CONTENTS. Editorial Notices; On the Summer Fallows, and Red ..758 NEW-YORK, NOVEMBER 24, 1832. VOLUME I....NO. 48. large stone below as a foundation, and small fications, of which they have the most ample ones on the top, for the small ones will inevita- testimonials, be the means of their finding eliBoy culture, &c.......759 bly be driven below and the large ones will pro-gible and lucrative situations upon other Rail760-1 trude. We put too much metal on at one time, roads during the temporary (we hope) cessaMiscellany-The Works of then travelling ought to be allowed to settle it tion of operations on their own great work. Lord Byron, vol. x......764-5 before any more stone is put on. Nine inches Summary... Li erary Notices......761-2-3 Balt. & Ohio Railroad..754-5 Foreign Intelligence....763-42 or 3 inches deep at one time is quite enough, On M'Adamizing Roads... 756 Project of Steam-ships, to cross the Atlantic......756-7 Agriculture,&c.-The Cauliflower; On Spring Crops, a year, in advance. Visit to Sir W. Scott, with NEW-YORK, NOVEMBER 24, 1832. STEAM PACKET SHIPS TO CROSS THE ATLAN a plan of his residence..766-7 of metal, provided it be of hard material, is amMarriages & Deaths, &c....768 ple; whereas, in some of the abominable TurnThe JOURNAL AND ADVOCATE is published every pikes near Philadelphia, frequently from 14 to TIC.-We would call the attention of our reaSaturday, at No. 35 Wall street, New York, at three dollars 18 and 20 inches are used. If we would adopt ders to the communication of "a Passenger" a better system of Road-making, we could have in this number of the Journal, upon the subject fully as good Roads as are found in Great Bri- of Steam Packets to cross the Atlantic. Of the tain and Sweden, at not greater expense than of such a measure, for the safety, importance AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, &c. our present disgraceful Roads cost us. I have seen Locomotives on Turnpikes, but it is total-expedition and convenience of the thousands ly out of the question that they can be used on who now, and the tens of thousands who would our Turnpikes. then, cross the Atlantic we need not speak, for The following extract from a letter, upon the it is too evident to require a word-yet, to effect We continue our extracts from Mr. M'Adam's subject of the roads of our country, is from a an object so desirable and so important, some gentleman whose opportunities for observation book on Road Making; and we wish more of have been ample, and we hope he will favor us those Editors with whom we exchange, would persons of science and enterprize must step forward and call attention to it-we would thereoccasionally with other communications upon refer to it occasionally. It is certainly a subfore solicit further communications from Genthe same subject: ject of importance to a large portion of our tlemen of experience who may take an interest PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 8, 1832. community, and it cannot, in our opinion, be If they will copy, we will in, or have a desire to promote so great an enI am very much gratified to learn that your agitated too soon. terprize. furnish the latest and most authentic informaexcellent Journal meets with sufficient encouragement to insure its continuance. It would tion in relation to it. be a lamentable circumstance, that a work of BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD.-A part of erature and the Drama, who proposed to pay this description should fail for want of support. the Report of C. W. WEVER, Esq. Superin- their countryman, JoHN HOWARD PAYNE, a The extension of your plan, to embrace all mat-tendant of Graduation and Masonry on the B. compliment, on his return to his native city, ters relating to internal communication, must be and O. R. R., will be found in our columns to- have completed their arrangements--for giving very acceptable to your readers. day. The remainder, which consists of tabu-him a benefit at the Park Theatre on the 29th where there is an abundance of wealth and in JOHN HOWARD PAYNE.-The friends of Lit I am rejoiced that the subject of Turnpikes lar statements, showing the number and length inst. There will probably be a greater attracattracts so much of your attention. No species of each division and section, the amount of ex- tion than has ever before been offered at this of improvement is more important than this, cavation and embankment, in cubic yards, and or any other American Theatre. Amongst and I regret to say, the roads of this country are in a most disgraceful condition. There is perches of masonry, with their cost, on each sec- those who have so obligingly volunteered their some excuse for this in the interior, but really tion thro' the whole line, together with remarks services on this occasion, in addition to the Park it is unpardonable that the Turnpikes leading accompanying, will be given in our next.-We Company, are Miss Kemble, Miss Rock, Mr. to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New-York, consider this a very important and valuable doc- Kemble, Mr. Forrest, Mr. Hamblin, and Mr. telligence, should be in the state they are. I ument to be laid before the Railroad community, Scott. The Plays designated for the entertainhave passed the last two years in England, and and to be put on file, at this time, as it may be ments of the evening are Brutus, Katharine the badness of our roads strikes me more forci- of much use to engineers and contractors, in and Petruchio, and Charles the Second. Miss bly by comparison. The great errors we com- making estimates and taking jobs. Kemble as Katharine, Mr. Kemble as Petruchio, mit are as follows:-1. Too much convexity; The expenditures in this department have and Mr. Forrest as Brutus, with the other disthe roads ought to have no more rise from the sides to the crown than merely sufficient to been $1,193,774:791, all of which has been ac- tinguished performers in other parts, cannot fail carry off the surface water. 2. A deficiency of counted for, without loss, which we deem high- to attract an overflowing house,-indeed, nearly under-drainage. 3. The metal used ought to ly creditable to the superintendant, as well as one-half of the seats are already taken. be granite, hornblende, flint, hard limestone, and other kinds of hard stone; they should be to his assistants. It speaks highly in favor of Tickets may be had, and seats secured, at this broken much smaller, and all the stone ought their energy of character, and business habits; office; and at the offices of the Mirror, Standto be nearly the same size: there ought to be no and it will, undoubtedly, with their other quali-ard, and Mercantile Advertiser. Third Annual Report of the Superintendant of a mile, whilst that on the remaining sixty-five 5. A bridge of rough masonry, of one arch of Graduation and Masonry, of the Baltimore miles cost at the rate of only $7,885 a mile ;-25 feet chord, over Gadsby's run, which supand Ohio Railroad Company. or the former distance cost per mile upwards ports an embankment 37 feet high. of six times as much as the latter. 6. A bridge of rough masonry, of 10 ft. span, Office of the Superintendant of Graduation and Masonry, To Philip E. Thomas, Esq. President &c. passage of a farm road under it. That the graduation between Baltimore and over Smith's branch. Ellicotts' mills, a distance of 13 miles, has cost 7. A bridge or viaduct over Dorsey's run, of Sir, I have the gratification to state at the rate of $29,193:92 a mile, and that the dressed masonry, of one arch of 15 feet chord, that, since the date of my last annual report, remaining 58 miles, including the Lateral Road intended to pass a farm road under it. the graduation and masonry confided to my to Frederick, cost at the rate of only $7,290:56. 8. A bridge or viaduct of partly rough and superintendancy has been entirely finished as far as I have been authorised to place it under con- whole line of the road, the Lateral Branch to the passage under it of a farm road. MASONRY.-Table I. No. 1, shows that on the partly dressed masonry, of one arch of 12 feet chord, over Ellicotts' branch, intended also for tract; and I now present a statement of its Frederick inclusive, there have been constructactual cost upon the first grand division of this ed 79,852 perches of masonry, of 25 cubic feet 9. A bridge or viaduct of partly rough and great work, extending from the City of Baltimore to the Point of Rocks, on the right bank the cost of three superstructures of wood, cost to the perch; and that this masonry, including partly dressed masonry, over Dismal run, of one arch of 12 feet chord, likewise intended for the of the river Potomac, a distance of 67 miles, the gross sum of $318,367:77, or at the rate of and also that on the Lateral Branch to the City 33:98 per perch. The distance upon which it 10. A bridge or viaduct of 20 feet chord, of of Frederick, which deflects from the main line was built being 71 miles, 9 poles, it results 16 dressed masonry, over Caton's branch; also inof the road at a point distant from Baltimore that its average cost per mile was $4,482:24-tended for the passage of a road under it. 56 miles, and is, itself, in length a little over and that the average number of perches per 11. The Paterson bridge of rustic masonry, 33 miles. For the purpose of exhibiting this mile was 1,124,4. Many of the bridges were chord each, for the vent of the river, and two over the Patapsco river, of two arches of 55 feet somewhat in detail, and yet in a condensed] loaded with an immense weight of earth as soon arches, one on each side of the stream, of 20 feet form, the accompanying table marked I. No. 1,4 has been prepared. In previous reports, the have been formed embankments of from 15 to span each, to pass county roads through. as they were built. Upon some of them there names of contractors and the prices of the different kinds of work undertaken by them, re- then, that such should be constructed of mason-of two arches of 20 feet chord each, for the road, 37 feet in height. It was essentially necessary, turnpike, at Ellicotts' Mills, of rustic masonry, 12. The Oliver viaduct over the Frederick spectively, were brought to view and are therefore now omitted. This table exhibits the character. When this fact is known, and it is ry of the very strongest and most substantial and one arch also of 20 feet, to vent Ellicotts' length of the sections of the several divisions, also considered that nearly all of the masonry branch. and their cost for graduation and masonry, se- was put up with great rapidity, and consequentparately, and aggregately, also the entire cost of each of these parts of road-bed formationed work,-that the arches of the bridges are ly at increased cost,-that some of it is of dressa from the beginning of the line to the end of every formed in almost every instance of stone cut so section, both singly and jointly.-To this table there is appended a Recapitulation by Divisions. the arch is a segment,-that the stone in some as to conform to the radii of the circle of which GRADUATION. The graduation of the whole cases, and in large quantities, were transported line, the Lateral Branch to Frederick inclusive, from four to nine miles,-that the timber in the run, of one arch of 12 feet chord. was contracted and paid for by the cubic yard large structure over the Monocacy was pro-run, of one arch of 14 feet chord. of excavation or embankment, as the one or cured on the Susquehanna river, and land, borne the other was the greater in quantity, excepting forty-eight miles,-and that the foundations of that part of the first division from the 13th to several of the bridges were very difficult and masonry, of one arch of 14 feet chord. the 25th section, both inclusive, and the whole expensive of excavation,-the cost of $3:98¦ a 18. A bridge at Marriottsville, of rough maof the second division. These parts were con- perch, inclusive of the wooden superstructures,sonry, over Howard's branch, of one arch of 12 tracted for by the pole running measure, but will be regarded as very moderate, and may feet chord. their contents in cubic yards have been correct- compared advantageously, perhaps, with that chord, over the west fork of the Patapsco. 19. A bridge of rough masonry, of 40 feet ly estimated. By the table submitted, it is of the masonry on other public work in this shown that the whole distance graduated, ex-country. be 13. A bridge of roughly hammered work over branch opposite the Union Factory, of one arch of 20 feet. 14. A viaduct of rough masonry over the road leading to Judge Dorsey's old mills, of one arch of 12 feet chord. 15. A bridge of rough masonry over Brown's 16. A bridge of rough masonry over Davis's 17. A bridge over Marriott's branch, of rough 20. A bridge of rough masonry over Piney clusive of the Road between the Depot on Pratt An examination of the Table I, (No. 1,) will run, of 20 feet chord. 18 street and the City Block, is 71 miles 9, poles; show that the masonry on the first 83 miles of tion of the earth, and rock of every description, That on those 83 miles there were built 29,- lars a mile. masonry 21. A bridge over Gillie's falls, of rough masonry, of 25 feet chord. 22. A viaduct over the Frederick turnpike for the passage of said road-and one arch of road, between inclined planes Nos. 1 and 2, of rough masonry, with one arch of 20 feet chord, 10 feet chord, to vent a small stream. 23. A bridge of rough masonry, in Roderick Dorsey's mill pond, of one arch of 12 feet, to vent the stream, a branch of Bush creek, which operates his mill. 24. A viaduct of wood, near the head of inclined plane No. 4, only rendered necessary by Robert Dorsey's injunction-about 80 feet span. 25. A bridge of rough masonry over a small branch near the foot of inclined plane No. 4, of one arch of 10 feet chord. 26. A viaduct over M'Elfresh's road, of stone abutments of rough masonry, and superstructure of wood-12 feet span. 27. A bridge of rough masonry over Bush Market branch, of one arch of 12 feet chord. creek, of one arch of 25 feet chord. 28. A bridge of rough masonry over New run, 29. A bridge of rough masonry over Shipley's run, 31. A bridge over the Monocacy river, abutments and piers of rough masonry, and superway over it is elevated, above low water 37 feet. structure of wood, of three arches of 110 feet each-whole length of bridge, 350 feet. Road32. A viaduct for the passage of the Georgetown and Frederick Turnpike Road, over the Railroad, the abutments of rough masonry, and the superstructure of wood, of one span of 20 ft. 33. A bridge of rough masonry over Ballinger's creek, of one arch of 30 feet chord. 34. A bridge of rough masonry over Tusca20 feet chord. t rminating at the 2d crossing of the Washing- 4. A viaduct of rough masonry over Mr. War.rora creek, on Carroll's manor, of one arch of ton Turnpike Road, cost at the rate of $48,550 field's road, of one arch of 14 feet chord, 35. A bridge over the Flag-pond branch of sive, and on the whole of the second division, is the Tuscarora, of one arch of 10 feet chord. taken from estimate, and the balance from Of these bridges and viaducts, from No. 1 to measurement :12, both inclusive, are on the First Divisionfrom 13 to 17 inclusive, are on the Secondfrom 18 to 22 inclusive, are on the Third-from 22 to 31 inclusive, are on the Fourth-from 32 to 35 inclusive, are on the Fifth Division. Besides these bridges, there have been built a very large number of gothic and square culverts, and a few detached walls. It is highly charitable to the contractors and officers of the Company, that I am warranted in stating, that not a single instance has occurred of one of those bridges or viaducts proving defective. It has, in a few cases, been deemed expedient as a measure of prevention against possible casualty, to construct additional buttresses; and more effectually to secure their foundations, to introduce inverted arches. GRADUATION AND MASONRY.-Table I. No. 1, shows the total cost of the graduation and masonry on the main line and Lateral Branch to Frederick, to have been $1,122,510:67—the total distance being 71 miles and 9, poles, it results that the cost per mile was $15,803:52. It is further shown by this table, ሳ ስ That the first 11 miles of this distance, commencing at Pratt-street, Baltimore, and terminating at a point opposite the Thistle Cotton Factory, has cost $44,000 more than the next 60 miles; Whole Line 32,03 11,321:28 3:98:5 4,482:24 15,803:52 6,599:04 7,536:00 3:60:9 17,165:12 1,093:12 2,291:20 7,118:40 2:36:9. 1,092:80 9,075:20 1:58:5 273:60 9,348:80 In the 17,124:16 36,120:32 *To purchase of tools, lumber, &c. 10,881 694 $1,193,774 791 By this statement it is shown that the contingent expenditures have amounted to a sum not equal to three per centum, on all my other disbursements. In concluding this report I feel it due to very many of the contractors to state, that they were vigilant and enterprizing, that they executed their contracts with fidelity and energy, and that but few, if any, received the reward to which they were entitled by their toils, their exposures and their industry, and that I know, that some, and I fear others, have sustained losses on the work. The mechanics and laborers have suffered but little loss, less I feel persuaded, than falls to their lot on public works generally, and indeed, in my opinion, less proportionally than they ordinarily sustain in their engagements in the private pursuits of life. It has been shown, that upon the graduation and masonry of this work, $1,122,510:67 have been expended, and yet I have good reason to believe, that the aggregate loss to the laborers has not amounted to the sum of $6,000. The regulation prohibiting the use of ardent spirits first adopted with your sanction in 1829, has been steadily and rigidly adhered to, and has had, I am confident, a very beneficial influcost of the masonry of the 4th Divi-ence upon the work. The contractors so gen That whilst the first 11 miles cost for graduation and masonry at the average rate of $53,000 a mile, the next 60 miles cost at the aver- sion, is included the expense of a viaduct of erally acquiesced in this regulation, and comage rate of only $8,985; wood on the 7th section over a farm road; and plied with this stipulation of their contract so That the graduation and masonry on the also that of the extensive and substantial super-faithfully, that I had only in a single instance, first six miles of the road, which extend from structure over the Monocacy river, on the 26th to perform the unpleasant duty of dismissing Pratt-street to the 2d crossing of the Washing-section. If a proper deduction be made for the one of them from the service for an infraction ton Turnpike Road, cost at the rate of $72,797 cost of those structures, the cost of the actual of it. I cannot, however, refrain from again a mile, whilst that on the next sixty-five miles masonry will have been per perch $2:46, and calling your attention to the fact, that licenses cost at the rate of only $10,546 a mile, thus per mile $1,567:70, instead of $3:60, and are so cheaply and so easily obtained in this showing that the first six miles cost, per mile, $2,291:20-as shown by the tariff of rates. In state, where the sale of them appears to be only very nearly seven times as much as the next the cost of the masonry on the Fifth Division for the purposes of revenue, that grog shops sixty-five miles; is included the cost of a wooden viaduct on the became very numerous in the immediate vicin That the first 13 cost at the rate of $46,354:56 I feel it a duty again to advert to the unfavor That the cost of that part of the line between first section, to pass the Georgetown and Fre-ity of the line, and were highly prejudicial to Baltimore and Ellicotts' mills, 13 miles, cost for derick Turnpike Road over the Railroad. If the laborers, to the contractors, and to the prograduation and masonry $605,912:59, whilst this be substracted, then the cost per perch of gress of the work, and my opinion remains that on the next 58 miles cost but $516,598:08, this division will be $2:27, and per mile unchanged, that a legislative enactment prethus showing that those 13 miles cost $89,314 $1,047:41; instead of $2,36%, and $1,092:80, venting the vending of ardent spirits within a 51 more than the last 58 miles, and as exhibited in the statement. specified distance of public works could not a mile, whilst the last 58 cost at the average of the expenditure of the company, for the right DAMAGES.-As a very considerable amount fail of producing good effects, or rather of preventing much evil. rate of only $8,913:38 per mile. The causes of the immense difference in the of the Road-way, and for the indemnity of da-able effects which undue rapidity in the execucost of the work on different parts of the line mages occasioned by the passage of the Road, tion of the work most certainly produces in its inwere disbursed by me, I have, according to have, in former reports to the Board, been so fully stated, that there is no necessity of again also disbursed by other officers of the Company together the correct and vicious, the industricreased cost,-in the morality of those employinstruction, obtained a list of the amounted by hastily and indiscriminately assembling your referring to them. They arose from the highly for this object, and have embodied the whole unfavorable topography of the ground over in tabular form for the convenience of reference, ous and indolent, in fact all description of perwhich the road was located, and the unavoidand herewith present it. [See table I. No. 2.] sons. It is proper too, that I should remark that able expense of procuring the materials for the construction of the large, and for that distance, of way, and other damages, caused by the conThe aggregate amount expended for the right could not fail of cheapening it as well as rendera steady and regular advancement of the work struction of the Railroad, appears to be $36,984 ing its superintendancy less arduous to your of By comparing the whole ccst as now preficers. 24. sented, viz:—$1,122,510:67, with the estimate There is also yet payable the sum of It is but mere justice to acknowledge, that furnished with my last report, viz: $1,101,615 $1,363:25; if this be added to that already ex-from my principal assistants, Messrs. Henry 251, it will be seen that the actual, has exceeded pended, it will produce the sum of $38,347:49, M. Pettit and Robert Wilson, the first in the the estimated cost the sum of $20,895:413. This but from this amount must be deducted $528, paid by the citizens of Frederick, leaving the cond in that of the masonry, I have derived superintendance of the graduation and the se. excess of expense of graduation and masonry a- whole sum paid and payable by the Company very important aid. Mr. Pettit was employed $37,819:49. numerous bridges that were required. on the work a short time after its commence bove the estimate, which was founded upon the contract prices, has been wholly occasioned by the Board of Directors having instructed me to EXPENDITURES.-The whole amount expend- ment and continued on it to near its close, and pay extra prices to several of the contractors, ed by me in the service of the Company has rendered me highly valuable assistance. Mr. in consequence of the occurrence of unforeseen been one million one hundred and ninety-three Wilson commenced his valuable services with and unexpected difficulties, against which no thousand seven hundred and seventy-four dol- the beginning of the masonry, and continued foresight could have guarded. lars, and seventy-nine and one-fourth cents, all them until it was entirely finished. It is to his The following abstract or tariff of rates of of which has been regularly and duly accounted skill and vigilance that the masonry is mainly cost, furnishes a comparative view of the ex-for: Of this sum there has been applied to the indebted for whatever of permanency it possespense of graduation and masonry of each di- graduation, $804,142 90 ses, for with the exception of the designs of the vision, and of the Lateral Road, and also of the To the masonry, 318,367 77 larger structures, and a few of the smaller ones whole of the first grand Division of the Road, To the payment of the right of way which were made by myself, he planned and including the Lateral Road, by the cubic yard superintended the execution of the whole of it. of earth actually handled,-by the perch of maThe services of my late assistants, John Miller, sonry actually built,-as well as the cost per Caleb B. Moore, and Paul H. Borland, also remile of graduation and masonry, separately and quire my acknowledgments. Of them I can jointly, of each subdivision, and of the whole line. say with pleasure, that they were persevering, It is to be recollected that the quantum of earth handled on thirteen sections of the First Division, viz: from the 13th to the 25th, both inclu-To the payment of the contingent industrious, and judicious, in the execution of of the roads out of Bristol towards Old Down quantity of materials have been carted to the the duties assigned them respectively. has been made good, where it was a received roads than are necessary, and therefore the in I cannot close this report without tendering opinion, that from the nature of the materials crease of horse-labor has been beyond any use to you, and through you, to the Board of Direc- the road could not be made so; and the com- ful purpose, and that generally the roads of the tors, an expression of my thanks for the un-missioners would not consent to my beginning kingdom contain a supply of materials sufficient wavering confidence you and they have reposed it until the road was threatened to be indicted. for their use for several years, if they were proin my integrity and judgment, and to say that It was put into my hands in October 1816, and perly lifted and applied; this is to be entirely this has been, and ever will continue to be, at the Christmas following I was able to report done by men, women, and children, men lifting more highly prized than any compensation of a that it was one of the best roads in England for the roads, and women and boys, and men past pecuniary character which they could have the distance of eleven miles, at the expense of labor, breaking the stones which were lifted up. made me. Respectfully submitted, first outlay only of £600, and it has continued so until the present. By lifting the road, you mean turning it up Please to inform the Committee, what are man's work; taking up the materials and breakwith the pickaxe?-Yes; that I consider as the means, in your opinion, the most eligible ing stones, I consider the work of women and Extracts from J. Loudon M'Adam's Examinato be adopted for the amelioration of the roads children, and which indeed ought to have been tion before a Committee of the House of Com-throughout the kingdom?-That question, I done before those materials had been laid in the year 1819. think, divides itself into two branches: The down. operative part, in making the roads, and the mons, CASPAR W. WEVER. [Continued from page 641.] Can you state what proportion that is?-care of the finances, and the mode of their ex- How deep do you go in lifting the roads?— I think the first year, 7231. penditure. I should imagine the operative That depends upon circumstances, but I have What is the amount of the whole debt? The part of preparing roads cannot be effected with- generally gone four inches deep; I take the whole debt is 43,000l. I had said a consider-out procuring a more skilful set of sub-surveyken the larger pieces, I put them back again. materials up four inches deep, and having broable reduction of the principal debt had been ors; young men, brought up to agriculture and made, I did not use the word proportion. I labor must be sought, and regularly instruct- Please to explain to the Committee the mode can mention that the balance in the hands of ed. It is a business that cannot be taught from of breaking the stones so as admit of the labor the account amounted to 2,7907. Os. 4d. in the books, but can only be acquired by a laborious of men, women and children?-When the Bristol district, beside a considerable diminution practice of several months, and actual work stones of an old road have been taken up, they of the debt, and beside alterations and improve- upon the roads, under skilful road-makers.—are generally found of the size that women and Young men who have been accustomed to ag-boys can break them with small hammers, and That applies only to one hundred and fortyricultural labor are fittest to be road-surveyors, therefore I would propose to employ these peoeight miles round Bristol?-Only to the one as their occupations have given them opportuni- ple to break those stones always before they are hundred and forty-eight miles round Bristol. ties of being acquainted with the value of labor laid back in the roads. The Bristol district has been under one trust both of men and horses. But I should greatly Is it your plan for those people to break them for twenty years, and in that period the debt mislead the Committee if I did not inform them, standing, or in a sitting posture ?-Always in a that the skill in the operative part of road-sitting posture: because I have found that per ments. has increased to 43,000l. You will be kind enough to furnish the Com-making cannot alone produce a reformation of sons sitting will break more stones than permittee with a statement similar to that which the multitude of abuses that are practised in al-sons standing, and with a lighter hammer. was supplied by you to the Holyhead Commit-most every part of the country, in the manage- Does that apply to all materials?—To all matee, down to the latest period?I will. Bristol ment of roads and road funds. These abuses terials universally. is the only district for which I can have pretion of gentlemen, who must enjoy the confican only be put down by officers in the situacise figures, I have not had the finances in my dence, and have the support of commissioners, Does the plan which you have mentioned of own management or direction with respect to breaking up the roads, apply to gravel roads, the others. As I have only advised with respect and who must exercise a constant and vigilant In gravel roads and in some other roads it or only to those roads composed of hard stones? to them, I cannot give you the items; and I inspection over the expenditure made by the would be impossible to break them up to any must say, that my information with respect to sub-surveyors. They must be enabled to cerother roads, must be much more general than tify to the commissioners that the public money explain, I should think it unprofitable to lift advantage; and in several places which I will with respect to this road. In Sussex, the roads is judiciously and usefully, as well as honestly in nine trusts have been mended with a cona road at all. There is a discretion of the surexpended; without this control and superinsiderable diminution of the former expense, tendance an end cannot be put to the waste of eyor, or the person who has the execution of the work, which must be exercised. I did not and the thanks of a general meeting of the the public money, and all the various modes trustees of the Lewes trusts were unanimously that are injurious to the public interest, the aorder the road in the neighborhood of Reading to be lifted, but I directed wherever a large voted to Lord Chichester "for the introduction mount of which would appear incredible, could of this system, by which the roads had been so it be ascertained; but which, I conscientiously broken, and put down again; and I directed piece of flint was seen, it should be taken up, much improved, and the country was likely to believe, amounts to one-eighth of the road reve- the road to be made perfectly clean-I am derive so much benefit." nue of the kingdom at large, and to a much greater proportion near London. speaking of a gravel road now-and I directed Do you mean the frauds amount to one-eighth? pits by screening the dirt very clean from it, that additional gravel should be prepared in the No, not direct frauds, I call it mis-application: breaking all the large pieces and bringing that it must not be concealed that the temptations upon the road in very light coats not exceeding Do you find your mode of management with which even a superior officer will be as-two inches at a time; and when those coats equally applicable where the materials are bad sailed, the facility of yielding to them, and the were settled, to bring others of very clean maas where they are good, and that the same pro-impunity with which transgression may be terials upon the road, until it settled into a solid portionable benefit arises?—I am afraid gentle-committed, require great delicacy in the selec-smooth hard surface, and which the coachman men suppose that I have some particular mode tion of persons to fill the situation: and en- in their mode of expression, say of management, which is certainly not the case; couragement to make this a profession must be The wheel runs hard upon it; it runs upon the nor can by any means be the case; and in in proportion to the quality of the person re-nail. every road. I have been obliged to alter the quired. [To be continued.] mode of management, according to the situation Do you not consider one of these mis-applica- To the Editor of the Railroad Journal : of the roads, and sometimes according to the tions to be the injudicious use of the labor of finances. At Epsom in Surrey, the roads have horses, instead of that of men, women and been put in good repair, at an expense con- children?-I do consider that to be a great mis-cross the Atlantic within the last three years, I siderably under the former annual expenditure, application of the labor of horses. I am afraid was led, during the second one,-in consequence by which the trustees have been enabled to that gentlemen may understand, from what I of a passage of nearly forty days, much of which lower their tolls on agricultural carriages. The said, that frauds are committed to the amount was calm weather,-strongly to the reflection road between Reading and Twyford, in Berk-of one-eighth, but I meant no such thing; I you Have found that a similar diminution of expense has taken place where the materials have been bad, as where they have been good! Yes, I have. 66 runs true." SIR,-Having been a passenger twice a shire, has been made solid and smooth since meant the loss arising from mis-application upon the advantages of a Steam-Ship, as well the beginning of July last, by persons under my generally. I have in general found a great during the passage as at various times since; directions, at an expense, including the survey-deal more materials put upon the road than are and the result of these reflections has been a or's salary, not exceeding fifteen pounds per necessary, and I am of opinion that is one of full conviction of its practicability, and to ask, week; and their former expenditure, exclusive the chief causes of the waste of the public in this truly enlightened age, if we may not flatof the surveyor's salary, was twenty-two money. pounds per week. A great part of the road in Do you think the loss arises, in most instan- ter ourselves with the anticipation of looking the neighborhood of Bath, which was formed ces, from mistake, or from any abuse in regard through but a short period of time to a new and upon the plan laid down in my report to the to the power and patronage which the situation most interesting era in the progress of travelcommissioners, and with the greatest success, confers?--I think it proceeds from mistakes ling by water: if not a greater or more useful is made with freestone, which was always sup-and ignorance mostly. posed impossible to make a good road of; but one than that of steamboat navigation, as now Please to explain to the Committee in what it will make a good road. It certainly does not way you think the labor of men, women and exhibited in various countries, yet one that shall last so long as one made of better materials; children, may be substituted for that of horses? be of a much higher, more noble, and more asbut it is equally good whilst it does last. One-I have generally found that a much greater tonishing kind in the estimation of the world viz. the crossing the Atlantic with much great- Suppose this ship also to have the following the ship in the very best possible trim for sailer safety, ease, pleasure, and despatch,-one additional provisions for safety, convenience, ing. Coal should be used in part for ballast, by that will divest the present good mode, (com- and despatch, viz. : being placed in tanks, in order that when the pared with former ones,) of at least one half of 1st, Each boiler of your steam engines to be coal intended for raising steam should fall its dangers, its average required time for the enclosed by a strong partition of wood and iron, short, that such ballast-coal might be used and performance, its privations, sufferings, and va-sufficient for a protection of all the passengers. the tanks filled with sea water in lieu thereof. rious other disagreeable circumstances, one This might easily be done, and the expense af- Thus the quantity of coal required to be taken that will increase the number of passengers to forded in a ship intended for passage only, and for each passage, over and above the ballast double, at least, what would otherwise be the having from 200 to 350 at each passage on board, coal would not be more than sufficient for about case, by these facilities saving of time and ex-who might be divided into four classes, paying half the time of a passage, viz. about eight days; pense,―one, in fine, which would induce more £30, £25, £20, and £15 sterling, according to this would ordinarily be sufficient, altho' in cases of the better class of Europeans to visit, and to accommodations or room, each class to live at requiring steam more than half the time, the balemigrate to our extensive country, as well as a suitable table according to the price paid; but last coal might, as above stated, be sufficient in afford the facility and inducement for more of in all cases, liquors and uncommon articles of quantity for four to six days' use, which would our countrymen to visit the "Old World," and luxury to be had, if called for, at a reasonable supply such extreme cases without an increase enjoy, while there, the pleasures of its various rate, and paid for extra. Thus, much dissipation, of her freight, censequently the eight days' coal, agricultural beauties, its improvements, antiqui-sickness, and personal annoyance, would be and the provisions, would be nearly all the ties, and Classical associations; and on their prevented, that it must be admitted now exists freight, except passengers, for this immense return, bring with them not only those improve-in some instances. tonnage so small, in proportion, as to be whol ments in Agriculture, the Arts, Manufactures, 2d, Spare suits of sails of the first quality, ly unobjectionable in every point of view. and Commerce, but bring also the strongest and suited to any emergency, with every other ap- 8th, The great size and strength of such a ship, most clear conviction of the perfection, as well pendage connected with sailing a first-rate ship. (having but little freight,) its great buoyancy and as the superior justice and equality of the Con- 3d, The officers to be increased in number, elevation from the surface of the water, would stitution and Government of their own country and selected from men of the best nautical tal- enable it to ride very easy in a heavy sea, as well a conviction well calculated to do much towards ents and experience in the country; to have an as to resist its shock and encroachments, alpreserving and continuing those blessings to extra number of the best picked sailors which most as effectually as a high rock rising from themselves and to others. the country affords; to have an astronomical the ocean. This would make a very important Where have we a better right to turn our apparatus, suited to the purposes of navigation, difference in sea sickness, as well as in any eyes, and look for the birth of such an era than far superior to what is to be found on board of illness, as also in the case and pleasantness of a to New-York? Is not this the mother-city, the any American ship, together with all books, passage, the certainty of which would be refostering nurse, the guiding tutor, and the pat- charts, &c. that could be of use either in sailing duced to 15 to 18 days; indeed, all the advantaron of the advanced stage of steam navigation, the ship, or in the study of all branches of navi-ges attendant on such a passage would remove as applied to practice? Are not her mercantile gation and seamanship, and which in mild wea- five-sixths of the present aggregate of evils, risks, citizens enterprizing and persevering, as wellther could be advantageously pursued under and inconveniences, the certain result of which as better situated, and with more facilities, for such able officers, so as to constitute a school would inevitably be to increase the number effecting great commercial objects, than any of the highest grade for pursuing the science of passengers within five years, to twice or other city probably in the world? and practice of this most useful and important thrice what they otherwise would be in number That this era in steam navigation, on a large part of the education of officers and seamen at as well as also to command nearly all those scale, is practicable, and that it would be very the same time, rendering additional safety to the who now go not only in packets, but almost nuprofitable for passenger-ships, no one can with ship, by such additional talents, experience, in- merous merchant-ships; it would soon after, be reason now deny, who considers the present struments, &c. &c. as uncommon to see passengers go in other ships state of science and practical experience in the 4th, The danger from fire at sea,-the most as it now is to see them go from New-York to construction of ships and vessels for wind and formidable and terrible, perhaps, of any, may Albany in sloops; and the evidence of the above steam navigation; nothing can be necessary but be almost entirely done away with, by excluding increase of passengers in consequence of such the union, in a proper manner, of such talents all freight, except specie, silver plate, jewelry, safety and pleasant accommodations is to be and experience as are now at command, in our letters, papers, bills of exchange, and a few oth-found in the history of the improvements in tragreat commercial cities. er articles that are incombustible, take very lit-velling on this river before and since the intro If it be said that steam-ships have been made tle room, and will pay a very high freight: thus duction of steamboats. The competition too in and sent out on voyages-that the experiment access may always be had to all parts of the this kind of navigation would be much less than has been tried and found to be, at least, doubt-ship, not only to detect and extinguish fire, but is in other kinds, on account of its requiring a ful as to safety, or as to suitable economy-it to perceive and repair any other injury to any large capital, and as freight would not be the obmay be truly and peremptorily replied, that such part. No expense need be spared to render ev-ject at all, the inducements to competition would ships and such experiments were not only not ery security possible to each mast, against the ef-be still less, and as the amount received at cach real ships, and experiments, of the kind neces-fects of lightning, which cannot be or is not gen- passage, after such ship should become known sary, or here alluded to, but they were very literally done in the numerous packet-ships. Spi- and tested, would be, at least, about $30,000, tle more than the shadow in miniature, either rits being kept in bottles, and no other combus- this for eighteen passages, which she might of such a ship or of such an experiment as the tible articles admitted, it would be almost im- make in a year, would amount to $540,000, a writer deems necessary for accomplishing the possible that fire could ever get any ascendancy; sum that speaks for itself as to its being adetruly noble and sublime object of a safe and if, however, it did, the hose connected with the quate to pay the expenses and leave sufficient. speedy passenger-ship, every way suited to run steam engine would subdue it instantly. The profits for its amount of capital, however liberfrom New-York to Europe-having all the pos- interior of the inclosures for the boilers could be ally the plan should be carried into effect. sible advantages united, of sailing by wind and easily and effectually secured with iron and 9th, The number of wheels that it may be being propelled by steam. most prudent to adopt, as well as their size, copper. Suppose, then, a ship for this purpose to be 5th, A small number of heavy pieces of can- form, and strength, must be determined by constructed of 1500 to 2000 tons,-that it be fit-non, on deck, with small arms, &c. suitable for practical experience, they may be so secured ted with sails in the most perfect manner-that arming 150 or 200 of the passengers, would, by iron or copper to the sides of the ship as to it should have four to six detached steam en- with her other facilities, render the ship safe resist or withstand a very heavy sea, whether gines, with an iron or copper water-wheel to from pirates, and even from small ships of war; they are in motion, or not; reference should be each, placed in the best position for the greatest and this feeling of perfect security at all times, had also, in their setting up, that they impede general effect-that it should be exclusively for would be a matter of some consideration, and the sailing of the ship by wind as little as pospassengers, and therefore made, in every part, might become more so in future. sible, for it is probable, that it will be found dif at least of twice or three times the strength of 6th, Probably one of the greatest dangers at ficult, and indeed unnecessary, to remove or what is now deemed a good ship, for this can sea, arises from the running a ship against ice- take in the wheels, at least on common occaeasily be accomplished by means of the many bergs, or other ships. This ship, with her size sions.-Strong iron bands crossing at right subdivisions that would be required to fit it for and facilities, more than others have-the supe- angles, and sufficiently curved to admit of their passengers, and of course might in the absence rior strength she would possess in her construc- being secured to the sides of the ship effectuof freight, have as much space occupied for ob- tion-together with her power of pumping her- ally, may be so arranged as to support the outtaining strength and stiffness, by a judicious self clear, in case of even such leaks as would er end of the shaft of cach wheel. connexion of such partitions with the decks and immediately sink an ordinary vessel,—would be 10th, No risque of injury or loss, from rocks side-frame, as would be equal fully to whatever effectually secured against serious injury from or shoals, can be worthy of much consideration, might be required or wished. running against other ships; and in case of ice- in a ship with all her advantages, facilities, and Should any one smile at the idea of this bergs, her danger of injury would be very small, talents of officers, as she will make the best harstrength, more than is possessed by our best with all her advantages of security: yet in the bor, at each end of one unvarying line between ships at present, they are respectfully referred extreme case of serious injury and great leaks, New-York and the best port in England, from to the list of lost persons every five years, not she would be able to keep herself free by large which Railroads and steamboats would take only by ships being too weak, but for various pumps, worked by steam, while other ships passengers immediately to all other important other causes, which it is here intended to rem- would be immediately destroyed or sunk. points in Europe. It would be strange, indeed, it edy effectually, and the expense of which, for 7th, The best kind of ballast might and should she should ever be found so far out of place and one or two passenger-ships at least, could well be used, the quantity of it may be exactly gra- out of character, as to be among rocks or be afforded, duated and so distributed and secured as to put shoals, A PASSENGER, |