It might be left for any one to estimate the com-)ways. As it is, what can now be presented will be be the 1-240th and the 1-400th, at the least. The parative cost of transportation upon a barrel of flour, very limited and brief, and much short of that which, diameter of the wheel is 30 inches, and that of the by the two methods. But let us stop to consider in-it is conceived, the subject demands, and far less of axle, where it is subject to friction, 2 inches. If the telligently the particulars af this example; for as a that of which it admits. We shall begin with the fol. wheel should be enlarged to 36 inches, as will profact, it is of no small importance in determining the lowing comparison of canals, railways, and turnpike bably be the case, as is now proferred in England, merits of Canals or Railways, and common roads. roads, with regard to the effects of the moving pow-then the relative friction will be reduced in the proLet us admit for the sake of comparison, that one er upon them. portion of 36: 30, and the ratios for the two cars. boat is as expensive in the building and maintenance In document No. 18, (before mentioned,) page will be 1.288th and 1.480th. Moreover, whilst it is as three wagons, and this will be a liberal allow- 190, after quoting from N. Wood's Treatise on Rail- believed that the diameter of the axle cannot be re-. ance to the disadvantage of the boats, and in favor of roads, ed. 1825, and from Tredgold's Treatise of the duced in the Winans' ear, lest its attrition should land carriage. It will then be true from the preced- same date, is the following paragraph, to wit: prove injurious to the friction wheel, yet it is othering statement, that one horse by means of the canal "It is proper to remark, that from Tredgold, as wise with the chilled box car, and the axle now emperforms the work of fifty horses upon a road, one from other English treatises on railroads, passages ployed for this car has a diameter of 1 3-4 inches.man the work of twenty-five, and one wagon very may be extracted less favorable than the preceding This, again, has the effect of reducing the effect of nearly as much as seventeen wagons. Nor is this to the superiority of canals; but enough is here friction in proportion as 2:1 3.4. Hence, in the the full account of the matter; for the man, horse quoted to show the uncertainty which hung over the chilled box car, with 30 inch wheels, as now used and wagon, do that in one day which the twenty-five question-whether canals or railroads were to be on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the traction men, fifty horses and 17 wagons do in two days.-preferred for the transportation of persons and pro- on a level is the 1-274th, and, with a 36 inch wheel, Now if we suppose the day's work of the man to be perty. No two authors, scarcely, will be found to the 1-329th. And these may be set down, in pracone dollar, that of the horse half a dollar, and the concur, precisely, in opinion on the subject; nor the tice, at the 1.264th and the 1 300th. wagon to be worth fifty cents a day, the value of the saine author with himself." The limits of practical perfection, then, of the work done by the three united, is two dollars a day, In the first place, we may here remark, that the two kinds of cars now in use on the Baltimore and the value of the work done by the twenty-five disagreement of authors with each other, or with and Ohio Railroad, when wheels three feet in diammen, fifty horses, and seventeen wagons, in one day, themselves, cannot be received as good evidence eter shall be employed, will be such, that with the will be fifty-eight dollars and a half, or one hundred against improvements, either in mechanics or in one, 1 lb. traction will draw 300 lbs., and with the and seventeen dollars in two days. modes of conveyance, any more than difference of other 450 lbs. Whilst at present, as they are now opinion, opposition, or even apparent inconsistency, furnished on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, with in the members of a legislative body, would be valid 30 inch wheels, 1 ib. will draw 264 lbs. upon one evidence against bills or amendments: for, other. car, and 400 lbs. upon the other. To display this more clearly, we shall set down the two comparative statements with numbers. $1.00 1 man 1 horse 1 wagon 50 50 $2.00 wise, improvements in the one case, and amendments Through the perseverance of our ingenious counin the other, would be indefinitely postponed. The tryman, Ross Winans, the inventor, and the patrontruth, however, is, that public opinion will always age of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, For one day be founded upon the facts, as they shall be, from the friction car has gradually assumed more fitting This shows the expense of conveyance upon a ca- time to time, developed and shown to exist, with re. proportions and consistency of parts, until it has ar nal for one day to be two dollars, while the cost upon a New York turnpike road is as follows: 25 men 50 horses 17 wagons $25 00 25 00 8.50 $58 50 gard to all improvements; and public opinion will rived at a practical state that will ensure its use upseldom err. Turnpike roads, canals, the steam en. on railways. In all our comparisons, therefore, of gine, and steamboats, have each, in turn, in spite of great lines of railway and canal, we are fully authorpowerful opposition, received the sanction of publicized to assume the traction necessary with this car opinion. Railroads are now upon the stage, and upon railways, when three feet wheels shall be used; are being subjected to the same great and discrimi- but, as hitherto, 2 1-2 feet whoels have been running nating ordeal; and when we reflect upon the magni- upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and as it This being doubled for two days makes $117. ficent results which their success, coupled with the may be more satisfactory to some that the compariIt plainly follows then that when the cost of car-application of steam, upon them, will produco, we son, in relation to friction, should not, in behalf of riage on the turnpike amounts to one hundred and can neither wonder that their introduction should the railway system, contain anything not experimen Beventeen dollars, it is no more than two dollars by be opposed, nor doubt of their triumph. tally tested, we shall, for the present occasion, cm من 19.90 Velocity of motion. Miles Feet per se pr hour cond. a Canal; or which is the same thing, that which The author of the document, whose object would ploy the traction of the 1.400th. may be conveyed upon a Canal or Railway for one appear mainly to have been to determine Congress With this measure, let us correct the Table V, dollar, will cost fifty eight dollars and a half upon and the public in favor of the canal, and against the page 189, of Doc. No. 18, which Tredgold, seven the turnpike road. Now it is a certain fact, that railroad, here acknowledges that passages more fa. years ago, formed with a view to his then opinion upon a turnpike in the State of New York, two hor-vorable to the railroad system exist in the works of of a traction of the 1-144th, and we shall then see ses carry ten barrole of flour, which is an ordinary those authors. in what relation the effects of a given power upon load for four horses upon our common roads. For Now, what are the facts? The compiler of docu. railways will stand, when compared with those upon the sake of bringing the difference home to our ment No. 18 has quoted from English works seven canals and turnpike roads. selves, we must then continue and say, that when years old. Seven years is a long period, when mea. conveyance on a Canal or Railway is at one dollar, sured by the time elapsed since the application of it will be at one hundred and seventeen dollars by railways to the purposes of general conveyance.— our ordinary mode of transportation by wagons. Within this period, very great improvements have The liberty here taken in speaking of the Canal heen effected, not only in the formation of railways, and the Railway as alike in their efficiency for trans- but in the application to them of machinery, and moportation, is founded upon the present decisive opin- tive power. ion of engineers, upon such experience as is now dai- These improvements have been such as to double ly exhibited both in England and America, and upon or treble the useful effects, and even to quadruple | such evidence as has been given in the preceding the attainable velocity which had previously heen number. had upon railways. The relative friction, or tracWere a Railway constructed from the mountains tion, upon level railways, in the year 1825, was set to Beaufort on the seacoast, produce could be trans-down by Tredgold at the 1.144th part of the weight ported from one end of it to the other, through a dis-moved, and his table V., copied on page 189, docu tance of three hundred miles, in three days. This ment No. 18, was calculated accordingly; whilst must be evident as soon as we reflect that regular Wood, in his treatise of the same date, (1825,) exline carriages, with proper change of horses, travel-pressed his opinion, derived from experiments, to be ling night and day, will accomplish the distance in that the traction may be taken at the 1-200th. three days, at little more than four miles an hour. It Since that time, however, the common railway is unquestionably in our power to complete such a car, in England, has undergone improvements, and Railroad, without the least inconvenience to the peo-the friction is stated, in the second edition of Nichople, in soven years. Shall we then delay a moment las Wood's Treatise on Railroads, London, 1831, to seriously to commence a plan, which if accomplish-be the 1-240th of the weight. In this country, and ed, must be of inestimable importance to the State? on the Baltimore and Oaio Railroad, several of the It is for the people to say whether they will employ greatest recent improvements in railway cars have as soon as possible such an engineer, as shall in a been made. These have resulted from the formation few months give us an enlightened, correct and con- and bringing into practical use, on this road, two clusive estimate of the manner, the means, and the kinds of cars; one of which having friction wheels CARLTON. expense. pendant upon the ends of the axles of the road wheels -the other a plain, simple, chilled box, with outDocuments relative to the comparative merits of Ca-side bearings and steel pointed journals; and from nals and Railroads, submitted by Mr. Howard, of the use of the cone and cylinder wheel. And there Maryland. Engineer's Office, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Į no doubt that the cars in use on this railroad are by far the best extant, in Europe or America. From a set of experiments made on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the relative friction, or the force ance with thy request, I have read document No. of traction on a level, will be, with a full load, when TABLE V.-Correcte 1. velocities, on Canals, Railroads, and Turnpike Roads. A Table showing the effects of a power, or force of traction, of 100 lbs. at different Load moved at a power of 100 158. moved. Total mass Useful effect On a level Railway. Total mass moved. Lbs. 3.66 55.500 39.400 Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 40,000 30,000 1,800 1,350 4.40 38,542 27,361 40,000 30.000 1,800 1,350 5.13 28,316 20,100 40,000 30.000 1,800 1,350 5.86 21,680 15,390 40,000 30,000 7.33 13.875 9.850 1,800 1,350 40,000 30,000 1,800 1,350 8.80 9.635 6,840 30,000 1,800 1,350 10.26 7 080 5,026 40,000 30,000 1,800 1.350 11.73 5.420 3,848 40,000 30,000 1,800 1.350 30,000 1,800 1,350 On a level Turnpike Road. 22d Congress, and now submit the following report the Winans' friction car is employed, the 1-450th of From an inspection of the corrected table, it will 18, of the House of Representatives. 1st session the chilled box car is used, the 1-258th, and when and accompanying documents on the subject of the the weight of the car and its load. The experiments appear, that, when the velocity is 3 miles per hour, relative advantages of railroads and canals. were made with two cars of each kind, and the re- (instead of 5 miles, as indicated in the former table,) It is regretted that more time could not be allowed sults just given are the averages. To me et practical it requires less power on the railway than on the for the compiling of statements and explanations imperfections, some allowance must be made; but canal, to produce an equal effect. From a strict with regard to the relative merits of canals and rail- there is no doubt, that, in practice, these ratios will calculation, it will be found that the power required will be equal when the velocity is 2 86.100 miles per and as the weight of a car to carry three tons, is one, per constant working energy of a horse, (and it is the hour, or 4 2 feet per second. ton, we shall therefore on the present occasion, as- same with mechanical agents of all kinds, including According to Tredgold, the maximum of useful sume the proper weight of each car to be one ton, the steam engine,) is the one half of his capable eneffect of the labor of a horse will be obtained from al and its freight three tons, as a general rule upon ergy. See note, p. 68, also p. 84, Tredgold's Treaduration of 6 hours of labor per day, at a velocity of great lines of Railway. The horse will not draw six tise on Railroads, N. Y. ed. 1825. Consequently, 3 miles per hour, and the mean power of traction of such care when fully laden; his load, there. the horses employed upon the Cumberland road, are will be 125 lbs. The railway will, therefore, have fore, must be five cars, containing 15 tons of freight capable of a constant draught, during eight hours the advantage of the canal, at a rate of speed best drawn twenty miles, (and not eighteen miles) in a each day, of 150 pounds. And this happens to be the suited to the action of the horse. And it will also day, equal to 300 tons drawn one mile in a day. same as the horse power established by engineers as appear that the effect on the railway is to that on One man may drive two horses, but we shall, at the unit of measure in reckoning the power of the the turnpike road as 22 to 1. present, allow a man to a horse and five cars. The steam engine. average daily wages of a man will be about 80 cents, The time these horses employ in performing the including board, and the average cost of a horse, in- trip from Baltimore to Wheeling, 266 miles, over cluding harness and every other expense, about 40 this hilly road, is usually 15 days, averaging 18 miles cents; of both together 120 cents-120-300=2-5 of per day; and they could, with equal, if not greater ease, travel 20 miles per day, on a Railroad, with We see, therefore, that the comparison between canals and railroads is vastly more favorable to the latter, than when Tredgold, in his treatise on rail roads, remarked, that, "recollecting that railroads are yet in an imperfect state, while the united talents a cent per ton per mile. of our civil engineers have been chiefly devoted to The five Winans' cars will cost, in their construc- the same draught. Upon the level parts of the canals for about a century, we may confidently hope tion, $750, and they will probably have to be renew- Railway, the horse could occasionally take advanthat there is yet scope for improvement; and we may ed after five years' use; at the end of which time tage of the momentum of the load, and relax his fairly infer, that, for new works, Railroads will, in the materials will be worth $250; loss $500. The traces, whilst, upon the descending parts, his load nine cases out of ten, be better adapted for the pub-annual incidental repairs, for five years, may be set would at all times be less than crdinary, and where lic benefit than can canals." down at $80; and, supposing one third part of the the descent was 15 to 20 feet per mile, he would be Seeing, therefore, that the improvements in Rail- entire number of cars to be inactive depots, sidings, entirely free from draught, inasmuch as the gravity ways and cars have been such, that, with a velocity and shops, then the calculation of the expense at would equal, and perhaps exceed, the friction of the of three miles per hour, the effect is greater than on tendant on these cars will be as follows: cars. Moreover, upon the Railway, he would be a Canal, and that, at higher velocities, the effect will entirely relieved from holding back, for, in case the be vastly more decided in favor of the Railway, in gravity upon a descending part of the way should consequence of the resistance in the Canal increas. exceed the friction, the conductor of the train would ing in a duplicate ratio of the velocities; and when apply the brake, and effectually regulate the motion we also reflect upon the very great improvements of the cars; and, we may remark, by the way, that, which have, in the last two or three years, been upon a canal, the draught is necessarily almost a made in the locomotive steam engine, and consider constant tug, and does not admit of relaxation withthe paramount importance of speed and certainty,t to 1. Annuity to produce $500 in five years: interest 2. Interest on $750 at six per cent. Amounting to 300 tons conveyed 1 mile in a day, for the year of out coming to a pause, when there is a loss of time; to a travelling and commercial people, more espe- 312 days, make 93,600 tons conveyed 1 milo, at an added to this, the animal has to draw at the end of cially in a country of such extended surface as the expense for cars equal to $230 51. The expense per a long elastic rope not parallel to the direction of United States, and that this avenue of communication ton per mile will, therefore, be 23051-93600-a lit- motion, thereby suffering a partial distress, together will be open throughout the year, in winter as well as the less than one fourth of a cent, or more exaectly, with a loss of effective power in the ratio of the in summer, shall we hesitate to say, what the author 2461 of a cent. co-sine to the sine of the deviating angle. just quoted would, under the same circumstances, The consumption of oil with the Winans' car is ex- We see reasons, therefore, for the conclusion that, undoubtedly say, that the Railway should be prefer-ceedingly small, perhaps not so much as the one-in general, the horse will work and thrive better in red in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred ? operating upon a Railway than in tugging upon the tow-path of a Canal. twentieth of a cent per ton per mile, and the summa- Cost of drivers and horses per ton per mile, = .4 cts. -.05 As the late edition of Wood's Treatise en Rail. roads has not been mentioned in Doc. No. 18, it is probable the compiler of that document had not seen it. And, inasmuch, as the chapter which treats of the comparative merits of eanals and railways has been improved in this edition, and likewise contains a commentary upon experiments said to have been made in Scotland, tending to show the practicability or a little less than 7 mills per ton per mile, when of high velocities upon canals, (See Doc. No. 18, one man drives one horse. and marked No. 1. Do. of cars, .6961 Having shown that the horses employed upon the Cumberland turnpike road are competent to a traction of 50 lbs. each, and that they could exert this force for 20 miles a day on a Railroad, we will next compare their power with that counted upon in the preceding sentiments in relation to horse power upon the Railway. We there assumed the working power to be 125 lbs.; hence, the double of this, or page 31 to 34); it is thought proper to give that short It is, however, considered practicable for each man 250 lbs., will be the muscular energy of this horse. chapter at length; it is accordingly appended hereto, to conduct two horses, in which case, half the wa- He would, therefore, net be so powerful by 20 per ges of a man, or 40 cents per day, would be deducted cent. as one of those which have to work upon our In estimating this chapter, however, a similar in the foregoing calculation, and the expense of turnpike roads, and he would be entirely inadequate correction, though not to the same amount, must be transportation, including cars and oil, would then to the work that has there to be performed. made, as has been applied to Tredgold's Table V.-be 5 3.5 mills per ton per mile. Unless the Railway, therefore, is exactly level, Owing to the improvements already mentioned, the If to these amounts we add 10 per cent. to cover there will be a docided advantage in using the more canal, although with horses at a speed of two miles the pay of agents employed to regulate the transpor-powerful horse, since he will be able, with the same per hour, it is superior to the Railroad so far as retation and contingencies, which is conceived to be train, to surmount ascents that, with the weaker gards the effective power of traction, yet it is not so ample on a line where much business is correctly horse, would be impracticable. At the same time, in as great a proportion as 3: 1, and instead of a carried on, there will result 76 1-2-100 of a cent. per it is not recommended that the stronger horse, tho' equality of effect taking place at 21.2 miles per ton per mile for the cost of transportation, when able to draw six cars, should be made to draw a hour, as Wood has it, we have shown that the effect each man drives one horse, and 62.100 of a cent per train of more than five, on a level, inasmuch as he of the power of traction with Winans' cars on a level ton per mile, when one man drives two horses; and would be able, with this load, to traverse occasional railway, will be equal to that on a canal, when the the gain in the latter case will be 19 per cent. velocity upon each is very little more than 2 3-4 ascents of from 15 to 20 feet per inile, whilst his It must be borne in mind that the foregoing esti-speed would be somewhat augmented on the level miles per hour; whilst, at 3 miles per hour, the per-mates are predicated on the assumption that com- parts, in order to compensate there for his want of a formance on the railway will ovidently prepon- mon, or medium, horses only, so far as regards their full load. It is proper to state, however, that the To show the performances of locomotive engines cost is enough to command horses of a heavier load of the other augmented by one fifth of it, that power of traction, are to be employed, whilst the load of this deseription of horse being precisely the according to the state of improvement which existed draught, and yet sufficiently active for the purpose is, six laden cars, the useful effect, when measured in the year 1830, and their comparison with respect required. to the power of horses upon railroads, certain copies as it should be by the relative cost of transportation, of tables, and extracts from the same work, are also out from Baltimore to Wheeling, the turnpike road the calculation, the cost in the case where one man Upon the Cumberland road, and indeed through will exhibit a gain of ten per cent. since, in pursuing annexed, marked No. 2. In the year 1828, the power of the locomotive en- the location and construction of the road, was five cent per ton per mile, inclusive of agencies and conis very hilly. The maximum grade employed in attends one horse is found to be the 69–100 of ■ gine was no more than sufficient to propel itself up degrees, equal to about 1 in 11 1.2, and there fre- tingencies. There cannot be a doubt, therefore, an ascent of 1 in 96, at the rate of 10 miles per quently occur stretches of road for miles together, that upon a railway that shall undulate in its grade hour, without dragging any load after it. In the ascending mountaing at an ascent of 1 in 12. Let within the limits of 20 or even 30 feet per mile, the course of two years after, however, such were the us see what is here the actual draught of a horse. transit will be effected with horses at a cost varying improvements made in this engine, that it could The common load for a team of five horses is 4500 very little, if any, from three-fourths of a cent per draw up that ascent, a train of cars, weighing, with pounds of freight, plus 3000 pounds for weight of ton per mile; and, in all cases where the descent of their freight, 17 tens, at ten miles per hour; at the wagon, equal to 7500 pounds, or 1500 pounds per the line shall be in the direction of the movement of same time, it could draw, on a level, at the same horse. The resistance on a level is the 1.18th of this, the greater tonnage, as will often be the case, the speed, 53 4-10 tons; at 15 miles per hour, 30 tons; equal to 83 pounds, whilst the gravity on the ascent cost may be reduced even to 1-2 a cent. This is is the 1-12th, or 125 lbs. But the resistance in pass the result when each man drives but one horse, but derate. and at 20 miles per hour, 15 tons. Of the cost of motive power.-According to Tred. ing up the ascent is the sum of these, i. e. 208 pounds. if one driver shall conduct two horses, the threegold, the power of traction of an average horse, is Moreover, the horse has, in addition to these, to fourths will be reduced to three-fifths of a cont per 125 lb.; and his useful effect is a maximum, with a overcome the gravity of his own body, which, if he ton a mile. velocity of 3 miles per hour, continued 6 hours in the shall weigh 750 pounds, is 750-1 2-62 pounds. Upon the whole, therefore, and considering that day. The resistance wish the Winans' car, is the This added, shows the force of traction to be really the cost of subsistence and labor will continue to 1.400, and the gross load for one horse will be 125 270 pounds, when all the fi ve horses draw simultane- be cheaper in the interior of the country than is here 400-50,000 lb. 22 32-100 tons, drawn 18 miles in ously, and equally, and the road is good. These calculated upon, there does not appear any valid reaa day. Deducting one-feurth part for the weight of conditions, however, are frequently not verified, and son to estimate the cost of transportation of commothe freight will be 16 74-100 tons drawn 18 there is doubtless a necessity in this service to em. dities by means of horse power, at a rate per lon miles per day. But, as the most economical ratio ploy horses that shall be capable of exerting a mus per mile greater than three-fourths of a cent. of weight between that of a car and its load is 1.3, cular energy of 300 pounds at least. Now, the pro- It is true, that to effect this result, the railway the cars, the machinery, and the management, must be good. fect is very great. In tablo VI. p. 169, Tredgold's Railroad ends, and the western division of the PennBut what object is there, to which the attention of treatise, already referred to, it is shown that the use-sylvania canal commences. This canal is now naman is properly and lawfully directed, that does not ful effect of a horse, when working on canals, at vigable throughout its whole course to the city of merit, if it does not absolutely require, industry and ten miles per hour, is only the 1.79 of that which it Pittsburg. systematic attention? In Doc. No. 18, herein be. would be with a velocity of 2 1-2 miles per hour, The most prominent works on the line of the fore referred to, in the letter from Benjamin Wright, whilst, on railways and turnpike roads, it would be Railroad are the following:-A stone viaduct over eivil engineer, is this sentence, p. 174, to wit: the one-fourth part. We seo, therefore, that altho' one branch of the Juniata, at Holidaysburg, which "But the great advantages a canal will always have the action of the horse has such a decided advantage has two eliptical arches, each of 40 feet 4 inches over a railroad consists in the little mind or thought upon the railway over that upon the canal when the span. As the line crosses the stream obliquely, the that is required to use it" an objection which, no velocities are considerable, yet, even upon the rail- arches are skewed so as to vary 35 degrees from doubt, canals themselves had once to encounter, and way, his useful effect, when he is put at a speed of 10 right angles with their abutments; these arches are which would be equally valid against the steam en- miles per hour, is diminished three-fourths; and, being built of cut stone, the beds of which are warpgine, steamboats, and a host of other splendid in- consequently, the expenses of transit would become ed surfaces. ventions and improvements; if, indeed, it does not increased in the proportion as 4:1, beyond what The scenery in the vicinity of the great viaduct (though certainly unintentionally) strike at the root they would be with a velocity of two and a half miles over the Little Conemaugh river is of a singularly of all advancement in the application of science per hour. wild and striking description. The river forms a and the arts to the improvement of our physical and When these things shall be taken into the account, loop, about two miles in extent, around the base of mental condition. Are our countrymen prepared as it is not doubted they will be by the public, it will a mountain, returning almost to the place of befor this objection? Shall a people who have as- be conceded that the results afford no just ground ginning; at this point there is a very narrow gap sumed the responsibility of self-government, and, in for the disparagement of the railroad system. in the dividing ridge through which the Railroad consequence, have become a great nation, refuse to It may likewise be stated, that, although the pas-passes. In running this distance the river falls applaud the genius of their Fulton, and demur at the sengers were almost altogether conveyed in carriages about forty-five feet, and as the Railroad cuts off further advancement of their country in the mighty made upon the Winans' friction wheel principle, it the bend, a viaduct seventy feet high above the march of improvement, in order to repose inglorious. was otherwise with the freight; much the greater water becomes necessary. This is now being built ly in littleness of thought and inactivity of mind? portion of which was conveyed in the chilled-box of sand stone, in the most substantial manner, with Certainly not. The genius of the people forbids it, car. Now it has been shown, that the friction of a semi-circular arch of 80 feet span. and the age forbids it. Judge Wright thinks he is the first car is to that of the last as 1-400: 1-264.-| The Tunnel, through a spur of a mountain four probably in the minority of the United States on the We have also shown, that, with the Winans' car, a and a half miles from Johnstown, will be 880 feet question between railroads and canals, and that the horse will draw 300 tons, one mile in a day. Conse- long, through rock, and will save about two miles public mind does not take all circumstances and quently, by proportion, as 400: 264 :: 300 tons : 198 in distance. bearings into consideration when they undertake to the effective daily work of a horse with chilled box When finished, it will be twenty feet wide and give opinions. He says, also, (p. 174) in the case of cars, so far as depends upon the friction. But, upon nineteen foot high in the middle-it is now cut the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad "we are kept in making a strict estimate, proportioning the number larger, in order to admit of an arch; and about the dark about wear and tear." of cars in the train, and making allowance for the one half of the excavation of the tunnel is now S. The expression " kept in the dark," seems to im- lesser weight of this car in proportion to its strength, done. ply a belief in the mind of the respectable writer we find the effective power of a horse to be 220 tons that all was not as it should be; that something was drawn one mile in a day; and it will be recollected ROCHESTER, Sept. 28.-The Railroad, between kept hidden that ought to be divulged or communi- that the report of W. Woodville, the superintendant the Erie Canal and the head of navigation on Genecated to the public. Now, the fact is, the company of transportation, gives 227 1-2 tons. Although the see River, was yesterday opened for passengers.have never yet been prepared, nor have their works whole annual charge attendant upon these cars, The pleasure carriages were for the first time placed been so advanced or natured, as to enable them to embracing repairs, renewals of interest on capital, on the tracks. The Greig and the Duncan, which make definite and official statements of wear and will not be far from $30 for the chilled box car, to headed the line made a beautiful appearance; and tear to the public, in their annual reports, that could $45 for that having friction wheels, supposing two- all the conveyances were crowded with citizens, be relied upon in determining important principles, thirds of their number to traverse 20 miles in a day many of whom afterwards partook of a sumptuous much less of exhibiting practical results that should for 312 days, or, 6,240 miles in the year, whilst the entertainment prepared in Mathies' customary style fix the precise amount or relative degree of wear residue of the cars shall be stationary for the pur- at the Clinton House. The Road is not quite finand tear. And until they can make statements pose of repairing, or for other cause; nevertheless, ished to the Landing at Capt. Trowbridge's-the which are not calculated to mislead, and which it is conceived that the cost of transportation has been Cars stop at present at North Rochester Hotel-a shall be freed from the contingencies incident to a enhanced to an amount beyond what it would have situation overlooking some handsome scenery below now work of a comparatively new description, and been with the exclusive use of the friction car in the the lower falls. from the expenses incident to the bringing to practi-state of comparative durability to which it has recal perfection of two new kinds of cars, that it is cently been brought. The new and splendid locomotive steam engine believed will be found superior to all others hitherto Ponchartrain commenced running yesterday. About employed upon railways, they will no doubt be exjone o'clock she came up the Railroad from the lake, cused. It is conceived that the public will be much ALLEGHENY PORTAGE RAILROAD.-The leading ar- with 12 cars in tow, which, on arrival, were loosenless interested in knowing the amount expended in ticle in the Philadelphia Gazette, of August 1st, was ed from her, and the locomotive manoeuvred on the the inventing and perfecting of a machine, than in a notice of the Allegheny Portage Railroad, which road with the greatest facility, to the admiration of its powers and the expenses attendant upon its em- from the extensive circulation of that paper, has been a large concourse of spectators, to whom the sight ploy when brought into practical use. Neverthe-copied into various journals throughout the State, for the most part was a new one, At two o'clock jess, I have, on the present occasion, given an ap- and also in New York, and Boston. sho returned with twelve cars, in which were the [From the Cambria Democrat.] proximate estimate, according to the best of iny In that account the rails for the Portage road are public authorities, a military band (politely loaned judgment, and of the probable practical cost of the stated obe of cast iron, which is incorrect. They by the U. S. garrison) and a select number of pasWinan's car, and its wear and tear, and this will be are to be of rolled iron, in lengths of fifteen feet. sengers. We were unable ourselves to attend, but the most expensive of the two kinds, not only in They will weigh forty pounds per yard; and resem. understand that no accident occurred, and that the the construction, but in the wear and tear. ble in their general form those used on the Preston locomotive fully answered the expectations of the With regard to the criticism preferred in pages and Wigan railway in England; which are stronger company.-[New Orleans paper, Sept. 18.] 193, 199, of Doc. 18, in relation to the expenses of and less liable to be displaced, than the rails of the transportation on the first 13 miles of the Balti-Liverpool and Manchester road. The stone blocks The steamboat Water Witch, Capt. C. Seymour, more and Ohio Railroad, as stated in the 5th an-contain 3 1-2 cubic feet each, weighing about one. arrived here Wednesday afternoon, at a quarter past nual report of the company, in which the passen-fourth of a ton. They are placed three feet from three o'clock, with the Philadelphia passengers, via gers are rated at 12 to the ton, and, after adding centre to centre, surrounded by broken stone, and Camden and Amboy Railroad. the tonnage thus made out to that of the commo- the cast iron chairs which support the rails are firm dities calculated from the actual expenses incurred, ly spiked to them. Contracts have been made for The Effects of Duties upon the Import of Foreign the author infers that the cost of moving power is furnishing the rails and chairs, and for laying a sin- Manufactures.-The effects of duties upon the immore than 4 1-2 cents per ton a mile. It may be gle track of railway, with the necessary turn outs, port of foreign manufactures are equally curious. A remarked, that the expenses in the incipient stages throughout the line from Holidaysburgh to Johnston, singular instance occurred in the article bar-iron, of all now works will range far above the average a distance of thirty-six miles and two-thirds. which was liable to a duty of 140 per cent. ad valoof what they will be when every thing comes The graded bed of the railroad is 25 feet wide, rem, on introduction into the United States, whilst to be regular and systematic. But in this instance, with appropriate side ditches and drains. A consi that upon hardware was 25 per cent. In conscthe result is as unfavorable as can well be conceiv-derable part of the grading is done; and a force of quence of this tax, large quantities of malleable iron ed, inasmuch as, coupled with the disadvantages at about 2000 men is now employed upon the line. rails, for railroads, were imported into America unready alluded to, a much greater number of men The ascent on the eastern side of the mountain is der the denomination of hardware; and the differand horses had to be kept in pay and on hand than 1399 feet, and the descent on the western side 1172 ence of 115 per cent. in duty, more than counterwere sufficient to afford the effective power ex-feet. There are five inclined planes on each side, balanced the expense of fashioning the iron to. erted in the nine months. As the weather was fine varying in length from 1500 to 3100 feet. They are rails, prior to its importation. Duties, drawbacks, er otherwise, the passengers of pleasure were numer- all straight, and their inclination with the horizon and bounties, when considerable in amount, are all ous or none at all; yet, still, establishments had to is between four and six degrees. liable to objections of a very serious nature, from be every day maintained to the extent adequate to The Allegheny Portage Railroad connects with the frauds to which they give rise. It has been statthe demand of any day. But, further, in consequence the Juniata Canal, at the town of Holidaysburgh, in ed before committees of the Ilouse of Commons, of passengers not being paid for by the ton, it does Huntingdon county; and passes up the narrow val. that calicoes made up in the form, and with the apnot appear fair to bring this item to the standard of ley of Blair's Gap Run, ten miles, to the summit of pearance of linen, have frequently been exported for so much per ton per mile; and, what is of so much the mountain at Blair's Gap; which is passed by a the purpose of obtaining the bounty. The calico consequence with regard to this deduction, is, that cut of twelve feet deep. The line then runs along made up in this way sells at 1s. 4d. per yard, whereit should be recollected that much the greater part the western slope of the mountain to the head of as linen of equal fineness is worth from 2s. 8d. to of the gross tonnage was conveyed by horses at the the Conemaugh, and follows the valley of that 2s. 10d. per yard. It appeared from the evidence, speed of ten miles per hour. Now, the effect of a stream to the borough of Conemaugh, commonly that one house, in six months, sold five hundred such high velocity with a horse in lessoning his useful ef- called Johnstown, in Cambria county, where the pieces.-[Babbage.] AGRICULTURE, &c. faction of paying their gold into the hands of their The Saracens had, before this time, obtained the friends, instead of enriching their Persian enemies. knowledge of the various operations of the silk maHISTORY OF SILK.-The silk-worm, or, more pro- Julian also urged the Homerites in Arabia Felix, then nufacture, and apread it over their widely extended porly, the silk caterpillar, is a native of China. The under the vassalage of Axuma, to the same effect; dominions. Lisbon and Almeira, the two Saracen people resident in the northern part of that country, and promised, on the part of the Emperor, to pur-eities of Spain, were especially famous for their silk called Seres, having been expelled by the Huns, in chase silk from them, if, with their assistance, he fabrics; and the island of Majorca and Ivica paid the ninety-third year of the christian era, settled in could wrest the silk trade from the Persians, and their tribute to the Kings of Arragon in silks. The Little Bucharia,* and were, for many centuries, the they become the medium of intercourse with the Italian States soon after engaged in the silk culture sole cultivators of the precious article, with which country of the Seres. The Kings of both the coun. and manufacture; and in the year 1306, this busithey supplied the rest of the world. The earliest tries promised to comply with the Emperor's re-ness was so far advanced as to yield a revenue to mention of silk is in the translation of the Bible by quest; but neither were able or willing to fulfil the State. In France, Louis XI, and his son Jerome, who enumerates it among the numerous ar- their engagements. The alleged causes for their Charles VIII, established a number of Italian workticles which were imported from Syria by the Pho-non-compliance, were, some internal commotions men at Tours; but it is to Henry IV, that France nicians, those spirited merchants and skilful manu- among the Homerites, and the recall of Belisarius, is indebted for placing the culture of silk and its ma. facturers, who, although seated in a barren and nar-who, with an army, to which the Arabian auxiliary nufacture upon a solid basis. Having put an end to row country, confined on one side by the sea, and by troops were joined, protected the East from the in- the civil wars of the nation, he determined to give a range of mountains on the other, became a great vasions of the Persians. This nation by having every possible encouragement to this important naval and commercial Power, which, for a very long the command of the land carriage from the country branch of industry, by recommending and enforcing period, secured to them a monopoly of trade by sea, of the Seres, still enjoyed almost a monopoly, with the general planting of mulberry trees, and the and rendered their "merchants princes, and the traf-respect to the western world, of Indian commodi rearing of silk worms. The merit of Henry on fickers the honorable of the earth." The singular ties; but more especially silk, with which it supplied this occasion, is increased by the fact, that his lustre and beauty of silk, and the delicate structure remote nations at extravagant prices. From this views and measures were in direct opposition to the of the fabric, could not fail to prove highly attractive distress, which was felt and lamented as a real mis advice of his favorite and wise minister, Sully, to mankind; and hence it constituted one of the ar- fortune, by the Senators of the Roman empire, they who held the project in little consideration, as apticles which were brought from China by traders, were released in a very extraordinary and unexpect pears by his own memoirs, in which be candidly who, in caravans, perforined long and toilsome jour-ed manner. The preachers of the Nestorian doc-records the discussions which he had with the King neys through the trackless sands and deserts of Asia, trine, having been exiled by the persecuting spirit on the subject. In the year 1455, mention is made to the different ports of Syria and Egypt, which of the ecclesiastical government of Byzantium, fled of a company of silk women in England. In 1504, successively became the depots of commerce. For to India. Their patriarch, who resided in Persia, the manufacture of ribbons, laces, and girdles, was a long time, two hundred and forty.three days were sent missions, and every where established convents so considerable, as to be protected by a prohibitory consumed in these expeditions. Cosmas, himself a and bishoprics. Two of his monks, who had been statute. In 1561, Queen Elizabeth was presented trader, speaks of the distance between China and employed as missionaries in some of the Christian with a pair of black knit silk stockings, with which Persia, as requiring one hundred and fifty days to churches, which were established in different parts she was so well pleased, that she never after wore perform the route. The cities of Turfan and Cash. of India, having penetrated into the country of the any of an-ther material. James I. was extremely gar, were the rendezvous of these caravans.t Seres, had observed the labors of the silk worms, solicitous to encourage the silk manufacture, and The Seres themselves never left home, being "a and become acquainted with the art of working recommended it several times from the throne: and gentle race who shunned mankind." their production into a variety of elegant fabrics. in the year 1608, addressed a long letter on the sub The distance whence the article was brought, and Aware of the anxiety of the Europeans on this sub- ject, written with his own hand, to the Lord Lieu. the small quantities with which the world was sup. ject, they repaired to Constantinople, and imparted tenants of every county in the kingdom, to whom plied, necessarily caused the price to be far beyond to the Emperor Justinian the secret which had been mulberry plants and seeds were sent for distribution. the reach of any but the rich; and even when the so well preserved by the Seres, that silk was pro- He had also a book of instructions composed, on Roman power extended over half the globe, as then duced by a species of worms, the eggs of which the rearing of the trees and the culture of silk, to known, this biilliant and ornamental article of dress might be transported with safety, and propagated promote the success of his project. The royal By the promise of a great re- wishes do not appear to have been seconded by his was scarcely known to them. It is probable, that in his dominions. they first became acquainted with its real nature from ward, they were induced to return, and brought a subjects; but he had the satisfaction to see the broad the writings of Dionysius Poriegetes, the geographer way a quantity of the silk worm's eggs, in the hol- silk manufactory introduced in the latter end of bis who had been sent by Augustus to compile an ac. low of a cane, and conveyed them safely to Con- reign. The revocation of the edict of Nantes, in count of the oriental regions, and who informed his stantinople, about the year 555. The eggs were the year 1685, which drove all the Protestants countrymen that precious garments were manufac. hatched in the proper season by the warmth of a from France, permanently established the business tured by the Seres, from threads finer than those of manure heap, the worms were fed with the leaves in England; and the erection of the silk throwing the spider. Among all the articles of elegance be- of the mulberry tree, and their race propagated un-mill of Sir Thomas Lombe at Derby, in the year. longing to the luxurious Cleopatra, none seemed to der the direction of the monks. + The insects, thus 1819, greaily promoted it, by the rapid preparation excite their admiration and astonishment, as the silk happily produced from this caneful of eggs, as if the of the raw material. sails of her pleasure-barge, in which she visited them little ark of the insect race, were the progenitors of at Alexandria. For a long time after, it continued all the silk worms, of Europe, and the western parts *The identity of Bucharia with the country of to be so scarce and dear, that, in the Roman domin- of Asia. Vast numbers of these insects were soon the Seree, is established from the description of it ions, it was confined to women of fortune. It was reared in different parts of Greece, particularly in by Ammianus Marcellinus, a writer of credit in the moreover deemed so effeminate an article, as to be the Peloponnessus. The monks having also made third century. Ne Vestis Serica viros foedaret. Tacitus, book Aurelian, Vopiscus in vitam Aureliani c, 45, libra enim auri tunc libra serici fuit. ** See Rennel's map of the countries between the Ganges and the Caspian Sea. ++ Procopius, p. 34. The Monks procured the eggs from the colony the Seres, in Little Bucharia. §§ Procopius de Bello Gothico, lib. 12, cap. 17. Muratori Scriptor, Veter. vi. col. 668-Macpherson's Annals, vol. 1, p. 322. unfit for the dress of men; and, in the reign of Ti. themselves masters of the art of manufacturing + Isaiah 23, 8. berius, a law was passed, "that no man should dis-silk, the business was conducted under the auspices # Ptolemy speaks of Comedæ, (the present Cashhonor himself by wearing silken garinents. Two of the Emperor, and for his exclusive benefit; but gar) as the" receptaculum corum qui ad Seres nehundred years subsequent to this date, the use of it the imperial monopoly could not long centinue, and gotii causa profisciuntur, penes Imaum Montie." constituted one of the many opprobrious charges cious insects, after the death of Justinian in the mankind gradually became possessed of the pre-Asia, tab vii. which were made against the character of the empe. Periegetes de situ orbis, 6 v, p. 752. ror Elagabalus. Even fifty years after, another em- the cities of Athens and Thebes, enjoyed the profit 2d. chap. 33. year 565. The people of the Peninsula, and of peror refused his queen a garment of silk, by reason of the culture and manufacture of silk without a of the high price it boro-its weight in gold. European rival, for upwards of 400 years: and the For centuries, the Persians enjoyed a monoploy of Venetians, during the continuance of their com the trade in silk, but, after they were subdued by mercial glory, distributed the products of their in Alexander, (300 years before Christ,) this valuable dustry over the western parts of Europe. At length, commodity was brought to Greece, and thence sent Roger, the Norman King of Sicily, after his return to Rome. The anxiety of the luxurious people of from the second crusade, in order to anticipate an of that nation, to trade with those from which the cost-attack, which the Government of Byzantium was ly article was to be procured, induced the Emperor preparing against him, and to revenge the insult of Marcus Antoninus to send Ambassadors to negotiate the imprisonment of his Ambassadors, whom he a more direct commercial intercourse with their sent to form a treaty and a matrimonial alliance country, than the subjects of Rome had yet been able with the Emperor Commcnos, made war upon Durable Fence.--Deacon Winslow Marston, hos to accomplish; and as the jealousy of the Parthians Greece, in the year 1146, with a powerful naval and and Persians prevented the passage of all foreigners military force. on his farm a kind of fence, which for durability and Corcyra, the present Corfu, first beauty can hardly be exceeded. On each side of the through their kingdoms to China, the Ambassadors yielded to the arms of the invaders, and the sur-road adjacent his dwelling, are rows of large button. were obliged to proceed by the tedious way of Egypt render of the other cities of Greece, and all the Moand India. Another was sent in the year 272, rea followed in speedy succession. wood trees, set ten or twelve feet asunder. Into which led to more favorable arrangements, and a were great; but what peculiarly distinguished this The spoils these, when young, cedar rails were inserted as into shorter route, viz: along the ranges of mountains, war from those, which have no other consequence wood formed closely around the ends of the rails, common posts. As the trees increased in size, the now called Ilindookho, and Cuttore.** But the than the exaltation of one individual, the depression and firmly secured them in their places. We have price of silk, for a long time, continued a source of of another, and the misery of thousands, was the regret, and the article an object of increasing desire capture of a great number of silk weavers, who no where else seen this experiment tried on so large among the wealthy. Justinian made another at. were carried off, and settled in Palermo, the capital because it will require no repairs at least for one gea scale. It is certainly a durable and cheap fence, tempt, shortly after ho ascended the throne, to obtain city of the conqueror. By the order of the King, neration, and is moreover constantly increasing in it. He sent Julian as his Ambassador to the Chris-the Grecian prisoners taught his Sicilian subjects to value. Were our roads lined with this kind of fence, tian King of Axuma, in Abyssinia, requesting, that, raise and foed silk worms, and to weave all the va- it would add not a little to the beauty of the country for the sake of their common religion, he would as-riety of silk stuffs, and so well did they profit by and the comfort of the traveller.—[Barns. Jour.) sist him in a war with Persia, and direct his subjects the lessons of their instructors, that, in the course to purchase silks in India, in order to sell them to of twenty years, the silk manufacturers of Sicily the Romans, whereby the Axumites would acquire were subjects of notice and of praise, by the hisgreat wealth, and the Romans would have the satis-torians of the age.|||| The Tree Hill races in the vicinity of Richmond, are postponod till 14th November. NEW-YORK AMERICAN. SEPTEMBER 29, OCTOBER 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-1832. LITERARY NOTICES. which in the ordinary mode of printing would extend terest, while he retained every thing thing essential, through many volumes. The Rev. and learned au-made up a comprehensive and very attractive book, thor was a Scotch minister and professor of Divini He has displayed much industry, and research, and ty There is prefixed to the volume a short biogra. the intelligent arrangement of his matter will prove HEIDENMAUER, OR the Benedictines, a Legend of phy of the author, and a brief but comprehensive es- satisfactory to all who would take a rapid glance at the Rhine, by the Author of the Spy, the Pilot, &c. say on the Evidence of Christianity This Diction- the eventful scenes and striking characters of which The character of Frederic is one about which 2 vols. Carey & Lea, Philad'a.-It is, we think, un. ary is in its form and arrangement the most conve- the work treats. there is much variance of opinion: the shades in it fortunate for the readers of novels or legends, or by nient of any we know on the same subject, for whatsoever analogous name they may be called, that young eyes. TALES AND NOVELS, by MARIA EDGEWORTH; 18eing so strongly marked, that those who view it Mr. Cooper has become a politician. He seems now too often to write rather, with an eye to assail or vols. in 9; N. York, J. & J. Harper. We rejoice but in one light can hardly believe that it adunits of reform abuses in the political institutions of Europe, that the Messrs. Harpers have determined to reprint being viewed in another, and condemn him as a desthan for the delight and instruction of readers, who a uniform edition of Miss Edgeworth's novels; and pot and a skeptic while they overlook his public vir look not to such works for homilies on government, accept this first volume of the series as a favorable tues and undervalue his private character. The inor sarcasms, other than incidental ones, against an- specimen of the manner in which the edition will be congruities in his character we conceive may be eaIt is neat, clear stereotype, good sily reconciled by referring to those early passages of brought out. tiquated establishments. In the volumes now before us, we do not think paper, und has two good engravings. Of Miss Edge. his life which may have affected the complexion of Mr. Cooper has been happy, either in the choice of worth it is unnecessary here to speak; she has taken his mind, or dwelling upon the circumstances which A her place as a classic as decidedly as Sir Walter called its qualities into play when he became master of a subject, or the manner in which it is treated, quarrel about tribute and territory, between a pow- Scott, whom she preceded, and who by his own de-imself. He was the son of a brute, and the servant of erful Baron and a neighboring Monastery scarcely claration caught his first glimpses and inspiration of a military slave-master. It was natural when he he. loss powerful, to be determined by a drinking bout, Scotch novels from her Irish tales and sketches, came the head of an autocracy, that the bitter schoolforms the basis of the story. The Baron, with two This volume contains Castle Rackrent, Essay on ing of his young years should show itself occasional manifested afterwards: and in the same way we may assistants, and the Abbot, with a like number of at- Irish Bulls, Forester, the Prussian Vase and the ly in the unbending sternness and absolutism that he tendants, meet for that purpose--the condition being Good Aunt. to that spirit of frugality, which, properly modified, that the party putting the other under the table, is ADVICE IN THE PURSUITS OF LITERATURE, by JOSEPH attribute his hostility to ecclesiastical establishments to be deemed victorious, and to possess ever after L. KNAPP; 1 vol. 12mo; N. York; J. K. Porter. undisputed right to the tribute and territory in ques. The author of this little volume has, in an affection he inherited from his miserly father. Unlike most tion. There are incidental personages, of course; ate and well written dedication, addressed it to the monarchs, he was the man of the nation; and every some love, some fighting, and a monstrous deal of members of the Mereantile Library Association, betalking about religion, politics, government, the Re-fore whom he last year delivered a course of lectures on American literature. It is a book they may read formation, and about America. The description and details of the drinking bout with interest and profit, as well calculated to excite are by no means equal, in force or spirit, to a some- and stimulate a taste for knowledge, at a time when what similar scene in the second series of Vivian it is well said by the author "no one can be igno. Grey,The best scene in the book is the storming of rant and still respectable. it. the haughtiest noble stood in awe. His "Anti-Machi peasant had familiar access to the King, before whom avel" shows how he prepared himself for the throne; while tho prosperous condition in which he left his kingdom, best proves how it fitted him for getting He left, when dying, a realm increased by a large acquisition of territory, an army of 200,000 men, an overflowing treasury, and great credit with BOYS AND GIRLS' LIBRARY, No. I,, OF USEFUL AND all the European powers; while Prussia, under his tion by fire. That is painted with the early talent ENTERTAINING KNOWLEDGE.The Harpers, under reign, became distinguished for population, industry,. this title, have issued a little volume containing the wealth, and science. Ilis talents, improved by indus the chapel of the Benedictines, and its final destruc of the writer. gether below the standard which the Spy, the Pio neers, or the Pilot, have established for us, do aught to justify that contempt. We make these remarks on this production of Mr. Lives of the Apostles and early Martyrs of the trious culture, and enriched by corresponding and Cooper with the less reluctance, as he professes in a Church, written by the author of "The Trial for associating in his youth, with the roost distinguished passage of the introductory pages to the Heiden- Skill." The work is designed for Sunday reading, men of his age, were ripened in the solitude of "the capricious and and the scope and design of the author may be best Rheinsburg; and when he seized the helm of govmauer, to hold in contempt vulgar immortality conferred by newspapers ;" and understood by the following extract from her excel-ernment at the death of his father, it was with the nervous grip that has been but rarely given by an lent preface: we would not willingly, by praising the execution hereditary prince. He guided the ship of state alone; It is, perhaps, owing to the scarcity of suitable of a tale which he himself must feel to be altopublications, that we so often meet with young per sons who devote the leisure of the Sabbath to the and sufficient to himself, with no council to sugperusal of works which have a necessary tendency gest, or ministers to share his responsibility, his to drive from the recollection every thought of se- rare talents were equal to any emergency. The A NEW GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON, BY JAS. riousness and devotion. Unable to keep their at greatest reflection that can be made upon the chaDONNEGAN, M. D. arranged from the latest London tention fixed for any length of time on religious of sermons and discourses, and yet feeling how irk-of patriotism, which induced him to neglect the letedition by J. M. CAIRNS, A. M.: Philad'a. Carey & subjects, when presented to them in the usual form cacter of Frederic, is the short-sightedness, or want Lea:-This most useful and much wanted school some it is to pass several unoccupied hours together ters of his own country, and substitute for their culbook is beautifully stereotyped, and cannot fail to without having recourse to reading, they fancy, no tivation an exclusive devotion to the French. He might have helped to kindle the dawn of German be sought after. Mr. Cairns has abridged it some- doubt, that tales and other books of entertainment literature, and anticipated, by a generation, the what from the original bulk, but without impairing its value for learners. Heretofore, Greek has only bright day it has since rejoiced in. been studied through the medium of the Latin--now, it may be explained in the idiom of the learner. are their proper, if not only, resource.. Nor is it sufficient, in order to prevent this evil Our extracts must be brief, though we have many habit, that children be early told to take pleasure in the thought, that by abstaining from their ordinary reading on the Sunday, they honor God. Excellent as is this lesson, and important as it is entertaining passages marked for quotation. We A DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY, Comprising the most to impress the mind early with the conviction that have already in our miscellaneous selections given eminent Characters of all Ages, Nations, and Pro, it is necessary to resign our own ways for God's, somo passages from these volumes; and among fessions, by R. A. DAVENPORT: 1st Am, edit. 1 vol. and to sacrifice our own wills in obedience to His others, the account given by Trenck in his memoirs commands, it seems certain, that soinething more of the rigid discipline, amounting to cruel servitude, 8vo. pp. 530, Boston, Gray & Bowen.-The English should be added. Young persons who ovince a wilwork, of which this is a reprint, was brought down lingness to conform to the rules of self-control, in which Frederic kept his troops while not in acto the close of 1831. In order to render it moru val- merit, beyond all doubt, every encouragement and, tive service. Let us now reverse the picture, and instead of confining ourselves to assuring them that observe the winning manners, by which, when on they will receive hereafter the promised reward of his campaigns. he endeared himself to the commen uable to Americans, some three hundred American biographies have been added. It is embellished"? the righteous, they should, as far as it is possible, In the second war of Silesia, when, on a certain with two hundred wood cuts; and constitutes cer- be allowed a foretaste of Heaven even here: it soldiery. tainly, what it professes to do, a "convenient man- should be permitted to them to experience, that, as with the practice of Divine wisdom, so with its occasion, the army had marched all night, and that study, "all her ways are pleasantness, and all her it was necessary for them to set forward again in the morning in the midst of a snow storm, Frederic of biography." perceived that they were out of humor, and disposed A DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY BIBLE, by the Rev. paths peace." LIFE OF FREDERIC THE GREAT, 2 vols.; Harpers' to complain. He therefore descended from his horse, JOHN BROWN: first American from the twelfth Edin. burgh edi.; -1 vol. 8vo; N. York, J. & J. Harper.- Family Library.-Lord Dover has in these volumes and began marching in the snow at their head: then, This one volume, by means of small type and double made a valuable contribution to the Family Library, after a few moments of silence, he turned round to If we were a parcel of cowards, we should now be columns on each page, comprises a mass of histori. He has drawn largely and judiciously from the vari. them and said, "Come, my friends, let us march. cal, geographical, and critical information, respect-ous memoirs of the Court of the Great Frederic, and in our bed-gowns in a warm room: but we are soling the personages, places and events of the Bible, by rejecting all that is exceptionable or of slight in-diers; so come on." Upon hearing this appeal, the ual of |