graviate of Austria.

817. Louis, the German (of France), con

quers Austria.

1156. The Margraviate made a hereditary duchy by the Emperor Frederick I. 1246. Frederick II., the last male of the House of Babenberg, killed in battle with the Hungarians.

1254. Ottocar (or Premislas) of Bohemia acquires the Austrian provinces.

1260. Is obliged to cede Styria to Hungary, but makes war and regains it.

1263. He inherits Carinthia.

1272. Declines the imperial crown of Ger

many.

1273. Rodolph of Hapsburg being elected Emperor of Germany, Ottocar refuses to do homage to him. 1274. Rodolph makes war upon Ottocar, defeats him, and compels him to cede over Austria, Carinthia, and Styria.

1278. Battle of Marchfeld.

Ottocar is slain in the effort to recover his dominions. 1308. Albert I. attempts to subdue the Swiss.

Is assassinated.

1307-1309. Successful revolt of the Swiss. 1315. Battle of Morgarten. Total defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss. 1386. Battle of Sempach. Defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss, and death of the Duke Leopold. 1437 Duke Albert V obtains Bohemia and Hungary, and is elected Emperor of Germany.

1453. The Archduchy of Austria created with sovereign power by the Emperor Frederick III., as head of the House of Hapsburg.

riage of Philip I. with the heiress of Arragon and Castile.

1526. Ferdinand I. unites Bohemia and Hun

gary to Austria.

1529 to 1545. Wars with the Turks. Austria several times invaded by them. 1556. Abdication of the Emperor Charles V. 1608. Mantua ceded to the emperor. 1713 The Treaty of Utrecht gives a part of the Duchy of Milan to the emperor. 1714. Treaty of Rastadt. The emperor acquires the Netherlands.

1715. Naples, Milan, the Netherlands, etc., added to the Austrian dominions. 1718. Peace of Passarowitz. Austria gains still more territory.

1735. Naples and Sicily given up to Spain. 1740. Death of the Emperor Charles Vi., the

last of the male line of the House of Hapsburg. Maria Theresa (daughter of Charles VI.) becomes Queen of Hungary.

1741. Prussia, France, Bavaria, and Saxony, make war on Maria Theresa. Great Britain supports her.

1745. Francis, Duke of Lorraine (husband of Maria Theresa), elected emperor 1797. Treaty of Campo Formio. The emperor surrenders Lombardy, and obtains Venice.

1804. Francis II. of Germany becomes Francis I. of Austria,

1805. War with France. Capture of Vienna by Napoleon. Battle of Austerlitz. 1806. Treaty of Presburg. Austria surrenders the Tyrol and Venice. The French evacuate Vienna

1809. Second capture of Vienna by the French

relatives.

ing the heiress of that duchy,

lished.

1836. Death of Francis I. Ferdinand suc

ceeds him.

1838. Treaty of commerce with England. Ferdinand I. crowned at Milan. 1848. Insurrection at Vienna. Flight of Prince Metternich, March 13. Insurrections in Italy. They are crushed. Another insurrection at Vienna. The emperor flies to Innspruck, May 15-17. The Archduke John appointed vicar-general of the empire, May 29. A Constitutional Assembly meets at Vienna, July 22. Third insurrection at Vienna. Count Latour murdered, Oct. 6. War with Sardinia. Revolution in Hungary. War ensues. The Emperor Ferdinand abdicates in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph. 1849. Sardinia forced to make peace. Constitution granted. The revolution in Hungary put down after a severe struggle, the Russian army having come to the assistance of Austria.

1850. Convention of Olmutz. 1851. The emperor revokes the constitution

of 1849.

1852. Trial by jury abolished in the empire. 1853. Libenyi attempts to assassinate the em

peror. Commercial treaty with Prussia. The Austrians enter the Danubian Principalities.

1856. The emperor grants amnesty to the Hun

garian political offenders of 1848-49. 1857. Quarrel with Sardinia. Diplomatic relations suspended. Visit of the emperor and empress to Hungary. 1859. War with France and Sardinia. The Austrians defeated at Montebello, May 20; Palestro, May 30, 31; Magenta, June 4; Melegnano, June 8, and Solferino, June 24. Death of Prince Metternich. Armistice between the Austrians and the Allies agreed upon, July 6. Meeting of the Emperors of France and Austria, July 11. Peace of Villa Franca, July 12,

dinia. Troubles in Hungary. Fears of a revolution. The emperor grants increased privileges to the Protestants. Treaty of Zurich. Permanent peace with France and Sardinia. 1860. The emperor removes the disabilities of the Jews. The meeting of the Reichsrath (the great imperial legislature or diet), May 31. Austria protests against the annexation of the Italian duchies by the King of Sardinia. The liberty of the press further restrained. Troubles in Hungary begin. The Reichsrath granted legislative powers, the control of the finances, etc

1861.

1862.

Amnest ygranted for political offences in
Hungary, Croatia, etc. Great disaffec-
tion throughout the empire caused by
the reactionary policy of the court. The
new constitution for the Austrian mon-
archy published. Civil and political
rights granted to Protestants throughout
the empire, except in Hungary and
Venice. Meeting of the Reichsrath.
No deputies present from Hungary.
Croatia, Transylvania, Venice, or Istria,
April 29. The Hungarians demand
the restoration of the constitution of
1848. The new liberal constitution for
the empire does not satisfy Hungary.
Military levy taxes in Hungary, July.
Entire independence refused Hungarv
by the emperor, July 21. The Diet of
Hungary protests, Aug. 20, and is dis-
solved, Aug. 21. The magistrates at
Pesth resign. Military government
established, December.

Amnesty granted to Hungarians. Ces-
sation of prosecutions, Nov. 19. Min-
istry of Marine created. The principle
of ministerial responsibility adopted in
the imperial government.
The army
reduced. A personal liberty (a kind of
habeas corpus) bill passed.

1863. Insurrection in Poland.

Transylvania accepts the constitution and sends deputies to the Reichsrath.

A. D

1864. Galicia and Cracow declared in a state

of siege. War with Denmark about Schleswig-Holstein. Meeting of the emperor with King of Prussia, June 22. Peace with Denmark, Oct. 30. Austria supports the German Confederation in the dispute respecting the duchies.

A. D.

1866. An armistice agreed upon between Aus tria and Prussia, July 22. Peace of N). cholsburg, Aug. 30. Austria retires from the German Confederation. Baron Von Beust made prime minister. The emperor makes great concessions to Galicia.

Reforms resolved upon. Concessions

to be made to Hungary, and a more liberal manner of governing the empire introduced. Convention of Gastein with Prussia for the disposal of the Danish duchies. Austria receives the temporary government of Holstein, and the promise of 2,500,000 Danish dollars from Prussia. Rescript of the emperor suppressing the constitution for the purpose of granting independence to Hungary. The emperor visits Hungary. Dissatisfaction in the rest of the empire.

1866 Quarrel with Prussia, Bavaria, Hesse

A. D.

Cassel, Saxony, Hanover, Wurtemburg, Hesse-Darmstadt. Nassau and Frankfort side with Austria. The GermanItalian war between Austria and her allies, and Prussia and Italy and their | allies, begins 15th June. Battle of Cus- | toza. The Italians defeated by the Archduke Albrecht, June 24. The Prussians occupy Saxony, and invade Bohemia. Battle of Nachos, June 27. Defeat of the Austrians. Battle of Skalitz. Decisive defeat of the Austrian army at Sadowa, July 2. Great victory by the Austrian fleet over the Italian fleet at Lissa, July 20.

the empire adopted. Hungary constituted an independent kingdom. The Emperor and Empress of Austria crowned King and Queen of Hungary 1868. The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church made amenable to the Civil Law. Civil marriages authorized. The State assumes the control of secular education. 1869. Serious outbreaks in Dalmatia. 1870. The Concordat repealed. 1871. Still further reforms in the government. Measures adopted looking to the representation of all the nationalities embraced in the empire.

1872. Change in the Electoral Law. 1873. Visit of the Emperor of Germany to Vienna. Visit of Victor Emmanuel to Vienna. International Exhibition held at Vienna.

1874. Reforms in the empire.

A. D.

destroys the Roman legion under Varus.

450. The Germans overrun Gaul. 772-785. Charlemagne after a severe strug

gle conquers the Saxons. They embrace Christianity.

West, at Rome.

839-840. Louis (le Debonnaire) separates Ger、 many from France.

811. The German princes assert their indepen dence, and Conrad of Franconia reigns

A. E. 918-934. Henry I. (called the Fowler) reigns. He conquers the Huns, Danes, Vandals, and Bohemians.

962. Otho I crowned emperor by the Pope. 1042. Conquest of Bohemia by Henry III. 1075. Struggle between Henry IV. and Pope Gregory VII.

1075. The Pope humbles the emperor. 1084. Henry captures Rome. The Pope flies to Salerno, and dies there in 1085. 1073-1123. Quarrel between the emperor and the Pope respecting ecclesiastical investitures.

1147. Conrad III. joins the Crusade. His army destroyed by Greek treachery.

1154 to 1177. Wars between Frederick I. (Barbarossa) and the Italian Repub

lics.

1162. Barbarossa destroys Milan.

A. D.

1534. The Anabaptist War. They capture Munster.

1536. The Anabaptists suppressed, and John of Leyden slain. 1546. Death of Luther.

1546-1552. The Emperor, Charles V., makes war on the Protestants, who are assisted by Henry II. of France.

1552. The peace of Passau. Close of the reli gious wars.

1556. Abdication of the Emperor Charles V. 1618. Beginning of the Thirty Years' War-. between the Evangelical Union, under the elector palatine, and the Catholic League, under the Duke of Bavaria. 1620. Battle of Prague. Ruin of the elector palatine.

1630. Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, invades Germany.

Knights established.

1245. Hanseatic League formed.

1273. Rudolph, Count of Hapsburg, chosen

emperor.

1356. An edict of Charles IV., called the "Golden Bull," issued. It becomes the fundamental law of the empire. 1414-1416. Sigismund, King of Bohemia, becomes emperor. He betrays John Huss and Jerome of Prague, and allows them to be burned by the priests. 1416-1419. The followers of Huss take up arms. A severe war ensues. Prague is taken by the Hussites in 1419. 4437. Albert II., Duke of Austria, becomes emperor.

1517. Luther begins the work of the reformation.

1522-1546. Luther translates and publishes the Bible and Liturgy in German.

1521. The Diet at Worms. Luther excommunicated.

1648.

Gustavus Adolphus.

Treaty of Westphalia closes the Thirty Years' War, and establishes religious toleration.

1683. John Sobieski, King of Poland, defeats the Turks before Vienna. 1699. Peace of Carlowitz. 1704. Marlborough defeats the French at Blenheim.

1713. Peace of Utrecht.

1722. The Pragmatic Sanction, settling the im perial crown upon Maria Theresa. 1736. Marriage of Francis I., Duke of Lor raine, to Maria Theresa.

1740. Maria Theresa Queen of Hungary. 1742. The Elector of Bavaria elected emperor. as Charles VII.

1745. Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa elected emperor.

1756-1763. The Seven Years' War. 1772. The Emperor, Joseph II., shares in the partition of Poland.

the Germans.

1529. Diet at Spires.

1530. The Augsburg Confession.

1531. The League of Smalkald formed by the

Protestant princes.

ror of Germany, and assumes that of Emperor of Austria.

1805. Napoleon establishes the kingdoms of Wurtemburg and Bavaria; the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807.

A. D.

1806. Dissolution of the German Empire. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine.

1813. The war of Liberation (against Napoleon) begins.

1814-1815. Congress of Vienna. Final overthrow of Napoleon. Formation of the Germanic Confederation.

1818. The Zollverein formed.

1848. Revolutionary movements throughout Germany. German National Assembly meets in Frankfort.

1849. The German National Assembly elect

the King of Prussia Emperor of Germany. He declines the honor, and recalls the Prussian members of the assembly.

1857. Revision of the German Confederation. Meeting of an assembly of the German Confederation at Frankfort, at the call of Austria. Troubles in Hesse-Cassel. The elector restored by the confederation.

1859. Bavaria and other German States manifest a willingness to assist Austria against the French in Italy.

Duchies begins.

1863-1864. The quarrel with Denmark re

sults in war with that kingdom. The Danes are defeated and forced to surrender the Duchies.

tion. Visit of Queen Victoria to Berlin. Trouble with Roman Catholic Church. 1878. Attempt to assassinate the Emperor Wil liam. Regency of the crown prince. 1879. The emperor resumes the government.

offence to the German Diet.

1866. War between Prussia and Austria, and their respective allies. Austria defeated.

A. D.

made a State of the Empire. 1881. Marriage of Prince William, son of the Crown Prince.

A. D.

1163. A colony from the Netherlands found

the city of Berlin, during the reign of Albert the bear.

1222. The Teutonic Knights undertake the conquest and Christianization of Poland. 1286. Königsberg made the capital.

chases the Margraviate of Brandenburg from the Emperor Sigismund. 1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, renounces the Romish religion, embraces Lutheranism, and is acknowledged Duke of East Prus sia, which he holds as a fief of Polami