learned, have thought the Buck's Head, borne before the Procession of Pauls, on St. Paul's day, to signifie the like. But true it is, I have read an ancient Deed to this effect:

"Sir William le Baud, Knt. the third of Edward the First, in the yeere 1274, on Candlemas day, granted to ́Harvy de Borham, Deane of Paul's, and to the Chapter there, that in consideration of twenty two Acres of ground, or land, by them granted within their mannor of Westley in Essex, to be inclosed in his Parke of Curingham,* he would (for ever) upon the Feast day of the Conversion of Paul, in Winter, give unto them a good Doe, seasonable and sweete, and upon the Feast of the Commemoration of St. Paul in Summer, a good [fat] Bucke, and offer the same at the high Altar, the same to be spent amongst the Canons residents: the Doe to be brought by one man at the hour of Procession, and thorow the Procession to the high Altar; and the bringer to have nothing; the Buck to be brought by all his Meyney in like manner, and they to have payd unto them by the Chamberlaine of the Church twelvepence oncly, and no more to be required."—

This grant was explained and confirmed, (namely, on the Ides of July, 30th of Edw. 1st) by Sir William le Baud, the son and heir of the above, and it continued to be fulfilled till the reign of Queen Elizabeth.†

*Dugdale, who refers to the Deed as being in the possession of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, says Toringham. Vide, "Hist. of St. Paul's," p. 16; edit. 1658.

✦ Dugdale says, referring to Camden as his authority, that, till Queen Elizabeth's days, the reception of the Doe and

ROMAN ROADS NEAR LONDON.

The Old Watling, or Gathelin Street, which led from Chester to Dover, and was the direct road from the former city to the imperial capitol Rome, did not, according to Dr. Stukeley, enter London, but in its course from St. Alban's, or Verulam, and Elstree, or Suellaniacis, crossed the Oxford road at Tyburn, and thence, as no

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Bucke was solemnly performed at the steps of the Choir, 'by the Canons, attired in their sacred vestments, and wearing garlands of flowers on their heads; and the horns of the Buck were carried on the top of the spear, in procession, round about, within the body of the Church, with great noyse of Horn Blowers."-Ibid, p. 17.

Stow is somewhat fuller on this subject: he says,-"Now, what I have heard by report, and have partly seene, it followeth."

"On the Feast day of the Commemoration of St. Paul, the Bucke being brought to the steps of the high altar in Paul's Church, at the houre of Procession, the Deane and Chapter, being apparelled in Coapes and Vestments, with Garlands of Roses on their heads, they sent the body of the Bucke to baking, and had the head fixed on a Pole, borne before the Crosse in their Procession, untill they issued out of the west doore, where the Keeper that brought it, blowed the death of the Bucke, and then the Horners that were about the Citie, presently answered him in like manner: For the which paines, they had each man, of the Deane and Chapter, foure pence in money and their Dinner; and the Keeper that brought it was allowed, during his abode there (for that service) meate, drinke, and lodging, at the Deane and Chapter's charges, and five shillings in money at his going away, together with a loafe of bread, having the picture of St. Paul upon it, &c."" London," p. 641.

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ticed by Higden, ran to the west of Westminster, over the "Thames," and onwards into Kent. From Tyburn, says Stukeley, I judge it goes over part of Hyde-park, and by May-Fair, through St. James's Park to the street by old Palace-Yard, called the Wool-Staple, to the Thames: here has been an old Gate, one part of the arch is still left, but not Roman. On the opposite side of the river is Stane-gate Ferry, which is the continuation of this street to Canterbury, and so to the three famous sea-ports Rutupiæ, Dubris, and Lemanis."

"*

According to the same writer, the Oxford Road was originally carried by the north of London into Essex, crossing St. Giles's, and being continued, probably, along High Street, Bloomsbury, Red-Lion Fields, and Gray's-Inn Gardens to Port-pool Lane, and thence by Castle-street and Vine-street, across the Fleet River, to Clerkenwell Green, Wilderness Row, Old-street, &c. till it entered Essex at Old-Ford on the river Lee.

"As Old-street went on the north of London," continues Stukeley," so the proper Watling Street went on the south from Stane-gate ferry across St. George's Fields, so south of the Lock-hospital [near Kent Street] to Deptford and Blackheath; and a small portion of the ancient way pointing to Westminster Abby is now the common road on this side nearest the turnpike, but the continuation of it is quite lost

"Itinerarium Curiosum," p. 113.

since the Bridge was made, and all roads meet at that centre as so many radii.*

"When London became considerable, the ferry over against it, from being better attended, rendered that at Stangate almost useless, so passengers went through the city by Canon street, Watling street, and Holborn, hence so little appears of it between Tyburn and the Lock Hospital, and, probably, its materials were long since wholly dug away to mend the highways. Upon this way, in Southwark, many Roman Antiquity's have been found, particularly a Janus of stone, in possession of Dr. Woodward."

The Oxford Road was originally carry'd north of London, in order to pass into Essex, because London then was not considerabl, but in a littl time became well nigh lost, and Holborn was struck out from it as conducting travellers thither, directly entering the city at New-gate, originally called Chamberlain's Gate, and so to London-stone, the Lapis milliaris, from which distances are reckon'd, and hence the reason why the name of Watling-street is preserved in the city, tho' the real Watling-street goes thro' no part of it, but thro' Southwark, or if we please we may call this a vicinal branch of the Watling-street."+

Dr. Stukeley has illustrated his account of the Roman Roads, and of the presumed disposition of the

It must be recollected that Dr. Stukeley is here speaking of London Bridge, and not that at Westminster, which was not erected till many years after his decease.

+ Ibid.

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