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State of Georgia-Savannah, Sunbury.

State of Maine-Bangor, Castine, Kennebunk, Passamaquoddy.

State of Maryland-Annapolis, Baltimore, Carrolsburgh, Chestertown, Digger's Landing, Georgetown on Potomac, Nanjemoy, Nottingham, Oxford, Snowhill, Town Creek, Vienna.

State of Massachusetts - Bath, Boston and Charles-
town, Biddeford, Dighton, Edgartown, Fall River,
Frenchman's Bay, Gloucester, Machias, Marblehead,
Nantucket, New Bedford, Newburyport, Penobscot,
Portland and Falmouth, Plymouth, Saco (formerly
Pepperrelborough), Salem and Beverley, Wiscasset.
State of New Hampshire-Portsmouth.

State of New Jersey-Burlington, Perth Amboy.
State of New York-New York.

State of North Carolina-Beaufort, Edenton, Newbern, Plankbridge, Plymouth, Washington, Wilmington. State of Pennsylvania—Philadelphia.

State of Rhode Island-Bristol, Newport, Providence. State of South Carolina Beaufort, Charleston, Georgetown.

State of Virginia-Alexandria, Bermuda Hundred, City Point, Fredericksburg, Hampton, Kinsale, Newport, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Port Royal, Rockett's Landing, Tappahannock, Urbanna, West Point, Yorktown.

Arriving from the Cape of Good Hope, or beyond, then the following are excluded:

Fairfield (Connecticut); Newcastle, Port Penn (Delaware); Apalachicola, St. Augustine (Florida); Brunswick, Frederica, St. Mary's (Georgia); New Orleans (Louisiana); Chestertown, Carrolsburgh, Digger's Landing, Nanjemoy, Nottingham, Oxford, Snowhill, Town Creek, Vienna (Maryland); Bath, Dighton, Frenchman's Bay, Machias, Penobscot, Wiscasset (Massachusetts);

Burlington (New Jersey); Beaufort, Plankbridge, Plymouth (North Carolina); Bermuda Hundred, City Point, Fredericksburg, Hampton, Kinsale, Newport, Port Royal, Rockett's Landing, Tappahannock, Urbanna, West Point, Yorktown (Virginia).

19. THE MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES.

The measures and weights of the United States of America are the same as in Great Britain, except the measures of capacity, which continue to be those used in England prior to the introduction of the imperial system. Commodities formerly sold by the hundredweight, however, are now, with few exceptions, sold by the hundred pounds, termed in some of the States a quintal.

The barrel of flour contains five Winchester bushels of wheat, and weighs 196 lbs. net. The barrel of Indian corn contains 3 Winchester bushels, each bushel weighing about 57 lbs. The hogshead of Indian meal contains 800 lbs. The barrel of pickled beef or pork 200 lbs.

As to United States money: the basis of account is the dollar, $, which is divided into 100 cents.

Gold coins: the eagle, of 10 dollars, weighing 258 troy grains, fine or 232 grains pure, and 25 grains alloy. Also, the half eagle and quarter eagle, in the same proportion.

Silver coins: the dollar, of 100 cents, weighing 412 troy grains, fine or 3714 grains pure, and 41 grains alloy. Also, the half dollar, quarter dollar, dime or dollar, and half dime in the same proportion.

10

Copper coins: the cent, weighing 208 troy grains; and the half cent.

The value of the eagle of full weight is 27. 1s. 11⁄2d. sterling, nearly; and of the dollar 4s. 24d. sterling, nearly. But the value of the dollar of account, which, since 1834,

has been estimated in gold at of the eagle, or th of the half eagle, is nearly 4s. 03d. sterling.

The par of exchange with Great Britain, deduced from the gold coins, is thus 491d. per dollar, equal to 4 dollars and 86% cents per 17. sterling. But in practice the rate is commonly expressed by a per-centage upon an assumed par of 4s. 6d. per dollar; the true par, stated in this form, is 9 per cent. premium, so that 1097. 10s., valuing the dollar at 4s. 6d., is equal to 1007. in British sterling money. When the premium is above 9 per cent., therefore, the exchange is in favour of Great Britain; when below 91

per cent., against it.

Bills on Europe are commonly drawn at 60 days' sight. The days of grace are three. The foreign exchange is regulated chiefly by the state of the bill market of New York.

100

1

The following foreign coins are allowed currency by weight: those of Great Britain, 915-100ths in fineness, at 94 cents per pennyweight; and those of France, 18 in fineness, at 922 cents pennyweight. And the following silver coins are allowed currency by tael: Spanish pillar dollars and the dollars of Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia, 17 in fineness, and 415 grains in weight, at 100 cents each; and French five-franc-pieces, 200 in fineness, and 384 grains in weight, at 93 cents each.*

20. READY TO DEPART.

When the hatches of the vessel are properly caulked and secured, and everything in readiness for sailing, the master is to avail himself of the first fair wind and depart, otherwise he is answerable to the shippers. He is culpable if he attempts to sail in spite of wind and weather, for the voyage must be made according to the circumstances of the ship, time, place, and the practice of skilful

* Waterson's Cyclopædia of Commerce. Article United States.

navigators.

Hence the carrier is not responsible for delay in the voyage on account of boisterous weather or adverse winds, low tides, or the like. These are dangers and accidents of the navigation, over which he has no control, and against which his contract contains no warranty.

* Flanders on Shipping, 232.

PART II.

ON THE VOYAGE.

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