decided degree to accomplish one of the primary ob- the road, with the exception of 8 miles, is undulat- port, it has been seen that the receipts for the last jects of its institution. Having now reached the Po-ing--the extreme ratio of ascent being 47 feet per six months have been $91,000. The sources of this tomac, where it is first placed in contact with the mile. The fuel was anthracite coal. income, it may be assumed, are permanent, as they channel of a new and vast commerce, every step in The operations of this engine were continued to are founded on the growing connexion of this work, addition to the present extent of this work must re- the termination of the period designated for them, with the general travelling and commerce of the alize those objects in an increased degree, and bind with the most triumphant success. The speed of country; and being derived solely from the superior it more intimately to the fertile and extensive region 10, 12, and 15 miles, to which considerations of pru. facilities that this road presents, it is not probable adverted to. dence had limited its average performance, was uni- that any portion of its traffic will be either diminishDuring the past year great activity has prevailed formly maintained, in extreme curves, as well as on ed or withdrawn. Such being the basis of its revethroughout the line of road in developing its mineral extreme ascents- neithes of which produced any nue, the same amount, it may be presumed, will at resources; and quarries, in its immediate contigui- perceptible retarding effect. The steam was always least be maintained throughout the residue of the ty, of granite, limestone and soapstone, have been redundart. year, being equal to an annual sum of $182,000. opened and worked with energy. By the Returns Mr. Gillingham, the Superintendant of Machinery Such may, therefore, from the data adverted to, be in Table M. No. 7, it will be seen that during the of this Company, under whoso direction the above considered as the actual progress made by this Comyear 5,512 tons, equal to 77,168 cubic feet of gran- experiments were made, has furnished the following pany, to the present time, in the acquisition of a perite, have been transported. As the use of this com- details, viz.: During the space of the thirty days, the manent revenue. modity is daily extending, and as it will, as well as operations of the engine were suspended for only Besides the portion of the general transportation lime, have become exports from Baltimore, an in- seven days, which were consumed in repacking the of the country which has thus been obtained, it has creased commerce may be anticipated from them. piston, and in some unimportant repairs upon the been previously remarkod that there is a large aAmong the means which have been resorted to, wheels and carriage; the daily consumption of wa-mount of tonnage, forming within itself a trade of to diminish the expenses of transportation, may be ter was 1700 gallons, and of coal one ton; the ser- considerable magnitude, which, although passing mentioned the adoption of a plan-previously, how-vices of a principal and an assistant engineer were near to this road, has not hitherto been transferred ever, employed on other similar works-of using the required;--producing the following aggregate of to it: for this also, from the influence of the same gravity of the load as its moving power, where the daily expenses, viz.: plane of the descent admitted of it, and transporting the horses on platforms. The same means have also been adopted on portions of the road where a part of the power, either from the diminished load in one direction, or from the descending grade of the read. can be dispensed with. The economy resulting from this arrangement has, in the instance first named, amounted to one half of the power previously found necessary; the saving of time has also been consid. erable, as the train, instead of travelling at the usual rate of heavy transportation, proceeds with safety at a speed of seven or eight miles an hour. : A most important result is derived from the plan described the disadvantages attending of an undulating grade of road are by it neutralized, and the spontaneous descent of the load in one direction places such a road, with regard to the efficiency of its power and its expense of transportation, nearly on an equality with a level road. The cases to which the above remarks have more immediate reference are those in which the tonnage may be equal or nearly so, in both directions: where, however, the descending line of Railway is also that of the heaviest train, the expense of transportation will be proportionally less than on a level road. Actual Expenses. Estimated Expenses. Repairs and wear of engine, and of its cost, Expenses of water stations, interest Total expense of the engine per day, considerations that have secured its present transportation, the Railroad can scarcely fail to be ulti$800 mately found the most commodious means of con3 50 veyance. 50 In reference, therefore, to the question which must constantly recur, of the extent of the returns $12 00 which this work may be capable of yielding, it is satisfactory to know that, even confined within its present limits, this road traverses a country which affords extensive resources of transportation, and that from the actual revenue of the Company, aided 4 00 by a portion of the tonnage just adverted to, it would be enabled to make returns to the Stockholders am$16 00 ply adequate to its cost. This engine, in its daily routine, accomplished the 42 horses, including their keep, interest on cost, During the period that this road has been opened of steam and animal power results, in this single to Frederick, embracing a winter of almost unprece- instance, in a saving of $17 per day, or of upwards dented severity, the intercourse has been sustained of $500 per month. without interruption, and the communication for It has been shown that the Atlantic was employ. passengers has been maintained with rarely any de-ed in the traction of 5 cars, weighing about 18 tons. viation from the speed of ten miles an hour. at an average speed of about 12 miles an hour. This Throughout the above line post-offices have been es- performance has not been stated as the extent of the tablished, mails being delivered and received at each power of that engine, it was the speed and labor asoffice daily; and in order further to increase the fa signed to it as being the limit of that description of cilities of public intercourse, four lines of passenger business which the Company required to be per cars pass daily over the road, affording, for the des- formed. On several occasions much greater results patch of individual business, the opportunity of pro were exhibited: thus a load of 30 tons, exclusive of ceeding from one extremity of the road to the other, the engine and tender, has been repeatedly drawn and, after the lapse of two or three hours, of return. from Baltimore to Ellicotts' Mills, a distance of 13 ing on the same day. miles, within an hour-the road for 5 miles ascend. For the purpose of ascertaining, practically and ing from 13 to 21 feet. conclusively, the applicability of steam power on The Atlantic having been constructed with refe. this road, and with the farther view of testing its rence to speed, of course, a portion of its power was comparative expenso and advantages with animal merged in its velocity. Messrs. Davis and Gartner, power, a series of experiments was, on the 21st to whose skill and perseverance this Company are August, instituted and continued for the space of indebted for this first successful exhibition of steam thirty days. power on their road, are, however, now engaged in A locomotive steam engine, the "Atlantic," which the completion of another engine, formed exclusivehad recently been constructed by Messrs. Davis & ly with reference to its force of traction. This enGartner, of York, Pennsylvania, was employed for gine is expected to convey 100 tons from 6 to 8 miles an hour. testing this important and interesting question. This engine weighed 5 1.2 tons, exclusive of wa- Independent of the established superiority of ter; it had two cylinders, of 10 inches diameter each, steam power, it possesses an important advantage in with a stroke of 20 inches, and, in order to increase accommodating itself more readily to the fluctua. its velocity, it was geared in the ratio of 2 to 1tions in the amount of business which must daily oc. working on road wheels of 3 fect diameter. cur on a Railroad, designed, as this is, for a general With an animal moving power, the inThe Atlantic" being intended for a high speed, commerce. its operations were accordingly directed to the trans- conveniences of these fluctuations can neither be portation of passengers between Baltimore and the remedied nor mitigated, producing, if an excess of foot of the inclined planes; it passed twice over that business be offered, the disadvantage to the public of portion of the road daily, being a distance of about unavoidable delay; and in the event of a diminished 80 miles, and transported the regular train of cars traffic, the loss to the Company of frequently main engaged in that business, consisting generally of five taining an unemployed force, of which the expense cars, carrying, according to the extent of the cur- cannot in any degree be reduced. By the substitu. rent business of the day, from 50 to 100 passengers tion of steam for animal power, the first inconveni-the load weighing, exclusive of the engine and ence can be materially lessened, by occasionally in tender, about 18 tons. Throughout the line thus creasing the work of the engines; and in the case of traversed, curves are of frequent recurrence, several a deficiency of traffic, the expenses of the locomo having a radius of only 400 feet, and the grade of tives can immediately be diminished, by suspending the operations of the surplus engines, when the There is a slight and unimportant difference principal costs-the fuel, the wear and repairs-will occasioned by the draft of the empty platforms on be altogether saved. the ascent, to convey the horses on their return, From the tabular returns, accompanying this re Respectfully submitted, W. WOODVILLE, Auditor and Superintendant of Transpor tation Balt. and O. Railroad Co. M. No. 1. Statement of the Revenue received for the transportation of passengers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, from the undermentioned places, respectively, from the 1st of October, 1831, to the 30th September, 1832, viz. : The falling off in the in Baltimore. demed proper to put them under the head of passengers from Frederick. passengers of this month was occasioned by the epidemic, which prevailed during the whole September, These passengers were received as the foot of the Planes,-the Railroad not having been then opened to Frederick, it has been of Totals, 45443 35837 16 69561842 93 16831 7304 09 18426'21580 42 1366 1345 7289022 67910 32 3502 2891 891 639 170 15 1760 841 30 2645 2757 42 2487 2873 91 4176 3497 03 7384 3438 77 2734 210 264 22 6777 +5554 53 5050 5299 97 Total. Statement of the Revenue M. No. 2 Railroad, from the 1st of October, 1831, to the 30th September, 1832. M. No. 3. received for the Transportation of Tonnage on the Baltimore and Ohio Statement of the Aggregate Revenue received on the Baltimore and Ohio Total. During the month of Pass Dollars cts. Tons. cwt. qrs. lbs Dollars.cts. Westwardly. Eastwardly. Total. During the month of Tonnage. Tonnage. Amount. Tonnage. Amount. Dollars.cts. engers. December, 355 10 3 9 January, 399 11 February, 1021 19 2 26 718 15 0 5 1078 41 1 17 75 485 35 2881 0 403 6 2 of 3 3 0 19 17 2093 4 0 7 6312 83 4692 1393 0 1 4 3535 83 2587 13 3 23 4413 21 4146 15 0 27 7949 04 April, 1 8 8 3531 13 2599 Totals, 11640 4 5 4712 01 3992 6 2 27 8243 14 May, 1825 19 1 16 3220 44 2784 6 3 7 5393 67 2 27 3788 63 3398 2 3 11 5887 36 1997 7 3 7 3292 23 3657 4 3 8 7377 23 3273 12 2 2 5097 57 5147 0 16 9340 82 0 21 24682 47 29445 18 2 21 44344 9141086 2 3 1169027 38 July, 133 3 3 5 8406 58 2 2 7205 78 March, In turning from the smaller instruments in fre. quent use to the larger and more important machines, the economy arising from the increase of velocity becomes more striking. In converting cast into wrought iron, a mass of metal of about a hundred weight is heated almost to a white heat, and placed under a heavy hammer moved by water or steam power. This is raised by a projection on a revolv. ing axis; and if the hammer derived its momentum only from the space through which it fell, it would require a considerably greater time to give a blow. But as it is important that the softened mass of red hot iron should receive as many blows as pos. sible before it cools, the form of the cam or projec tion on the axis is such, that, the hammer, instead of being lifted to a small height, is thrown up with a jerk, and almost the instant after it strikes against a large beam, which acts as a powerful spring, and drives it down on the iron with such velocity, that The fatigue produced on the muscles of the hu. by these means about double the number of strokes man frame does not altogether depend on the actual can be made in a given time. In the smaller tiltforce employed in each effort, but partly on the fre- hammers, this is carried still farther: by striking quency with which it is exerted. The exertion ne. the tail of the tilt-hammer forcibly against a small cessary to accomplish every operation consists of steel anvil, it rebounds with such velocity, that two parts: one of these is the expenditure of force from three to five hundred strokes are made in a which is necessary to drive the tool or instrument; minute. and the other is the effort required for the motion of AGRICULTURE, &c. To determine the Economy of a Cow.-The annu The most advantageous lead for a porter who car. ries wood up stairs on his shoulders, has been inves- al consumption of food per cow, if turned to grass, tigated by M. Coulomb but he found from experi. is from one acre to an acre and a half in the summer, ment that a man walking up stairs without any load, and from a ton to a ton and a half of hay in the winter. A cow may be allowed two pecks of carand raising his burden hy means of his own weight most favorable load. in descending, could do as much work in one day rots per day. The grass being cut and carried, will making the tags of boot laces: they are formed out [From Cobb's Manual on the Cultivation of the Mul. a breadth that when bent round they just enclosed berry Tree-continued from page 678.] SETTING OUT STANDARD TREES. It is an axiom in rural economy, that the greater the disbursement in improving the land the greater the lace. Two picces of steel have recently been of tinned iron, as soon as it is cut, is bent into a trees are to be set, will be much better for the pur. transport- quired for this operation is almost imperceptible; pose if ploughed, harrowed and manured. The trees ed eastwardly on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and it is executed by the same motion of the arm may be three years old if taken from a rich soil, or from the 1st October, 1831, to the 30th September, formed by women and children, and with the im which produces the cut. four if from a poor soil; they should be from four The work is usually per- to eight feet in height, and at least an inch in dia1832, inclusive: meter. The holes should be dug at about the same proved tool more than three times the quantity of distance from each other as for setting apple trees, tags is produced in a given time.* and be made eighteen inches deep and three or four Whenever the work is itself light, it becomes no- feet ir. diameter. The bottoms of these holes may cessary, in order to economize time, to increase the be covered with a few inches of fresh mould. The velocity. Twisting the fibres of wool by the fingers young tree should be placed in its proper range, aswould be a most tedious operation in the common certained by a stake at each extremity of the line, spinning wheel the velocity of the foot is moderate, and it should be held there till its roots are well cobut by a very simple contrivance that of the thread vered with friable and well manured earth, free from is most rapid. A piece of cat-gut passing round a stones, and must be well trodden down and watered large wheel, and then round a small spindle, effects if necessary; a small cavity round the stem to retain this change. This contrivance is common to a mol the rain is very proper. Two or three dressings & titude of machines, some of them very simple. In year with a hoe and manuring occasionally may be large shops for the retail of ribands, it is necessary of essential advantage. Meal and Ground Stuff Pork and Bacon, Fire Wood, Granite, Paving Stones, Red Ochre, Soap Stone, Lime, Iron, Iron Ore, 511 16 0 4 28 13 1 21 4,480 11 0 27 5,512 4 1 23 1,549 7 0 9 171 16 2 0 70 11 0 0 1,199 12 0 18 1,573 14 0 25 65 2 1 0 130 18 3 13 111 4 1 0 GRAFTING AND BUDDING. at short intervals to "take stock," that is, to meas. to place the scion on the northerly side in order that it inay be less exposed to be withered and dried by PRUNING their leaves for the worms.* GROWTH OF THE MULBERRY TREE THE CHINESE MULBERRY. Jo this immense collection was the Morus multi 650 standard trees in the low parts of the ground, each 20 feet apart. 250 standard trees on the rising places, 12 ft apart. 650 dwarf trees on suitable portions of the ground. 1550 Admitting however that each crop of silk costs one quarter or one third the profits, these latter are so some expense, which in no way whatever could be secured and so considerable, that the undertaking would prove in the highest degree useful and profit able. the sun. Budding should be per:ormed with thejed more than eighty quarts per day during the soa-) same care as in other fruit trees in order to insure son. success. But these and many of the modes of improving and propagating the mulberry which have Besides the varieties of the inulberry troe hereto. been resorted to in Europe, will be unnecessary in fore mentioned, thero is one, which, if we may bethis country. With us, land is so cheap, and labor lieve the recommendations of it, is superior to all so high, that the easy and convenient mode of pro- others for the culture of silk: I mean the Chinese This ground to be fenced by mulberry hedges.pagating by seed will be chiefly resorted to, and no mulberry. The purchase money for about two acres, with cost. essential permanent advantage will result to us from The following account of it I derive from the se- of manure and necessary tillage, is estimated at grafting or budding, except in propagating the rare cond No. of the Silk Culturist, a valuable and use- $500. varieties. ful work, published by Dr. Felix Pascalis, of NewYork. It is contained in a letter to the author from chard by using none of the foliage, and tilling and Supposing that to secure full success to this or The imperfections in the form and gwth of the Havre : replacing dead trees during five years, counting loss trees may be remedied by a judicious pro ing, once 'Samuel Perrottet, a member of the Linnean So- of interest and other expenses accruing, we have an in two or three years; and with regard to that, the ciety of Paris, employed by government as a travel increase of debt of $375, and a capital of $881; good sense of every cultivator will direct him howling botanist, returned to this port after a voyage of but commencing from the fifth year up to the twen to form a tree the most beautiful, as well as the most thirty-four months. He brought with him eighty-tieth of its existence, the author of these statistics productive. June is the best season for doing this, four boxes of various dimensions, containing one forms three different periods of five years each. The and the young branches that are taken off will afford hundred and fifty-eight species of living plants, of plantation will give in the first period from 90 to 95 at least eight feet in height, to the quantity of five quintals of foliage, that is, 9000 lbs. or fodder for hundred and thirty-four individuals. All these pro- five ounces of worm seeds; 35 pounds of silk, about Standard trees when once well rooted, will thrive ductions had been procured in the seas of Asia, or $180, that is, 20 per cent on $681. The second in any soil that is not too wet; the gigantic size to gathered on the coast or in the lands of Cayena.period will annually afford for fourteen ounces, which the wild native mulberry attains in the west- From the commencement of the present century, 15000 quintals or 95 lbs. of silk, equal to 47 per ern country, and numerous examples of large and there had never before been so vast an importation cent on $881. But the third period to the twentithrifty trees in the Atlantic states, furnish abundant-one so extensive in number, for rare genera, spe-eth year of age of the orchard, from 500 to 650 evidence of this. The mulberry tree attains to very cies and families, and vegetable productions, or of quintals may be expected, which will feed 28 oungreat age, and no other tree of equal growth and their seeds. All of them passed under my examina-ces and give 196 lbs. of silk, worth nearly $1000, or beauty resists so well the influence of the sea at- tion, and they rather appeared to have come out of more than 112 per cent. mosphere. Two or three grand specimens of this a green-house than from a ship. beautiful tree, says Mr. Phillips, standing on the most exposed situation of the northeast coast of caulis, thus called by Perrottet, for the first time as England, not only defy the enemy, but delight in certained to be the real Chinese mulberry, Morus al their situation; throwing out their noble limbs in ba sinensis, of which every silk grower and culturist all directions, and assuming a foliage rich, full, and should endeavor to multiply the species. It has been tufted to its topmost boughs: one of them is of the deposited in the Royal Garden. Monsieur Perrottet greatest magnitude, though some of its vast limbs says that it grows with many shoots from the roots, have been torn from it; it is still in vigor, and in with tender stems and large foliage, of a much more Remarkable Trees.-There is now growing in the point of richness of effect, the oak itself is scarcely nourishing nature than the European mulberry. garden of Mr. Ogilvie, of Mere, near Knutsford, a superior. They are abundantly prolific. The red, Chinese inhabitants assured him, that to this Hornbeam, which has attained to the extraordinary or as it is more commonly called, the purple malber- tree the disciples of Confucius are indebted for the height of between forty and fifty feet. The trunk ry, is considered as the only species indigenous in prosperity and solidity of their empire. of the tree is twelve feet in height and measures this country. The northern extremity of Lake The Morus multicaulis is already propagating ten feet in circumference.-On the lands of P. Champlain is, according to Michaux, its most nor-in many parts of France, and probably will be sub- Brooke, Esq., at Mere, there is now growing a magthern limit. It is found in all the states in the Un-stituted and preferred to all the other varieties.nificent specimen of the British oak, measuring thirion, south and west, and Dr. James found it as for Among the other qualities of the plant, it is affiren. ty two feet in circumference, and the branches of ed in China that a less quantity of this foliage is rewhich extend over a space of one hundred yards. Every thing is useful in the mulberry tree. Its quired for the precious insects than of that which Some years age a large bough fell from this tree leaves are valuable in the silk which they produce we are obliged to provide for them. Monsieur P. which contained nearly sixty solid feet of timber.by nourishing the silk worm; ite fruit is excellent has left the tree in Cayena, where it is now flourish. Mr. Brooke has another tree upon the estate nearly for poultry, and the wood is useful for the joiners ing in dry and barren soils.' of the sama size, for which he has refused the sum of and for fuel. The mulberry tree may also serve as one hundred pounds, and it is stated that the value I received last autumn half a dozen shrubo from or the dark alone is upwards of twenty pounds.an ornament to our gardens and streets, very differ- Mr. Prince's Nursery on Long Island, which were ent from the Lombardy poplar, which harbors a loath-sold to me as the Morus multicaulis-but upon proof [Chester Chronicle.] some insect, or the elm, or the ash, which are barren and do not afford so thick a shade; and as this white. These trees come at the expense of one dolthey appear to be nothing more than the common tree is always handsome and useful, the Author of nature has been pleased to add cleanliness, as on ac-five dollars each for the real Morus multicaulis, than over some old pamphlets lately, I have found one enlar each, and I would rather have given Mr. Prince count of the acrid bitterness of its sap, but few into have been thus disappointed, as it puts me back sects will harbor upon it. The first mulberry tree that was planted in France a whole season, in the eulture of this valuable tree.* titled an Address to Farmers, printed at NewburyDuring my late visit to Madame Parmentier's Nur port, nearly forty years ago. It is written in a plaia, was near Montelimart, and nearly three centuries sery at Brooklyn, N. Y., I saw several hundreds of concise style, and is replete with valuable sugges after (in 1802) the original tree was in existence. these plants which looked very thrifty, bore very tiens on the subject of agriculture and good husbanIn Engl nd it was first planted in the year 1548; large leaves, seemed to take well to the soil, and dry. A manuscript note on the third title page says Mr.Phillips saw at Sion House the original trees. He found their interior so decayed that the timber crum. leaves from them, each of which more than covered Salem. Among the subjects discussed, the followgrow with uncommon rapidity. I picked several it was written by the late Rev. Nathaniel Fisher, of bled on being touched: the propped branches were the crown of my hat. The leaves were given to the ing I think well worthy republication in the New nevertheless so well nourished, that the fruit and fo- silk worms in my presence and were devoured by England Farmer. The character of a complete FarJiage were not inferior to those of the youngest trees. them with great avidity. This lady has also twelve mer; the Importance of Manure; Labor ExchangOf the plantations formed during the reign of James different varieties of the mulberry in her nursery, ing Work; the Advantages of an Orchard; the MaI. many venerable remains are still seen in England. but this seems to be fast taking the place of all the nagement of Cider; Keeping a Day Book; ConMr. Phillips found a black mulberry tree in a gar: others. tracting Debts; Clothing and Diet; Engaging in west as the river Canadian. den adjoining Greenwich Park, which is supposed · [From the New. England Farmer.] AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.-Mr. Editor: On looking to be one of the oldest in England. It throws Mr. Richard K. Haight, an intelligent merchant Law Suits; Good Neighborhood; Education; Reout,' says Mr. P., ten large branches so near the of the city of New York, has one hundred of these marks on the most approved methods for the man. earth, that it has the appearance of half a score of plants, which were imported from France the pre-agement of Tilling, Mowing, and Pasture lands, largo trees rather than one, and notwithstanding seut season, which I saw in his nursery at Brook- &c. I would suggest the propriety of copying one anany of the projecting branches have been sawed lyn in a flourishing condition. He has also some or two of the above essays weekly till finished. off, it completely covers a eircumference of one hun- Chinese mulberry trees of a different character. THE CHARACTER OF A COMPLETE FARMER. dred and fifty feet; and although the elder trees have which he has imported with great care and which A complete farmer is a most careful, industrious, fixed their abode in some parts of the trunk, and other may prove upon experiment to be valuable. I have and frugal, as well as reputable and useful man, and parts are covered with ivy, it continues to give brought this valuable plant into Massachusetts, and unless carefulness, industry, and economy, are unishoots as vigorous as the youngest tree and produce intend to inoculate some thousands of the commoned in the character, it will be an imperfect one. the finest mulberries in England. It is a regular white in my nursery with buds the present season Although a farmer cannot live without labor, by bearer, and the gardener assured me that he gather- if possible. The following statistics of a mulberry orchard of * For taking off the small branches of larger trees two acres, are by the late Andrew Parmentier, Esq. which could not be reached by hand, I saw an ingeni- of New York: ous contrivance at Baltimore by G. B. Smith, Esq. labor alone he never can grow rich and reputable. Much depends upon his laying out and performing certain kinds of labor in the times and seasons when they ought to be performed. If he will not cart out his summer dung, nor plough those lands in the fall It was nothing more than a pair of pruning shears Those trees were probably sent to me by mis- which he means to feed in the following spring--if attached by one of the handles to a ten foot pole, take. I have since seen a few of the plants of the he will not put his seeds into the ground early, and which is held in one hand, and operated upon by Morus multicaulis in the Kenrick Nursery at New as soon as the season will admit-if he will not atmeans of a cord passing through a pully, and at ton, which wore transplanted from Mr. Prince's the tend to his fences, and see that they are sufficient-Lached to the other handle, with the other hand; by present season, and are now in a flourishing condi- and if he will not cut his grass when it is ripe, and this simple contrivance the twigs and branches were tion. Our nursery men will find it for their inter- do every thing necessary to secure it in good order, taken off with ease, and so smoothly as not to lace- jest to propagate this plant as extensively as they --he will be perpetually burried from one kind of rate the bark and injure the appearance of the tree. can for the present, by inoculation and grafting. labor to another, and every one will be slighted: his [From the American Farmer.] THE WEEVIL. flax will not be well coated, nor his grain properly proper care be taken of them. In fine, let a farmer their laps. But this is no insect subject, like that filled out; his corn will be shortened for want of be- who possesses only fifty acres of good land-who which is the theme of my letter. ing well hood; and his grass will become dead, and owes no man-and who has a common blessing on I trust, that your numerous and intelligent cordry away in the field. Let every kind of labor, the labers of his hands-strictly attend to the man- respondents will take up the subject of the weevil; therefore, be performed in due season. A complete agement of his affairs, live a life of patient industry, inform us what portions of the United States are farmer is also a man of great carefulness and solici. and practise agreeably to the principles of economy, subject to it? How far the exemption I have spotude; without care, the severest labor on the best of and I think he may live well-may be excused the ken of extends? What remedies have been adopfarms will never produce riches nor plenty. If the hardest of labor-and leave his boe and spade to the ted to prevent its ravages? In what manner its farmer will not milk his cows in season-see that next generation by the time he has been fifty years, eggs are introduced into the grains? In short, what they are properly tended-go to the male in the right when most men begin to think of comfort, ease, and are the history and habitudes of the insect? time for the next year's profit-and that his dairy is independence. It is proper that I should mention a fact, which I did not know until a few years since, and which neatly and carefully managed,-he may labor withmay not be known to all of your readers. When out ceasing, will have a small, poor breed of cattle, wheat heads out, the grain has scarcely began to and never enjoy a fulness of good butter and cheese. It is care which makes a flock increase and grow to form, and the head grows rapidly. The formation a good size, which brings forth the profits of a dai. Mr. Smith-It is a curious fact, that no weevil and growth of the grain are singular, and, as far ry, and which fills the house of the farmer with good have made their appearance in the wheat in this part as I have noticed, unlike any thing else in the things. If he will not carefully inspect his fields of Virginia, the present season. In stacking my history of vegetable growth. When the head comes and meadows, and see that his fences are in good or-own little crop I sprinkled it with salt, in pursuance out of the boot, it is not quite so long, ner so thick der, his grass and his corn will be cropt by his cat- of a practice that had been successfully adopted on as it will be; but the shuck for the reception and tle; and if he will not gather and put them up care. the Ohio river, and which I wished to test. Finding covering of the grain is complete in form. When fully and in due season, he will have a short and no wevill in my wheat when it was thrashed, (nor the grain begins to appear it is not a small grain, mouldy crop. If he mows, rakes, and fodders his up to this day, for it is unsold,) I inquired of some formed by nature to be enlarged by regular growth, cattle, in a careless slovenly manner, his flock will of my neighbors, who informed me, that they had but the bottom or heart end appears of full size, with be pinched through the winter, and become poor and neither seen nor heard of any wevill during the sea. a flat surface on top, out of which proceed to the lousy in the spring-poor oxen too poor to do the la- son. My inquiries have extended to several coun-extremity of the shuck numerous small fibres. As the bor of the season--poor cows, with little or no milk, ties, and the same answer has been uniformly given. grain grows it maintains this full size below, and and wretched calves--and poor horses, too feeble to How far this is a general thing throughout the state, flat surface above; so that when half grown, if you draw, and too weak to ride with safety. If his or even throughout lower Virginia, I know not. We take it out of the shuck, it looks like a grain cut swine, poultry, and stock in general, and if his caris, ell know the very destructive ravages of that insect, in half, except that where it seems to have been rakes and tools of all kinds, are not carefully attend- and that, unless our crops are gotten out quite early, cut, it is covered with long white down, perceptible ed to, the farmer never can grow rich and respecta- they are liable to be greatly reduced in quantity and to the eye, and that may be taken hold of by the finble. It is attention which gradually collects from quality by it. gers. It continues to grow up in this flat form,until various sources, and covers the soil with manure; it The extent of the present exemption from this se- it is perfected, when all the silky fibres are brought is attention which causes the hills, fields and vallies, rious pest of the wheat grower, ought to be made to a point, and form a fuzz at the upper end of the to yield their increase, and advances and completes known through the American Farmer, and other- grain. In this fuzz, after the grain is formed, some the most beneficial improvements. wise. The cause of that exemption will, of course, speculators think that the eggs of the hessian fly, of There is a third virtue, without the practice of be matter of investigation and speculation. It is the weevil, and the farina of the rust, are deposited. which the farmer can never attain to wealth and in-worthy of our closest attention, and most pains. But it is not my object to go into these speculations. dependence: I mean economy. Without this, both taking inquiries. For, in the wheat growing por. I have satisfied myself that the grain of wheat grows labor in raising and care in preserving the fruits of tion of Virginia, the industrious farmer is liable, lengthwise, and of full size as I have described.the earth are absolutely thrown away. Economy is some years, to lose from one-fourth to one third of The shuck by which it is protected is open on two an excellent virtue in any man: it is indispensable his wheat, by a single fortnight's delay in getting it sides, and is accessible to the insect tribe, and to fine in the affairs and profession of a farmer. And of out, and sometimes after it has been gotten out, the pollen when nearly ripe. I take it for granted, this no should never be unmindful when he looks injury is nearly as great. I think this ratio of loss that the fibres I have mentioned receive the farina into his barn, his cellar, or his garret, or even his is not too high in most cases, in unfavorable sea. of the bloom. Those who have not noticed this pastures-to say nothing of his fields, mowing lands sons. When the wevil perforates, aud comes out of peculiarity in the growth of wheat will look into it and meadows. But farmers, as well as other men, the grain, it has consumed the flour of it, and leaves during the next spring, if they have curiosity enough are too apt to forget that, in their pursuit after rich- but the rind, with the germinating bud, and a parcel or doubt this representation. es, almost every thing depends upon economy, join. of excrementious dust and matter. The miller too, Some of your readers may not have seen the loses by such wheat. He has to pay for the weight remarks of Mr. Jefferson, written in 1781, on the ed with care and industry. A frugal, industrious man, blessed with but a com- of the worthless grains, and for that portion of the subject of the weevil. I copy them from the 20th mon share of understanding, will undoubtedly succeed grains in the several stages, from the first hatching Enquiry, in his Notes on Virginia. Speaking of the and advance his interest beyond whatever he expect of the insect to its entry into winged existence. It culture of wheat he says: ed, when he first set out in fire, provided no singular is true, that he runs the wheat through strong blow. "The weevil indeed is a formidable obstacle to providential evil should overtake him. More is ing mills, and through rubbers, which mash the the cultivation of this grain with us. But principles gained by saving than by hard labor. A farmer, empty rinds, and the fat, plump, living grains: but are already known which must lead to a remedy.therefore, whose utmost profits are small and slow, the young, half-grown insect is apt to escape, and Thus, a certain degree of heat, to wit: that of the as he cannot grow rich suddenly from his profession, go into the mill-stones, and give richness and flavor common air in summer, is necessary to hatch the should be a rigid and steady economist. He should to the flour. In fact, the essences of the fat worms egg. If subterranean granaries, or others, thereconsider the saving he may make in every thing: in and hatching flies that must be crushed in countless fore, can be contrived below that temperature, the ehis fuel, tools, clothes, meat, drink, and pocket ex. numbers, and must stick to the sound and half sound vil will be cured by cold. A degree of heat beyond penses-above all, in his time, which is equal to so grains, that have solidity enough to resist the wood. that which hatches the egg we know will kill it.— much money in hand. Every day that his neighbor en rubber, and specific gravity enough to drop thro' But in aiming at this, we easily run into that which runs down to market on his horse, with a pound or the wind of the blowing machine, is sufficient to produces putrefaction. To produce putrefaction, two of butter and a few eggs, if he stays at home make flour rich enough for the palate of an epicure. however, three agents are requisite, heat, moisture and keeps steady to his labor, he gets two, if not Keep me from eating such cakes, however fair they and the external air. If the absence of any one of three days the start of him. While his neighbor may look! these be secured, the other two may be safely admit wastes his time and spends his money by this impru- Within my recollection there was not a weevil ted. Heat is the one we want. Moisture then or dent and trifling pursuit, he saves both time and mo- west of the Blue ridge; but they have become nu- external air, must be excluded. The former has ney in dressing and improving his lands, and whieh merous there, though not generally so destructive been done by exposing the grain in kilns to the acdemand all his attention. There is no leisure hour as with us, from the colder nature of the climate, I tion of fire, which produces heat, and extracts mois. to be found on a farm from early in the spring till presume. ture at the same time: the latter, by putting the late in the fall. Through all that whole period, a The millers in our town of Richmond have as grain into hogsheads, covering with a coat of lime, good farmer knows how to spend every hour profit- good mills an can be found in the world; and I be. and heading it up. In this situation, its bulk pro. ably on his lands. He can have no time to pass in lieve they are nice and particular in their business.-duced a sufficient heat to kill the egg; the moisture idleness-in chatting with people as they pass by- They make family flour that cannot be surpassed is suffered to remain indeed, but the external air is in making needless visits--in attending courts, horse but they make out of wheat that is brought to mar- excluded. A nicer operation yet has been attempted; races, taverns, and the like. By these means the ket soon after being cut; and grind it before the that is, to produce an intermediate temperature of public is annually deprived of many thousands of weevil appears in any shape. They have, heretofore, heat, between that which kills the egg, and that bushels of potatoes, corn, tons of hay, &c. and indi- been in the habit of purchasing inferior wheat, out which produces putrefaction. Threshing the grain viduals themselves become poor, and fall into the of which they made confessedly inferior flour, on as soon as it is cut, and laying it in its chaff in large worst of habits--into idleness, gaming, drinking, &c. which they would not put their brands, a'though heaps, has been found very nearly to hit this temThere is no kind of economy in the farmer which much of it was fair enough to pass the inspector, perature, though not perfectly, nor always. The will not be well rewarded. Early rising will con- who is a very clear sighted and exact man. But heap generates heat sufficient to kill most of the tribute to his health, and preserve his fields from the they do not purchase this description of wheat now, eggs, whilst the chaff restrains it from rising into inroads of unruly creatures, which commonly begin in consequence of a controversy with the legislature, putrefaction. But all these methods abridge too their trespasses just as the day begins to dawn. relative to their brands, which I have not time to much the quantity which the farmer can manage.” Close mowing and careful raking will enable him explain, if it would interest your readers. If the &c. &c. to winter one cow extraordinary. Feeding his hoge millers have not already triumphed, they will fi We have had two uncommonly cold winters fol. by weeds and other vegetable substances, will enable nally do so; for, it is useless to attempt to regulowing each other, the effects of which may have him to pay his shoemakers. Scraping his door and late by law the industry and pursuits of men. Ev been felt by the weevil. But my communication has barnyards after rains and showers, will clothe his ery thing must be left to itself. Industry will work filled my sheet, and I leave the subject for the disboy. Saving his early apples, and which are com- in the most profitable shop, and men wil concussion of more experienced farmers than myself.— monly lost entirely, will pay his tailor. His poultry sult their own interest and happiness without le Its great importance will be acknowledged by all well attended, will pay his maid. His calves will gislative instruction: at the same time they will rea- who have experienced the evil of the weevil. pay all his taxes, and some part of his hired labor, if dily pocket bounties and premiums, if poured into HENRICO. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. to be expected will be a dietation to England and march of the French troops into Belgium will be France, on matters directly concerning their own deemed sufficient. The funds fell about one per LATE FROM EUROPE.-From the Journal of Com- honor and safety, by some petty state, acting as the cent. in Paris on Thursday, in consequence of the feeling that an interference in behalf of Belgium had merce we take some extracts of London papers to puppet of Russia, Austria, or Prussia.-[Sun.] become all but inevitable. [From the London Times Sept. 22.] the 23d of September, received by the Silas Richards packet of 24th September from Liverpool. The King of Spain is also reported dead. We have learned with regret not unmixed with astonishment and indignation, that his Dutch Ma Change in the Belgian Ministry. LONDON, Sept. 21.-Despatches have been receivThe death of Sir Walter Scott, is reported by Cap-jesty has refused to treat on the reasonable modifica ed by M. Van de Weyer, the Belgian minister, from tain Bursley of the Silas Richards, to have taken tions of the treaty of Nov. 15, which we mentioned General Goblet, announcing the retirement of M. yesterday, and which were lately transmitted to the de Meulinaire, the Belgian Minister for Foreign place at Edinburg on the 22d September. Hague, by the President of the Conference on the Afiaires, and the appointment of General Goblet to part of Belgium. His Majesty's answer is at once that post ad interim. An entire change of the BelThe King of Holland had positively refused to insulting and evasive-insulting to the Conference, gian Ministry is announced, but it is not yet officialtreat with the King of Belgium as recommended by and evasive of the question at issue-declining to ly stated who are to replace them. M. Van de Weyer the London Conference; so that the probability of make any new proposition of his own, and taking has received from General Goblet full powers to no notice of the propositions made on the other treat with the Dutch minister, Baron Von Zuylen, France and England being obliged to bring his on the dispute between Holland and Belgium; but side. Dutch majesty to reason by arms, is greatly increas. The extraordinary answer was yesterday deliver. up to the present time, Baron Von Zuylen has reed. It must then appear whether or not he is sup-ed to the Conference, specially convened to deliber.ceived no powers from his court to treat with M. ported in his obstinacy by Russia and Prussia. ate upon its nature and contents. Of course, it can. Van de Weyer on the subject; and it remains to be The Cotton market, it will be seen, was rising. not he imagined that any final decision was adopted seen whether the King of Holland will consent to on so momentuous a subject in the absence of the such a mode of proceeding, taking for the basis of it Rejection of the Ultimatum of London Conference. chief English Ministers. The Conference is to the recommendations of the Conference. It is not true, as stated by some of our contempo. LONDON, Saturday Evening, Sept. 22.-Very little meet again to-day, but every reasonable man must excitement has been produced in the money market now see that all hope of bringing his Dutch Majesty raries, that Leopold has accepted certain propositions by the confirmation of the rumors respecting the to his senses by protocols and peaceful representa from the Conference; he has neither accepted nor note of the King of Holland, though in fact, to the tions must be abandoned. He is evidently determin. rejected any thing that has been suggested to him general apprehension, it makes the alternative of aed to come to no arrangement without being com. from that quarter, and the Conference have merely war all but inevitable. This is owing, probably, pelled by superior force. He is evidently resolved advised the course which they wish him to follow. to the very contracted state of business and the to employ every subterfuge,-to practise every The retirement of M. de Meulinaire and the other almost total extinction of speculative transactions stratagem to gain time. His mind seems to be ministers, however, and the powers given to M. Van in the funds. Had similar circumstances occurred made up to take advantage of the chapter of accide Weyer to negotiate with the Baron Von Zuylen, ■ year or two back, they could not have failed to dents, and rather to hazard the chances of war, to are, we think, strong indications of a disposition, on produce very material fluctuations. Consols left off recover the whole of his former dominions, than to the part of Leopold, to adopt most, if not all, the at 84 1-8, and Exchequer Bills at 16 to 17 premium. agree to terms of accommodation, by which he may suggestions of the Conference. [From the Sun, Evening of Sept. 22.] enjoy a part of them in security and peace. LONDON, Sept. 22d.-The Russian ambassador, The expectations which were entertained by the The Conference, which has been so grossly insul. Count Malasavilch, has arrived in town to.day from Doncaster. He is supposed to have been sent for Conference of a speedy and satisfactory arrangement ted, cannot permit this insidious game to be pursued of the Belgian question are at an end. On Thurs- any farther. It is evidently the interest of Austria by the Dutch minister, to strengthen his position day evening a sealed note, from the King of Hol. and Prussia that Belgic affairs should be settled; and with regard to the Conference of the English minisland to the Conference, was given to Lord Palmers. it is no less the interest than the duty of France and try. The meeting of the Conference, which was to ton by the Dutch Ambassador, Baron Von Zuylen; England to become the instruments of such a salu have taken place to-day, has been put off till Monand last night the members of the Conference hav. tary work. His Dutch Majesty can place his only day, and it is believed that Lord Grey has been sent ing all assembled the note was opened and read by reliance on the infamous Government of Russia; for to assist at its deliberations. Of the foreign funds the chief fluctuations to-day them. Instead of finding as they had expected, an which, desirous of embroiling Western Europe, that acknowledgement of the readiness of the King of it may perpetrate unmolested all its intended barba. were in Dutch and Belgian, which have both deHolland to treat with the King of Béigium, on the ritios in Poland, has no doubt encouraged his Dutch clined. All the European securities are, however, more or less affected by the crisis which is believed recommendations of the Conference, and an ap. majesty in his present dangerous course. pointment of Baron Von Zuylen with full powers to The Conferance can no longer trifle with the peace to be impending. Death of Ferdinand of Spain. treat with M. Van de Weyer, the Conference to their of Europe and the rights of Belgium. If they have LONDON, Saturday Evening, Sept. 22.-Intelliastonishment, and to the real indignation of some, appointed themselves umpires, they must enforce as well as the avowed indignation of all, found a their award. After inducing the new King of Belgence has been received through France to-day, of long note without the slightest allusion to the pro- gium to descend from the lofty position which he the death of the King of Spain, which there is no posal of negotiations between M. Van de Weyer and occupied on a treaty ratified by all the Courts, and reason for doubting, though some persons have deBaron Von Zuylen, or to the suggestions of the Con- become the public law of Europe-after leading him clared themselves incredulous on the subject. His to believe that the reserved points of difference be health has been declining for some time past, and Don Pedro's Expedition. This ference. The note commences by an expression of surprize tween him and his neighbors might be arranged by he has lately had a covoro attack of the gent on the part of the writer, M. de Verstolk, in the mutual concessions—after thus extracting from him news, if confirmed, is expected to hasten the apname of the King, his master, at the delay which some reasonable proposals of modifications in the proach of the crisis in Spain. has attended the Belgian question since the condi- treaty-after making him thus break through the There are no later accounts from Portugal. Reintions on which the King was willing to treat had assurance which he had given his Chambers, that he been made known to the Conference and to the Bel would never negociate with an enemy in his terri. forcements to aid the cause of Don Pedro were congians, and then proceeds, in language which is in-tory-they have exposed his Belgic Majesty to the tinually departing. LONDON, Sept. 23.-The Lord Wellington East tended to be courteous, but which is not to be mis. dangerous chances of an unpopularity, without securunderstood, to complain of the support given by the ing any of the advantages of peace. He is now, Indiaman, a large ship of upwards of 1400 tons burConference to revolutionary principles, and to de- perhaps, without a Cabinet-exposed to the attacks den, has been lately purchased by the agents of Don clare that, whatever may be the conduct of the great of the press, to the remonstrances of the Legislature, Pedro, after having made several voyages to the powers, the King of Holland, relying on the justice and even to the suspicion of the more charitable and East Indies, and is now being enlarged, altered, and of his cause, and on the support of Divine Provi- loyal portion of his subjects. His allies are bound repaired, at the ship building yard of Messrs. Cox dence, will know how to maintain his honor without to replace him in the situation which he would have & Curling, at Limehouse. This fine vessel will be the necessity of conceding points which are of vital occupied had he not trusted to their assurances of pierced for sixty guns, and will, in fact, be transthat definitive arrangement, which, if obtained, formed into a line-of-battle ship sufficient to cope importance to his country. The note is of great length, but we have given its would have constituted his best apology for appear with the largest man-of-war in Don Miguel's service, and will prove when completed, a powerful reinchief character. It is evidently intended only for ing to have deserted his pledges. forcement to the fleet of Admiral Sartorius. farther delay; and, unless France and England Express from Paris. The Echo steamer, Licut. Otway, sailed from Falshould act a decisive and manly part, that object will LONDON, Sept. 22 (Evening).-An cxpress from be gained. Let us hope, however, that the two Paris has arrived to-day with the letters of Thursday, mouth on Tuesday 18th for Oporto, with the Marcabinets will see their interest, and unite in a resolu- and every thing indicates that France is perfectly quis Palmella, Senhor Barboza, his secretary, and tion to compel the King of Holland to conclude a ready to second the decision of the Conference by auite; Sonhors Costa, Vasconeellos, Rorke, and Gotreaty with Belgium, on terms which, without being movement against Holland, should that step be mez, on a special mission in the cause of Donna dishonorable to him, shall be fair and liberal towards deemed advisable. Troops are collected on the fron. Maria. The Marquis reached Falmouth on Satur. his former subjects. tier next Belgium, and could, it is conceived, he in day morning. The steamer had been detained some The position of Leopold is now one of great diffi- Brussels in a very short time. The Duke of Orleans days, waiting the arrival of a messenger with descalty; but, as regarde his country and France, it is has left Paris for Brussles, in order, as it is supposed. patches, who arrived on Tuesday, and the steamer better than it was a few days ago. By taking upon to convey to Leopold the opinions of the French sailed immediately.Plymouth Journal.] Major Lawson, who came home from Oporto on himself to accept the proposals of the conference, ministry,and to explain the course which is intended contrary to the declared wishes of his Chambers, to be pursued in the event of the King of Holland leave, in consequence of differences, as we are inand to dismiss a ministry acting in accordance with proving refractory. The late communicatiem from formed, with Col. Hodges, is about to return to Porthose bedies, he has shown his desire for peace, and the Hague, which was laid before the London Con- tugal, accompanied by a general icer of consider. able experience, under whose cominand Count Villa has now a direct claim for support on the British ference yesterday, was uot known in Paris, but every Several hundred effecand French cabinets. The King of Holland has re-expectation existed that it would thru out as unsatis. Flor served during the war. tive men, who have enrolled themselves under Don jected all overtures for peace, except on his own factory as has really proved to be the case. It is per- Pedro, will go out with these gallant officers. terms; and if Belgium be abandoned by us and fectly understood, however, that the French troops France, after the concessions offered by her King at will not move without the concurrence of the Engthe risk of his own popularity with his people, the lish ministry. The co-operation of England, by were 5000 bags, of which 1000 were on speculation. Frices have and fully is established on all sorts. two governments will be guilty not only of great sending a fleet into the Scheldt, is desired by France, risen er ib. in all but the highest qualities, since the 14th, meanness, but of great injustice; and the next thing but, failing that, the consent of the ministry to the 000 bales against 312,000 at this time last year. LIVERPOOL, Sept. 21.-The sales of Cotton on Saturday Our stock is now 250, |