and there are also many hack cabriolets, their usual burden being a peasant and two girls dressed in est place, next to the arena, costs 4 reals. In the centre of the west side is the king's box, and scattered here and there are the private boxes of the grandees and amateurs. In the boxes I saw as many women as men, and in the lower parts the female spectators were also sufficiently numerous. All wore mantillas; and in the lower parts of the amphitheatre, which were exposed to the sun, every spectator, whether man or woman, carried a large circular paper fan, made for the occasion, and sold by men who walk round the arena before the fight begins, raising among the spectators their long poles with fans suspended, and a little bag fixed here and there, into which the purchaser drops his four cuartos (14d.). "The people now began to show their impatience, and shouts of 'El toro' were heard in a hundred quarters, and soon aft |