to render it more valuable to herself, Austria pursued an opposite policy. She destroyed the University of Cracow, and the superior schools through the country; she drained Gallicia of her men and her produce, and impoverished the country by her outrageous exactions. Ainsi la noblesse de cette province, une des plus riches de la Pologne, n'a-t-elle pu encore se relever de la misère ou l'ont plongée les exactions du gouvernement.' Her Polish possessions have been, and are a constant subject of uneasiness to Austria; she was glad to consent to their being annexed to Poland proper, which arrangement made a secret article of her treaty with Napoleon before he set off for Moscow; and she was to have had an offset in Illyria. During the last struggle, Gallicia was kept quiet only by the greatest efforts on the part of Austria; but all her efforts availed not to prevent the young and daring from crossing the frontier. Those who could not go themselves sent aid in money, and whole regiments were equipped and supported by the Poles of Austria.

A most interesting document, which has lately appeared in Gallicia, will show us the state of feeling there, at the same time that it sets forth the kind of treatment the Poles are at this moment receiving from Russia. Austria allows a sort of provincial government to Gallicia, which is administered by a body called the Deputation of the States of Gallicia, but which is so limited in power, that it is but a mockery to call it a representation of the people. However, it has lately been so far aroused by the cruelties of the Russians to their brethren since the last revolution, that it addressed a remonstrance to the emperor of Austria, in which it says,

"You have deigned, Sire, to afford an asylum to those of our countrymen, who sought refuge in this Province; you have felt pity for their sufferings; your intercession with the Emperor of Russia in their behalf, obtained for them a full amnesty.'

'Promises of peace and forgiveness were sent unto them. Proclaimed by your commissioners, these promises were believed by the unfortunate refugees. But scarcely had they begun to regain their devastated homes, and to collect their scattered families; a special deputation had scarcely carried to St. Petersburg thanks extorted by terror, when an ukase, dated on the first of May, was suddenly issued, compelling all those who were pardoned to enter the Russian military service, if the name of service can be given to an exile worse than death. Hidden during fifteen years

in the steppes of Asia, confounded in Siberia in the ranks of a barbarous soldiery,-separated from all that can attach them to life, -exposed to the most humiliating punishments, these unhappy men will never again see their country, nor even Europe. The groans of our expiring brethren will be lost among the rocks of Caucasus, and in the deserts of Tartary,-groans of despair, at witnessing your Majesty's humane intentions, and generous wishes, so cruelly disappointed.

'But it is not enough, that, under pretext of crime, there has been torn from some more than death itself could rob them of; that they are deprived of their names, and numbered as cattle; that their heads are shaved, and that they are chained to long iron bars, in order to be conducted to the pestiferous mines of Siberia, or to the icy regions of Kamtchatka; it is not enough, that, in contempt of the amnesty granted,-in contempt of the solemn promises given to the Poles, that they should never be carried beyond the frontiers of Europe, they were shamefully transported in whole masses into Asia, under pretext of Russian military service. It is not enough, that a complete annihilation awaits the whole of the present race; an implacable spirit of vengeance, exercised even against the youngest of the rising generation, aims at its total extermination. Infants, requiring all the tender care of their mothers, are, under a pretended solicitude, torn from their arms, and carried away far to the North, there to be brought up in a new language, and under a foreign religion and foreign customs. Human nature recoils at these details, which have been proved by incontestible evidence. Mothers too, driven to desperation by the atrocities they have witnessed, have been seen to plunge poniards into the bosoms of their own children.'

Were space left us, we might show that Volhynia and Podolia partake largely with Lithuania and Gallicia in their patriotic attachment to Old Poland. We shall content ourselves with quoting the words of a generous Volhynian, who writes thus.

'L'insurrection de la Volhynie, de la Podolie, et de l'Ukraine, sera peu celébre dans les annales de la strategie; mais elle sera certainement consacrée dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Des obstacles nombreux et presque insurmontables semblaient devoir s'opposer à cette revolution. Cependant malgré un esclavage de tant d'années; malgré les tentatives faites pour exciter les laboreurs à separer leur cause de celle des proprietaires; malgré la precaution qu'on avait prise d'enlever aux citoyens leurs armes, il

fut impossible de comprimer l'elan de l'indignation genéreuse, de l'amour d'affranchissement, qui embrasait rapidement les cœurs Polonaises. A la nouvelle que l'aigle blanc venait de reprendre son vol sur la Vistule, la jeunesse s'empressa de rompre ses etudes, les laboreurs d'abandonner leurs travaux ; tous les habitans saisirent le glaive, lequel, serré jusqu'alors, attendait l'heure de la vengeance et de la liberté.'

Who, that reflects on the warmth of this feeling, and on the sacrifices which it has induced Poles in all ages to make, can believe that they would hesitate a moment about making common cause against their spoilers, were there a rational hope of success; and who that knows Europe can deny, that there is every appearance of a general breaking up of the present system? If this be so, we have proved our third position, that there is yet a hope left for Poland; there is yet a probability, that she may one day hold a high and respectable rank among the nations of the earth.

Long and tedious as we fear we have made this article, we cannot close it without touching on the unhappy state of those Poles who were driven from their country, on account of their participation in the late struggle. We allude not to those who languish in Russian dungeons,-nor to those who are driven in hordes, with shaven heads and fettered arms, towards the mines of Siberia ;—for it makes the heart sick to think that our fellow-men can be guilty of such atrocities, and that their victims are far beyond human aid, or even the reach of human sympathy;-but we allude to those of Poland's bravest and best, who are living, unhappy and persecuted exiles, in the different countries of Christian Europe.

We have stated that, after the fall of Warsaw, most of the distinguished patriots of Poland followed the army to the frontier, and went into voluntary exile. They dispersed themselves in Prussia, Austria, and the German States; and more than five thousand of them wandered as far as France. They are now mourning there over the loss of their country, their homes, their wives, and their children; and though they have the sympathy of the French people, they are most shamefully persecuted by the Government. Their situation has become so irksome, France has so far demeaned herself in order to please the Holy Allies, as to alarm the exiles for their future situation, and make them think seriously of leaving Europe forever. Their Committee, who may be considered as the representa

tives of Poland, have addressed themselves to the President of the United States, to know how far our Government would favor their removal to this country, en masse; and no notice having been taken of the application, they have lately addressed the inhabitants of the country at large, demanding whether there is a corner in our wide land, where the broken soldier and the worn-out patriot may toil in peace for their daily bread. We blush for our country to say, that not only no notice has been taken of these appeals to our humanity, but that they have not been generally republished in the newspapers. This ought not so to be ;-this would not be, we are certain, if the people were aware of the unhappy situation of these applicants. Unfortunately, an impression prevails that we can do nothing for Poland, and the subject is laid aside. But we have our duties to God, and to ourselves, and we ought to make an effort to fulfil them, be the prospect of their utility ever so faint. If the people would but speak out their will, the Government would act in a manly and Christian, and not in a diplomatic manner; it would do something for the honor of the age, for the character of the human race, by proclaiming its detestation of the atrocities of another Government towards suffering millions. It would record, in the page of history, its solemn protest against them, by stretching out a helping hand to the persecuted victim of despotism, and receiving the homeless exile. There are times and cases, when the ordinary rules of diplomacy and international courtesy should be disregarded, and when all other considerations should yield to the claims of outraged humanity.

But, at least, let not the people of this country be outdone by those of England, in efforts for the Poles. The friends of humanity in London have formed themselves into a society called the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland;' the object of which is, to keep up the public interest in the fate of that country, and add to that force of public opinion, which is every day becoming more and more formidable to despots. The good effects of this society, which is presided over by the generous Campbell, have already become evident. We have before us the first number of a monthly periodical, published by them, under the title of ' Polonia, or Monthly Report on Polish Affairs;' which, while it almost freezes us with horror at the detail of the barbarities now committed in Poland, says, nevertheless, one extenuating word for human nature,

by announcing the rising feeling of indignation among the British public, and the formation of branch societies in the country.

To the people of England, the Poles have made no direct appeal. To that of this country they have. They looked to America with confident expectation of sympathy; for the little aid sent from this country to them during their struggle, having been applied immediately to the people, and not to the Government, had the effect of making them give us ten times the credit we deserve; and a proof of the kindred feeling with which they regard us may be seen in the fact, that in the arms of their National Committee, they have intertwined our flag with that of France and Poland.

Shall we do nothing to merit this feeling of partiality? The Poles ask not of us bread, they ask not money, though God knows that from our full coffers, and overflowing granaries, a little might be spared to the starving exile; but they ask us to unite our voices to the cry of indignant England, and add our mite to that force of public opinion, which is their sole hope for the moment. Shall we refuse them this; nay! shall we not grant them more? Shall we not say to the persecuted patriots, 'Come here, and ye shall find rest; we have lands rich as your own plains, and rivers as broad as your own Vistula, on whose bank you may build a new Warsaw, which the sword of no Suvaroff shall ever reach?' Such language, though perhaps at variance with the forms of diplomacy, would be generous, manly and Christian. It would be language, in which the free and generous people of America ought to protest to posterity, that they had no part nor lot in the iniquitous and inhuman policy of Europe.

ART. VI.-Lord Byron's Conversations on Religion. Conversations on Religion with Lord Byron and others. By the late JAMES KENNEDY, M. D. London. 1830.

In all our lives, whether as reviewers or as men, we do not remember to have read a more singular book than this. It contains the history of an attempt made by the writer to convert Lord Byron to Christianity, a change which was suffi