the officers had gathered together in one house, where they were safe, and from whence they were sent in their own carriages with a flag of truce to Pamplona. Poodles, parrots, and monkeys, were among the prisoners. Seldom has such a scene of confusion been witnessed as that which the roads leading from the field of battle presented; brokendown waggons, stocked with claret and champagne, others laden with eatables dressed and undressed, casks of brandy, apparel of every kind, barrels of money, books, papers, sheep, cattle, horses, and mules, abandoned in the flight. The baggage was presently rifled, and the followers of the camp attired themselves in the gala-dresses of the flying enemy. Portuguese boys figured about in the dress-coats of French general officers; and they who happened to draw a woman's wardrobe in the lottery, converted silks, satins, and embroidered muslins into scarfs and sashes for their masquerade triumph. Some of the more fortunate soldiers got possession of the army chest, and loaded themselves with money. The camp of every division was like a fair, benches were laid from waggon to waggon, and there the soldiers held an auction through the night, and disposed of such plunder as had fallen to their share, to any one who would purchase it.' "The soldiers of the army," said Lord Wellington, "have got among them about a million sterling in money, with the exception of about 100,000 dollars which were got for the military chest." Among the innumerable trophies of the field was the baton or marshal's staff of Jourdan. Lord Wellington sent it to the Prince Regent, who gave him in return the baton of a field-marshal of Great Britain. Of arms and materials of war there were taken 151 pieces of brass ordnance, 415 caissons, more than 14,000 round of ammunition, nearly 2,000,000 of musket ball-cartridges, 40,668 lbs. of gunpowder, 56 forage-waggons, and 44 forgewaggons. When the battle began, the numerical strength of the two armies was about equal. But on the side of the allies, the Spaniards, though they behaved better than they had hitherto done, were not to be compared with the French soldiery. The French had in many actions made greater slaughter of a Spanish army; but they had never, in any one instance, reduced an army, even of raw volunteers, to such a state of total wreck, They saved themselves from

destruction or from captivity, by abandoning the whole matériel of the army, and by running like a mob. Only about 1,000 of them were taken, for, lightened of their usual burthens, they ran with wonderful alacrity; the country was too much intersected with canals and ditches for our cavalry to act with effect in pursuit; and our infantry, who moved in military order, could not be expected to keep up with a rout of fugitives. Moreover-as Wellington deeply regretted -the spoils of the field occupied and detained his troops; and the money, the wine, and the other luxuries they obtained induced some degree of sluggishness. This has happened in all similar cases. And there still remains to be added, that the troops, in their long march from the Portuguese frontier, had worn out their shoes, and were, in good part, barefooted; while, owing to the slowness with which his supplies had been sent up, Wellington had no new shoes to give them.

The French acknowledged a loss, in killed and wounded, of 8,000 men; but their loss was unquestionably much greater. The total loss of the allies was 740 killed, and 4,174 wounded. Lord Wellington was liberal and even enthusiastic in his praise of all engaged-of officers and men. He particularly acknowledged his obligations to Generals Graham and Hill, General Morillo, and General the Honourable W. Stewart, Generals the Earl of Dalhousie, Sir Thomas Picton, Sir Lowry Cole; to his Quartermaster-General, Sir George Murray, who had again given the greatest assistance; to Lord Aylmer, the deputy adjutant-general; and to many others, including Sir Richard Fletcher and the officers of the Royal Engineers. All the more scientific parts of the army had indeed been vastly improved since the time when Wellington first took the command of our forces in the Peninsula; and the department of the quartermaster-general, upon which so much depends, and the service of the Engineers, had been brought from a very defective to an all but perfect condition, by Sir George Murray, Aylmer, Fletcher, and other able and painstaking men. Wellington also mentioned in his despatch that his serene highness the hereditary Prince of Orange (afterwards King of Holland) was in the field as his aide-de-camp, and conducted himself with his usual gallantry and intelligence.

The news of this decisive battle of Vittoria gave strength,

spirit, and union, to the allied armies acting against Bonaparte in Germany, dissipated the last misgivings and indecisions of Austria, broke up the congress assembled at Prague, in Bohemia, which before would have treated with the French, and have left them in possession of many of their conquests; and it gave to the voice of the British Government and its envoys a vast increase of consideration and influence. Without this battle of Vittoria and its glorious results in June, there would have been no battle of Leipzig in October.

King Joseph hardly once looked back until he had reached the strong walls of Pamplona, in Navarre, among lofty mountains, the offshoots of the Pyrenean chain.

CAMPAIGN OF 1813 (Continued).

THE battle of Vittoria gave Joseph Bonaparte his passport out of Spain. "The whole plunder of Spain was disgorged in a moment; and he who had passed the Pyrenees as a monarch, recrossed them as a fugitive."

Sir Thomas Graham continued to push the enemy along the road, to Bayonne, beating them from every position in which they attempted to make a stand. In this cheering chase the Spaniards plucked up heart. The enemy were driven across the Bidassao, the boundary river between Spain and France, by a brigade of the Gallician army under General Castaños. By the 30th of June the garrison of Passages, a post with a harbour of considerable importance, surrendered to the Spanish general Longa, and St. Sebastian was blockaded by a detachment of Spanish troops.

In retiring from the Ebro the French had left a garrison in Pancorbo. Against this place Lord Wellington detached the Spanish reserve under the Count de Bisbal, who, on the first of July, forced the castle to capitulate, and made all the garrison prisoners.

After a very short stay in Pamplona, Joseph had withdrawn his wings from the Spanish territory, leaving three divisions of his centre, under General Gazan, in the Pyrenean valley of El Bastan, a fertile and very defensible country. But Wellington sent Sir Rowland Hill in one direction, and Lord Dalhousie in another, to fall upon Gazan; and, after a few skilful manoeuvres and brilliant attacks, the French, driven from every post, were compelled to evacuate that district, and to seek safety in their own country, on the other side the Pyrenees.

The day after our great victory, General Clausel, ignorant of what had happened, advanced to Vittoria, which he found Captain Hamilton, Annals.

occupied by General Pakenham's division. Informed, now, of the dismal catastrophe which had befallen Joseph and Marshal Jourdan, Clausel instantly retreated on Logrono, where he remained several days in a state of bewilderment. Finding that Lord Wellington had completely barred his direct road to France, he now fell back upon Saragosa, by forced marches, and from that city he fled to the mountain pass of Jaca. Clausel entered France on the 2nd of July, but he had been compelled to leave his artillery behind him, and his heavy baggage and some hundreds of his people were captured by the famed guerilla chief Mina, who had hotly pursued him from Logrono to Saragosa, and from Saragosa to the borders of France.

Thus with the exception of the garrisons of Pamplona and St. Sebastian, the French had now entirely cleared out of Spain. Pamplona was placed under blockade by a corps of Spaniards. St. Sebastian was invested forthwith; and Sir Thomas Graham, with the first and fifth divisions of our army, was left to prosecute the siege.

After almost incredible exertions, and vexations and delays arising from want of provisions, want of military stores, and want of money, Lord Wellington fixed his head-quarters at Ostiz, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and began to divide and dispose his troops so as to secure the passes of those mountains and the roads leading from France. This was no easy operation, for the mountain range to be guarded was not less than sixty English miles in length, the practicable passes were not two or three, but six or eight, and there were other rough roads or paths across the Pyrenees, and running between or turning the greater passes, which might be traversed by an enemy so light and active and so accustomed to mountain warfare as the French. Lord Wellington estimated all the passes, good and bad, at not less than seventy. It should seem as if the government at home fancied that he might defend the Pyrenees as he had done the heights of Torres Vedras, without allowing the French to penetrate anywhere; but he showed them beforehand that this was impossible. A change was now indeed about to take place in the character of the contest. It had already Letter to the Earl of Liverpool, date Lezaca, 25th July, in Despatches.