Sed quum summus honor finito computet anno, 120 Ostendens vacuam et clausam pro conjuge sellam. ing here. M. has it in the margin. It probably arose from Ovid's "crepitante ciconia rostro" (Met. vi. 97). 117. Sed quum summus honor] "But when the highest magistrates take account at the end of the year what the 'sportula' brings them in, and how much it adds to their income, what will their followers do who get every thing, clothes, and victuals, and firing (fumusque) from that source?" 'Referre' is the proper word for entering money in an account book, and 'rationes' are the accounts themselves. 119. Quid facient comites,] That is, those parasites whose profession it was to wait upon the rich. See above, v. 46. 120. Densissima centum Quadrantes] See note on v. 95. Densissima lectica' is equivalent to 'plurima lectica.' Men are not satisfied with going themselves, but they must take their wives with them to get a double allowance, though they be sick or in the family way. Another takes his wife's empty chair, with the curtains drawn round. "It's my wife Galla," says he;" are in a hurry, don't detain us." "Put out your head, Galla, that we may see you're there," says the balneator.' "Don't disturb her, she's asleep ;" and so he takes a second dole. As to the difference between 'lectica' and 'sella,' see note on v. 64. we was invented. As far as it goes this division of the day corresponds with Martial's (iv. 8). The two first hours, he says, were given up to the 'salutatio,' the next three to the courts, the sixth to sleep and the 'prandium,' the seventh to business again, the eighth to exercise, and the ninth to dinner, which went on ad libitum til bed-time. (See Hor. Epp. i. 7. 47, n.) It is here said that the sportula' was the first business. Becker says the dole itself was taken away in the afternoon, though the 'salutatio' took place in the morning (Gall. p. 29, n.). We have a scene below (iii. 249, sqq.) of slaves carrying away hot viands in the afternoon; and Martial (x. 70. 13) says he has to go at the tenth hour for his bath or his 'sportula'; "Balnea post decimam lasso, centumve petuntur Quadrantes." It appears, therefore, that people could take the earnings of their servility either in the morning or the afternoon. 128. jurisque peritus Apollo] As to the Forum Augusti, which is here alluded to, see Hor. Epp. i. 16. 57, n. There was in it a statue of Apollo inlaid with ivory (Plin. H. N. vii. 53). In this forum were two porticos, in one of which were statues of Aeneas and the Roman kings, and in the other of distinguished soldiers. Compare Sueton. (Aug. 31): "Statuas omnium (qui imperium populi Romani ex minimo maximum reddidissent) triumphali effigie in utraque fori sui porticu dedicavit," with Ovid (Fast. v. 563, sqq.): 127. Ipse dies pulcro] Here follows an account of the divisions of the day, which he calls a 'fair ordering' ironically. The distribution of the dole is the first thing in the morning; then the great man goes to the forum and the law courts, and returns home about dinner time, still attended by his clients, who, after seeing him to his door, retire wearied, and disappointed because he does not ask them to dinner, as rich men used to do before the 'sportula ' Amongst others a colossal one of Augustus "Hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere sacro Et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos. Hinc videt Iliaden humeris ducis arma ferentem Claraque dispositis arma subesse viris." с Atque triumphales, inter quas ausus habere (Mart. viii. 44. 7). Among all Apollo's 130. Aegyptius atque Arabarches,] This title has caused a good deal of trouble. It occurs in Cicero (Ad Att. ii. 17), where, as here, the MSS. differ, some havingArabarches,' and others Alabarches.' Ernesti (Clavis) says the sense and MSS. both favour 'Alabarches' (see end of this note). So also in the Codex Justin., iv. 61. 9, a duty upon cattle imported from Arabia into Egypt is variously written 'Alabarchiae vectigal' and 'Arabarchiae.' The reading, however, is not of much importance, for the meaning must be the same even if the r became corrupted into. The title must have been that of some Roman officer of consideration in the province of Egypt, whatever his duties may have been. They were discharged in one instance, at least, by the governor of a district, as appears by the inscription on Memnon's statue quoted by Mr. Mayor, where Claudius Aemilius is said to be άpaßáoxns καὶ ἐπιστράτηγος Θηβαΐδος. Juvenal is indignant that a provincial officer should have had a public statue, with his services inscribed on the pedestal (titulos), set up for him among the great men in the forum. The notion of 'Alabarches' being derived from aλaßa, which Hesychius says means ink, and therefore that the officer was 'scripturae praefectus,' or collector of the tax upon cattle, was first propounded, according to Pullmann, by his contemporary Cujacius, and some later editors have adopted it (Ernesti does so in his Clavis' on Cicero, mentioned above). Otherwise it would not be worth noticing. 131. non tantum] Non tantum' is explained by Horace S. i. 8. 38. Juvenal says that a man may foul this fellow's statue in any way he pleases without offence. (See 130 135 Pers. i. 113.) Heinrich quotes several instances of non tantum' used in this elliptical way, as Liv. x. 14, "Non vero tantum metu," where we are to add "sed etiam ficto;" Plin. Epp. iii. 14, init., "Rem atrocem nec tantum epistola dignam," where Gesner supplies "sed historia vel tragoedia adeo." 132. Vestibulis abeunt] The vestibulum' was a porch leading from the street to the door of the house. These porches were only attached to large houses. In them the retainers sat. And Juvenal says when they came home with their patron they got no farther than the porch, and, receiving no invitation to dinner, they laid aside their hopes for the first time, and went away to buy a poor supper and firing to dress it, while their lord and master went in to a fine dinner which he enjoyed by himself. 'Rex,' as applied to the rich, is very common in Horace. See C. i. 4. 14, n.; and below, v. 14. He says that of all the hopes men feed upon, they are least willing to part with that of a good dinner. Rigalti quotes a good answer of Epictetus to Hadrian: "Hadriano interroganti, quid est longissimum? Epictetus respondit, Spes." 134. caulis miseris atque ignis emendus.] See above, v. 120. 137. et latis orbibus] These were round tables made of single slabs of various costly woods. (See Hor. S. ii. 2. 4, n.) They came into fashion in Cicero's time; and some may have been preserved from that day, and would justly be called 'antiqui.' (See below, S. xi. 122.) The use of round tables introduced a change in the distribution of the company usual in Horace's time, which was on the triclinium, or three long couches round a table of three sides to correspond to them. The round tables did not suit this arrangement, and semicircular couches were introduced, with fewer people on them. In large houses there would be several of these in a room. Whoever wishes to see how much might be spent on a Ro Antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa. Nil erit ulterius quod nostris moribus addat man's dinner may read the ninth chapter of 139. Nullus jam parasitus erit:] 'We shall soon have no parasites: but who shall bear to see this selfish gluttony of yours?' He addresses the man. 'Luxuriae sordes' means avarice and luxury combined. Ponere' is the word used for putting dishes on the table. See Hor. S. ii. 4. 14, n., and elsewhere. At large banquets a boar served up whole, and sometimes stuffed with all manner of forced meat and rich things, was usually the chief dish. (See Hor. S. ii. 3. 234, n., and 8. 6, n.) Grangaeus says Juvenal has taken animal propter convivia natum' from Varro, de Re Rust. ii. 4: "Suillum pecus donatum ab natura dicunt ad epulandum." Juvenal means more than Varro did. He says it is so big as only to be meant to be eaten when several are collected at a feast. He might have said the same of the peacock. Natum' is used like 'Natis in usum laetitiae scyphis' (Hor. C. i. 27.1). For 'ferat' some MSS. have 'feret:' either will do. Heinrich has the future. 140 145 150 came into fashion in Cicero's time. (See Hor. S. ii. 2. 21, n.) The common practice of bathing immediately after meals, though in hot baths, might well lead to sudden deaths or to frequent intestacy, as Juvenal expresses it. See Persius, S. iii. 98, sqq., where there are some powerful lines on this subject. 'Ducere funus' is one of the many applications of that verb, of which a great variety will be found in Horace. 66 149. Omne in praecipiti vitium stetit.] "All vice is at its height " (Stapylton). “Aйl vice is at its zenith" (Gifford). "All vice is at its pitch-pole" (whatever that may be) is Holyday's version. The notion is, that vice is at a point from which it can climb no higher, and that the age is on the brink of a precipice. and likely to be ruined through its vices. The stone was still rolling in Horace's days : "Damnosa quid non imminuit dies? C. iii. 6, fin. Rigalti quotes Velleius (lib. ii.): "adeo mature a rectis in vitia, a vitiis in prava, a pravis in praecipitia pervenitur." 142. Poena tamen praesens,] 'But the penalty follows hard after the crime, for when he goes to bathe with his stomach full and his hard meat undigested, he gets a fit of apoplexy which puts an end to him. The news gets about from one house to another, and his friends, angry at missing the legacies they expected, are glad to hear of his death.' As he made no will his property would go to his 'haeredes.' The peacock first Simplicitas, cujus non audeo dicere nomen? 154. Quid refert dictis ignoscat Mucius] The MSS. vary between Mucius' and 'Mutius.' The same variation appears in Persius (i. 115), where the name occurs again in conjunction with Lupus, whom Horace mentions with Metellus as objects of Lucilius' satire. The man is supposed to ask, 'What does it signify (refert, rem fert) whether you might attack Mucius with impunity, as Lucilius did, or not? Introduce Tigellinus, and you will be served as the Christians were.' 'Pone' is used in Pers. i. 70: "nec ponere lucum Artifices;" where the Scholiast says, "Ponere dicit scribere;" and he quotes Horace, A. P. 120: "Scriptor honoratum si forte reponis Achillem." There 'reponere' has reference to the stage. Here it means, perhaps, 'put up as your mark,' or it may be put into your verse.' He means, if you attack any of the great man's great men you will suffer for it. Sophronius Tigellinus (whose name is used proverbially) was Nero's chief favourite, and his accomplice in the burning of Rome. The origin of the fire was traced to his house (Tac. Ann. xv. 39). To avert from himself and his friend the odium of this crime, Nero, as is well known, charged it upon the Christians, who were put to death in great numbers and in the most cruel fashion. Among other torments they were hung up on crosses, tarred, and set fire to by way of torches (Tac. 1. c. cap. 44). 'Taeda' here means either a pitched shirt, called below tunica molesta' (viii. 235), or, as Heinrich takes it, the pine wood with which they were burnt. Juvenal represents the poor wretches with a stake thrust under their chin. Two of the oldest MSS., P. and the oldest of the Nürnberg, have pectore' for 'gutture,' which is the reading of the other MSS. In P. the word is corrected to 'gutture' by a later hand. Jahn adopts 'pectore.' I have not met with any other editor who does so. 157. Et latum media sulcum deducis] The variety of readings, and still greater va. riety of conjectures, in respect to deducis,' involve the passage in almost hopeless difficulty. To judge by the MSS., which are no where so various as here, the verse must 155 always have been hard to understand. Pithoeus says of it: "nec ullus est in his Satyris locus, quem ego ex Grammaticorum Glossis minus grammatice intelligam." Gesner, quoted by Ruperti, supposes Juvenal to mean that his body would be dragged through the arena. Rigalti had said this long before: "ardebis in tunica molesta, et jam ecce raptaris per mediam arenam ut pice oblitus et impactus unco flammeris.” I incline to this interpretation, which Heinrich also approves. The present for the future only represents the action as if now going on. Et' for aut' presents no difculty. But Heinrich thinks it should be 'aut,' which is not in any MS. Another explanation is that the 'sulcus' is a stream or gutter formed by the melted pitch running off the man's body on the ground. I do not see how sulcus' can have that meaning. Madvig's explanation, adopted by Mr. Mayor, is to my mind without any value. He reads 'deducit,' and derives a nominative (quae taeda) from what goes before, and then supposes the furrow to be formed in the earth by a number of victims buried up to their waists in a long row and set fire to. Some take the meaning to be ploughing the sand and wasting labour, quoting "tenuique in pulvere sulcos Ducimus, et sterili littus versamus aratro" (vii. 48, sq.). But this gives a poor meaning here. Nearly all the MSS. have the third person, fluctuating between 'di' and 'de' and the present and future tenses. P. has 'deducis as a correction; and Robt. Stephens' oldest MS., which Ruperti describes as of high character, has the same. Stephens' edition has deducit;' but the joint edition of his grandson and Rigalti (Paris, 1613) has deducis ;' and I believe that to be the true reading. 158. Qui dedit ergo] Probus, quoted by the old commentators, says Tigellinus had three uncles, and poisoned them all and forged wills by which he got their money, which is most probably an invention derived from the text. The Scholiast says more truly that Juvenal is speaking generally against those who gain their bad ends by poison. Pensilibus plumis' means a 'lec Pensilibus plumis, atque illinc despiciat nos? tica' with soft feather-bed and cushions, raised aloft on men's shoulders. 160 165 170 168. Inde irae et lacrimae.] Terence's "Hinc illae lacrimae" (Andr. i. 1. 99) came to be a proverb. Horace uses it, Epp. i. 19. 41; and Cicero likewise (pro Coelio, c. 25). 162. Securus licet Aeneam] 'You may safely set Aeneas and Turnus fighting; Achilles will not hurt you if you write of his death at the hand of Paris; and Hylas is at the bottom of the well with his pitcher, so you may say what you like about him.' Hylas was a favourite of Hercules; drawing water at a well he was dragged in by the nymphs, and Hercules sought him long, sorrowing and calling upon his name, and set the people of the country (Mysia) to seek him; a subject much handled by the old poets. Virgil asks, "Cui non dictus Hylas puer?" (Georg. iii. 6.) 'Committere' is to match one against another. So he says below (vi. 436): "Committit vates et comparat." 165. Ense velut stricto] This reminds been mentioned above, v. 61. The chief us of Horace, S. ii. 1. 39, sqq.: 66- Sed hic stilus haud petet ultro Quemquam animantem, et me veluti custodiet ensis Vagina tectus; quem cur distringere coner Tutus ab infestis latronibus?" What Ruperti says about Damocles' sword is ridiculous. 167. tacita sudant praecordia culpa.] A cold sweat coming over the heart through the power of conscience and the fear of exposure is a forcible description. Praecordia' are the intestines rather than the heart. In these passion and feeling had their seat, according to the Romans: the heart was the seat of intelligence. 169. Ante tubas:] Before the battle is begun. When a man has put on his armour it is too late to draw back. The substance of his friend's advice is, that if he must write he had better attack those who are dead and gone; and the poet says he will follow his advice. From this it might be inferred that this Satire was written before the others. But I do not think it is a proof that can be depended upon. The Via Latina' was the oldest road out of Rome, and ran through the heart of Latium to Beneventum, where the 'Via Appia' joined it. The Via Flaminia' has roads leading out of Rome were lined for several miles with the tombs of the wealthier citizens, burial within the walls of the city being forbidden by the twelve tables. Hominem in urbe ne sepelito neve urito" (Cic. de Legg. ii. 23). So that burning was practised as early as the decemvirate. It grew afterwards into general use, and was not discontinued till the end of the second century of the Christian era (see Becker's Gall, Exc. on the interment of the dead). Heinrich supposes Juvenal, by mentioning the Flaminian and Latin roads, to hint at Domitian and his favourite, Paris the actor, of whom the former was buried on the Via Flaminia, and the other on the Via Latina. |