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THE AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL| AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVE MENTS will hereafter contain extracts from approved works upon the cultivation of The Vine, the rearing of Silk, and Agricultural subjects generally, in addition to its former variety of Interesting matter. Its leading character, however, will confinue as heretofore-that of advocate and promoter of internal communication.

Terme, $3, to single subscribers, or to companies of ten, $21 each. It will also be sent to any person at $2 per volume, who will subscribe for two copies for two years at one time, or romit $10. always in advance.

POSTMASTERS who are friendly to, and willing to act as Agents for the Journal will be furnished with a prospectus, by writing to the Editor, and will be allowed a fair conimis sion for their services.

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MARRIED-At Courtland, Alab. William V. Chardavoyne, of New-York, to Miss Martha Watkins, of the former place.

At Boston, by the Rev. Mr. Greenwood, Gilbert Stuart New

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ton, Eear of London, to Miss Sally Williams Sullivan, daughter 82 of the Hon. William Sullivan.

At Malone, on Tuesday, August 21st, by the Rev. J. Howland Colt, Rector o Trinity Church, Plattsburgh, Mr. Boswel Green, Merchant, to Miss Martha Louisa, daughter of Francis L. Harison, Esqr., all of Malone aforesaid.

On Tuesday, 21st August, by the Rev. John Al'Burtis, Alfred Underhill, M.D., to Miss Susannah, 3d daughter of Wm. Al'Burtie, Esqr., all of this city.

On Monday morning, the 20th instant, by the Rev. Dr. Power, Mr. Edward C. Mathews, of this city, to Miss Ellen, daughter of Mr. John W. Berry, of Paterson, N. J.

DEATHS.

DIED-On Thursday, 23d August, John Onderdonk, M. D. aged 89 years.

Thursday morning, 23d August, of a painful illness, Lemuel Gustavius, infant son of F. S. Winston, aged 10 months.

On Saturday morning, Aug. 25, Daniel Hawzhurst, aged 17 years, son of the late Daniel Hawxhuret, and grandson of H. B Hawxhurst.

On Friday afternoon, Aug. 21, of summer complaint, infant son of Mr. Joseph C. Spear, aged 18 months.. Tuesday morning, of teething, Myra Eliot, daughter of D H. Robertson, aged 17 months and 10 days. Tuesday morning, of apoplexy, Stephen Hoyt, in the 49th year of his age. At 18 o'clock this morning, of typhus fever, in the 23d year of her age, Catharine, wife of Edward Giles.

On Tuesday morning, Aug. 27, after a severe illness, Sarah Cotton, daughter of Horace Holden, Esqr. aged six years.

At Brooklyn, on Thursday, Aug. 23, Mrs. Martha Rodman, widow of Thomas Rodman, Esqr., aged 80 years.

On Friday, 10th inst. at the residence of his father in Catherinestown, Tioga county, Wm. Horatio, son of Samuel Law. rence, Esq. aged 9 years.

At Vergennes, Vt. on the 22d Aug. of Cholera, Miss Jane C. Satten, aged 16 years, of this city.

At Musqueto Cove, L. I. on Tuesday evening last, Aug. 23th, of billious fever, Mr. George G. Jones, aged 43 years, formerly of Boston.

On the 18th Aug. Mrs. Magdalene Adams, aged 97 years, at the residence of her daughter, Mrs. Ann Carpenter, in Germantown.

On the 24th Aug. in Newlin township, Miss Martha Harlan, aged about 35 years.

In Philadelphia on Tuesday morning, Aug. 28, of consump tion, in the 33d year of her age, Lucy T. Lewis, wife of D. P. Lewis, late of New-Bedford, Mass.

On Tuesday afternoon, of decay, Mrs. Elizabeth Franks, it the 89th year of her age. On Sunday evening, Aug. 25th, of apoplexy, Aime Brandt, Watchmaker, in the 68th year of his age.

years.

On Tuesday, at 4 o'clock, Thomas S. Gravenstine, aged 21 On the 21st Aug. at Cincinnati, Mrs. Catharine Woodruff, wife of Mr Archibald Woodruff.

At the City of Mexico, on the 21 July, after a short illness,

in the 38th year of his age, Mr. Lewis Anthony Besson.

At Rio de Janeiro, on the 25th of June last, Captain Robert Halsey, aged 42 years, late master of the brig Massachusetts, of New-York.

In Bennington, Mr. Moses Hurd, aged 86, one of the heroes of Bennington Battle.

In West-Goshen township, Pa. on the 221 Aug. Mr. William

Green, aged about 49 years.

WEEKLY REPORT OF DEATHS.

The City Inspector reports the death of 391 persons during the week ending on Saturday last, 25th August, viz:-117 men, 96 women, ic9 boys, and 09 girls-Of whom 70 were of the age of 1 year and under, 48 between 1 and 2, 33 between 2 and 6, 15 between 3 and 10, 20 between 10 and 20, 51 between 20 and 30, 88 between 30 and 40, 34 between 40 and 50, 27 between 50 and 60, 28 between 60 and 70, 8 between 70 and 80, 8 between 80 and 90, and 1 between 90 and 100.-Diseases: Apoplexy 3, burned or scalded 2. casualty 1, childbed 1, cholera malignant 179, consumption 24, convulsions 12, diarrhoea S, dropsy 5, dropuy in the head 18, drowned 6, dysentery 15, fever 9, fever puerperal 1, fever remittent 1, fever typhus 4, flux infantile 42, hæ inorrhage 2, hives or ernap 2, infammation of the bowels 6, inBammation of the brain 2, inflammation of the chest 1, inflammation of the livor 1, intemperance 1, marasmus 6, measles 3, old age 7, palsy 1, peripneumony 2, small pox 1. spasm 1, spina bifida 1, sprue 2, stillborn 8, stranguary 1, suicide 2, teething 9, unkuown 4, whooping cough 3, worms 1.

ABRAHAM D. STEPHENS, City Inspector.

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TROY, N. Y.

NEW YORK.

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CHARLESTON, S. C.

MOBILE, ALAB.

Ingersoll, of Boston; Wm: Wilson, of do.; F Joan France, and Daniel Henwood, of England.

In the ship Ajax, for Liverpool- Dr Schroeder, lady and son, of Germany; JH Bodmea, Switzerland; J B Boossangault, Paris; Rd. and Eb. Chaffey, John Shorthouse and lady, John Shorthouse, Jr. Wm Benson, Mr. Stanton, and H Allerut, of England; Dr Wm McEwen, F. I Co.'s Service.

In the ship Pulaski, from Liverpool-Mrs Angus and two children, Mr Murphy and lady, Mr J Robinson, S Milton, O Milton, Lords, C Mecker, and 60 in the steerage.

Per Br. ship Victoria, Cain, from London-Mr. Barker and family, Mr. Dyer and family, Mr. Roe and family, H Hart and daughter, and 140 in the steerage.

In the brig John & Margaret, from London-P Humphrey and Mr Everis, and 80 in the steerage.

In the schooner Live Oak, from Laguyra-Edward McCloug, Esqr of Philadelphia.

The EXCHANGE HOTEL, No. 10 and 12 Broad street, New-York, by D. D. HOWARD, has been refitted, and is now in readiness to receive his friends from all parts of the Union. He has also fitted up a Mansion House, in a delightful situa tion, on the high bank of the East River, about 4 miles from Wall-street, where his friends may enjoy the delightful air of the country, and still be within a convenient distance from the city sl &

WEBB'S CONGRESS HALL, a new and extensive establishment, now fitting up at 189, 140, and 142 Broadway, will be in readiness in a few days to receive company, and at which may be found the former host of the Catskill Mountain and Pearl-Street House. sl St

AT BOSTON'S Old Establishment, No. 7 Wall street, may be had in any quantity Boston's Boneset Cough Lozenges-an excellent remedy for complaints of the lungs, coughs, and colds. Also, Boston's Seidlitz Water, a superior article in cases of dyspepsia, and all disorders arising from a deranged state of the digestive organs, &c.; it is put up in bot tles, and may be transported to any part of the world, and kept for any length of time.

Also-superior Seidlitz Powders, Chloride of Soda, Chlorine Tooth Paste, and a great variety of other articles, manufactured by J. Boston, and sold wholesale and retail at No. 7 Wall street, by B. FREEMAN. [s] 6t

GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE. THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL of Columbia College will re-open, after the summer vacation, on Saturday, the 1st of September next, at 10 o'clock, A. M.-at which time the Members of the Academic Faculty, and the Students connected with the Institution, will report themselves to the Rector. By order. JAS. M. QUIN, M. D. A21 tf Secretary.

RAILROAD IRON.

The Subscribers having executed large orders for Iron for the Canal Commissioners of Pennsylvania, as well as for several incorporated companies, have made such arrangements in England, where one of them will shortly be, as will enable them to import it on the lowest terms. Models and samples of all the different kinds of Rails, Chairs, Pins and Wedges in use, both in the country and Great Britain, will be exhibited. Apply to A. & G. RALSTON. J2 3m* Philadelphia, May 26, 1832.

TOWNSEND & DURFEE, Rope Manufactu rers, having machinery for making ropes to any required length (without splice), offer to supply full length Ropes for the inclined planes on Rail-roads at the shortest notice, and deliver them in the City of New-York, if requested. As to the quality of the Rope, the public are referred to J. B Jervis, Eng. M, & H. R. R. Co., Albany; or James Archibald, Engineer Hudson & Delaware Canal & R. R. Co., Carbondale, Luzerne County Pennsylvania.

Palmyra, Wayne County, New-York,

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A RAILROAD IN PRACTICAL OPERATION,

within ten miles of the City of New-York. THE PATERSON AND HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD is formed from the town of Paterson to the village of Aquackanonk, a distance of 44 miles, and is now in actual and successful operation between those places.-The Company have placed upon the road three splendid and commodious Cars, each of which will accommodate thirty Passengers, and have supplied themselves with fleet and gentle horses, and careful drivers. With a view to suit the convenience of those persons who may wish to avail themselves of this rapid and delightful mode of traveling, the following hours have been fixed for leaving those places. PATERSON.

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RAILROAD JOURNAL,

AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

OFFICE, 35 WALL-STREET.

CONTENTS.

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be considered a defect in the road, or to diminish thejed on the 2d day of October, 1832, at 10 o'clock A. Editorial Notices, &c.... 977 Jefferson's Residence......581 speed, or increase the expense of travelling in any M., at the following places:-At the Merchants' Velocity, Accuracy of Ma Mrs Norton 29. Mrs. Tro!. important degree.

The Chinese Mulberry.....578 Li erary Nouses..

..578

lope. Washington Irving.. Summary..

..582-3

594 ...584

chinery, &c..
From Wood on Railroa le..578
Railroad Cars, Dansville &
Rochester Railroad, &c. .579
Rosa Winan's Patent......580
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad,
and Chesapeake & Ohio Marriages, Deaths, aseen-
Canal Companies.......580 gers, &c..

Exchange in the city of New York; at the Eagle The following extract from the Report of the Di-Tavern in the city of Albany; at the office of G. M. Davison, in the village of Saratoga Springs, in the 584-rectors shows that the route is very favorable for the Foreign Intelligence.686-7-8-9 county of Saratoga; and at Pratt's Tavern, in the Miscellaneous Extract 559-500 Construction of a Railroad: village of Fort Edward, in the county of Washing. 591 The main street in Worcester is found to be 450 ton-at which time and places ten per cent. on the feet higher than Charles street in Boston. This ele- amount subscribed by each individual will be requir. The JOURNAL AND ADVOCATE is published every of the road, making an average of 10 1-2 feet per vation must of course be gained by the inclination ed to be paid to the Commissioners. Saturday, at No. 35 Wall street, New York, at three dollars mile of the whole distance. On the line of road, as

a-year, in advance.

Poetry..

692

AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

NEW-YORK, SEPTEMBER 8, 1832.

SARATOGA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD.-The re

it has been located by the Engineer, the whole a-ceipts on this road during the last week were bemount of ascent in proceeding from Boston to Wor- tween six and seven hundred dollars. This, consicester is 554 feet, being only 98 feet greater than the

actual elevation of Worcester above Boston. The dering the very small number of strangers who have whole descent, therefore, on the line of location in visited the Springs, is very handsome, and indicates passing from Boston to Worcester is only 98 feet, or with much certainty, the future prosperity of the an average of 2 3.10 feet per mile. These facts, road. The Boston and Worcester Railroad is now fairly which are more fully exhibited in the report of the under way. Boston appears to be resolved upon a. Engineer, are sufficient to show, that in regard to The following notice from a Montpelier paper vailing herself at an early period of the benefits of the prefile of the route, that which has been select. shows that Vermont will do her duty: Railroad communication. Railroads are now con. ed is an uncommonly favorable one. Notice is hereby given, that an application will be In regard to directness, also, the route is favorable, made to the General Assembly of the State of Verstructing in three directions from Boston-all of when it is considered how completely all inconve-mont, at their session in Octobor next, for the incorwhich will be probably greatly extended beyond the nient elevations and expensive excavations are avoid-poration of a company with power to construct a points at which they are now to terminate. The ed, in passing a country which is in general so un. Railroad from Lake Champlain to Connecticut river, road to Providence will undoubtedly be continued to 1.4 miles. This is about four miles longer than a even. The length of the road as it is located, is 43 through the valley of Onion river. Norwich or New London; that to Worcester be con straight line between the points of termination, and RAILROAD IN CONNECTICUT.-We learn that Lieut. tinued to Albany; and that to Lowell will not stop about equal in distance to the road which is now Swift, employed by the company incorporated for short of Vermont; and we may with safely predict most travelled between Boston and Worcester. The establishing a rail-road through Norwich from Long its continuance to Burlington, and from the oppo- such as carnot be avoided witbont a material in to make surveys of the routes, having commenced curves which appear an the map of the route are Island Sound, to unite with a rail-road from Boston, site shore of the Lake to Ogdensburgh, New-York. eresse of the rate of inclination. They are not such his survey at New London, has extended it to Kill. We learn from the Boston Daily Advertiser, that as will produce any inconvenience in the travelling ingly, and will probably complete it as far as WorThe excavation of the Boston and Worcester Rail of carriages on the Railroad, the shortest being of a cester in about a month. We understand that the road was commenced on the 14th August at Brigh radius exceeding a thousand feet. The increased route thus far proves to be extremely favorable.-ton and at Needham. The whole line from Brighton distance is much less than it is usually necessary to [Boston Patriot.] to Needham, a distance of eight miles, is divided into allow, for the purpose of finding so favorable a pro

fourteen sections, including the passing of Charles file, and it is very slight compared with the advan. One of the most useful applications of machinery, river and the high ground in Western, which con- tago of avoiding all inconvenient elevations in the is to extend the time of action of force. The half stitutes the most difficult portion of the road be- route. In regard therefore to the communication minute which we daily devote to the winding up of tween Boston and Worcester, is under contract, and between Boston and Worcester, the location of the our watches, is an exertion of force almost insensiis to be completed by the month of May next. These route may be considered not only the best which can ble; yet, by the aid of a few wheels, its effect is spread contracts are made on favorable terms, and at rates be elected, but a much more favorable one than ever the whole twenty-four hours. Another fami lower on an average of the whole distance of more could have been expected, by one acquainted only liar illustration may be noticed in domestic furni than 15 per cent. than the estimates of the Engineer with the general aspect of the country. ture: the common jack, by which our meat is roastcontained in his published report. The line is also ed, is a contrivance to enable the cook in a few miconsiderably improved, in the final location, so as to occasion the less interference with the existing roads, have been sold at $165 per share. Fifty-eight Shares of Manchester Railroad Stock nutes to exert a force which the machine retails out during the succeeding hour in turning the load. and to diminish the degree of curvature in several ed spit.-[Babbage on Machinery.]

UNPRECEDENTED SPEED.-The new steamboat Pat

parts of the Railroad. The shortest curve on any We have received the act of incorporation, toge. part of the road between Boston and Needham, as it ther with the report of John B. Jervis, Esq., upon rick Henry, built in Baltimore to run between Noris now located, (and probably none shorter will be required on any part of the road to Worcester,) will be the route of the Saratoga and Fort Edward Railroad. folk and Richmond, is now in the line and performed upon a radius of 1150 feet; and the greatest degree They ca me to hand too late to be examined for this hours and 43 minutes, after the stoppages were dethe distance (145 miles) on Tuesday last, in seven of inclination from a level will be at the rate of 30 number of the Journal, but will be attended to in our ducted.-[Nat. Gaz.] feet in a mile. The places will be few, and the dis

tances short, where so great a degree of curvature as next; and in the mean time we give the following Naval Change.-We understand that Commodore that above described will be required, and a great notice of opening the subscription books: Crane takes the Portsmouth station, in the room of portion of the road will be straight. Neither the Books of Subscription for the capital stock of the Commodore Hanley, ordered to the West India stacurves nor the inclination will be such as hardly to Saratoga and Fort Edward Railroad are to be open- tion.

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The following are the remarks of the Editor of in a proper manner, each young tree may be made a projection on a revolving axis; and if the hammer the American Farmer on the communication in our to produce at least ten young ones every season; so derived its momentum only from the space through that 20 trees laid down in the spring of 1833, will pro-which it fell, it would require a considerably greater last number respecting the Chinese Mulberry :duce 200 in the fall of the same year as large as the time to give a blow. But as it is important that the We take pleasure in replying to the queries and originals were in the spring; these laid down in the softened mass of red-hot iron should receive as many remarks of our respectable correspondent, so far as spring of 1834, will produce 2,000 in the fall of blows as possible before it cools, the form of the cam we are able. The new Chinese mulberry, (Marus 1834, and these latter laid in like manner in the or projection on the axis is such, that the hainmer, multicaulis,) has been proven by its use in making spring of 1835 will produce 20,000 in the fall of instead of being lifted to a small height, is thrown up silk, to be not only equal but far superior to the white 1835; and in the spring of 1836 the leaves of the with a jerk, and almost the instant after it strikes mulberry of China. It has been used both in France young trees may be used for silkworins, and there against a large beam, which acts as a powerful spring and America, and is the only kind used in the north will be an abundance for an establishment however and drives it down on the iron with such velocity of China, and the Philippine Islands. Dr. Pascalis large. They may be planted in the fall of 1835 at 4 that by these means about double the number of informs us, (see American Farmer, vol. 12, page or 5 feet apart, but even at 6 feet there will be 1200 strokes can be made in a given time. In the small. 124,) that it has been propagated in great quantity to the acre, so that 16 1.2 acres will contain the er tilt-hammers, this is carried still further; by strikin France for the purpose of furnishing the establish- 20,000. Although this mulberry tree will attain to ing the tail of the tilt-hammer forcibly against a ments of that nation, and this fact has been often 15 or 20 feet in height, with a proportionate breadth, small steel anvil, it rebounds with such velocity, repeated in the public prints. He asserts, and our it is recommended that they be kept low by heading that from three to five hundred strokes are made in experience corroborates the assertion, that the leaves down, for convenience of gathering the leaves. We a minute.-[Babbage on Machinery.] of the Morus multicaulis afford to the silk worm know that the leaves are just as good for silk worms

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double the quantity of food furnished by the white when the tree is but a year old as when older. The The "identity" of work performed by machimulberry. That is of equal weight of leaves, the tree indeed seems to attain maturity much sooner nery, is an important advantage; and the "accuramulticaulis affords double the quantity of nourish than any other old with perfect fruit on them. Our valuable. They are mustrated by numerous intree know of as we have several cy" when the work is of different kinds, is equally the large proportion of insoluble matter, probably trees have generally attained a height of 6 to 8 feet, stances, in the course of which occurs the following woody fibre, of the white mulberry leaf, is nearly and an inch diameter at the base, in one season. curious statement: absent in the leaf of the multicaulis. The leaf is As to the number of trees in a package, we direct Of all the operations of mechanical arts, that of singularly soft and silky. It is true that the result od twenty trees to be put up in each package, because turning is the most perfect. If two surfaces are of Mr. Deslongchamp's experiments was unfavera that number would enable any person to secure a worked against each other, whatever may have been ble to the use of the common mulberry for silk worms, supply of leaves in three years. But we have no ob. their figure at the commencement, there exists a tenand we may add that our own experience has jection to supplying any smaller number-indeed it dency in them both to become portions of spheres. brought us to the same conclusion; but we ought was not our intention to exclude the supply of any Either of them may become convex, and the other not to infer from this, that all other mulberries, and number, even of a single tree. From careful experi concave, with various degrees of curvature. A plane especially one long preferred and used in China, ments we have ascertained the proportion by which surface is the line of separation between conventy must also be inferior to the white. Certainly every the Morus multicaulis may be increased, and thence and concavity, and is the most difficult to hit, and it body ought to have some evidence, and good evi- calculated the number that would supply a silk es. is more easy to make a good circle than to produce a dence too, of the equal fitness of the new Chiasse tablishment in a given time: the results of these ex. straight line. A similar difficulty takes place in fig. mulberry for the purpose, before they adopt it to the periments and calculation is the recommendation to uring epecula for telescopes; the parabola is the surexclusion of the white; and we did suppose that begin with twenty trees that a supply may be obtain-face which separates the hyperbolic from the elliptic this evidenco was before the public-at least we od in three years. The time at which a full supply figure, and is the most difficult to form. If a spin. have done all we could to furnish it, as will be seen of leaves will be obtained will be lengthened or short- die, not cylindrical at its end, is pressed into a hole on examining our columns, and those of several ened, according to the number of trees begun with not circular, and if the spindle he kept constantly other publications, especially the Annals of Horti under or over twenty. turning, there is a tendency in these two bodies so To conclude, so confident are we of the superior. situated to become conical, or to have circular sec. The history of the new Chinese mulberry will be ity of the Morus multicaulis over the white mulberry, tions. If a triangular pointed piece of iron be work. found in the American Farmer, vol. 12, page 124.- and of the certainty with which a full supply of leaves ed round in a circular hole, the edges will gradually This mulberry was brought from the Philipine will be obtained by the means proposed, in three wear, and it will become conical. These facts, if they Islands by a French corvette, in July, 1821. The years, that, were an insurance practicable, we should do not explain, at least illustrate the principles on corvette had been sent out by the French goveru- not hesitate to become responsible for all losses that which the excellence of work formed in the lathe ment, under the care of Samuel Perottet, for the might be sustained (casualties and carelessness ex. depends.-[Babbage on Machinery.] express purpose of collecting rare plants, seeds, &c. cepted) by those who try the experiment.

eulture of Paris.

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round without moving the barrel round also.

along the coast of Asia as far as the Philipine Isl. We shall take pleasure in giving any further ex. [From the Philadelphia edition of Wood's "Treatise on ands, and returned laden with them, the Morus mul-planation that may be desired, and beg our friends ticaulis being one of the articles obtained. It was to be assured that nothing but the most thorough con. Many other plans of employing gravity as a movfound at the Philipine Islands, where it had been viction of the importance of the Morus multicaulis. ing power have been resorted to by different persons. carried by the Chinese colonists, one of whom and of its great superiority over every other kind of In very steep planes horizontal rollers have been remarked that to this plant his country "owed its mulberry, could induce us to urge its preference. As used: where the descending train unwinds the rope immense product of silk, and the greatness of the we have repeatedly said, it is peculiarly fortunate from its barrel, and, at the same time, winds the rope celestial empire, from whence we carried it as the for this country that this species of the mulberry has upon the barrel of the returning carriage, which is bost article of our national wealth." Mr. Perotte! been introduced just at the commencement of the again, in its turn, unwound by the descending train. ascertained that it was originally from the north of silk culture. We also repeat, that a full supply of In such a combination, the brake can be employed China, that it had been transplanted from Canton leaves for the largest establishment can be obtained with any degree of force thought proper; as the rope to Manilla; he deposited it in the Island of Bourbon, from it in half the time required to obtain them from and barrel is one machine, and the rope cannot move at Cayenne, and at Senegambia. On its arrival in the white mulberry. France it was inmediately taken to the Royal Ger. Skeleton wagons, loaded with metal, are some. dens at Paris and Montpelier for propagation and times made use of to overhaul, or drag, the rope down experiment, the result of which has been its universa! Increase and diminution of Velocity. The fol the plane by which the empty wagons were drawn adoption so far as it could be obtained. lowing illustration of the results to be gained by an up; and also, at the same time, to drag the rope up All the trials of this mulberry of which we have ingenious application of the same force occurs- the plain by which the descending train was lower. seen any account, have resulted favorable. It not An instance of the saving of time by making the ed, for the purpose of allowing the descending train only makes silk of the best fibre, but is most con- same motion of the arm execute two operations in- always to pass down the same line of road, and the genial to the constitution of the worm. stead of one, occurs in the simple art of making the ascending train to travel up a different road, each The preference given by Dandole, and others to tags of boot laces: they are formed out of very thin having a separate rope. I do not see, however, that the double leaf white mulberry, was not founded tinned shoot-iron, and were formerly cut out of long this mode can be of advantage, except under very pe. upon the size of the leaf, but v pon its quality, and strips of that material into pieces of such a breadth culiar circumstances; for the moving power, in this the size was only referred to as descriptive of the that when bent round they just enclosed the lace.-case, is subjected to a resistance equal to double the kind preferred, not as indicative of quality. The Two pieces of steel have recently been fixed to the amount of the friction of the rope; and the rope is large leaves of the white mulberry are not as good side of the shears, by which each piece of tiuned-iron also subjected to a similar excess of strain, above as the small ones, bec use they are too succulent; as soon as it is cut is bent into a semi-cylindrical what exista in the common form of plane, where the but may not a vegetele have large leaves without a form. The additional power required for this ope- loaded carriages always pass down the road, that the suporabundance of sap, especially if such leaves be ration is almost imperceptible; and it is executed by empty ones traverse upwards, and vice versa. the natural one,? The leaves of the Chinese mul. the same motion of the arm which produces the cut. The mode by which the carriages are made to pass berry, though very large, aro thin and silky, and by The work is usually performed by women and chil. from one kind of road to another, is at once simple dren; and with the improved tool, more than three and effective, and is done without the aid of manual It is t ue that the beautiful and delicate silks of times the quantity of tags is produced in a given labor. China have generally been supposed to have been time. Gravity being a moving power so very economiained from the white mulberry; but we have The economy arising from velocity is exemplified cal, it is of the utmost importance that its aid be exgood evidence now for the belief that they are pro. in the contrivance used by haberdashers in taking tended to every situation, and in every case where duced from the Morus multicaulis. The testimony stock, by which ribbons are measured on a wheel, its application is available. Friction being the great of Mr. Perottet at least goes thus far. and also by which cotton balls are wound. obstacle, in the extension of its application, it is deWhen we said that 20 trees would produce 20,000 In turning from small instruments to the larger sirable that every means be tried to exterminate it in three years, we did not of course mean to say that and more important machines, the economy aris-as much as possible. The plan will, I am inclined these 20,000 trees would be as large as full grown ing from the increase of velocity becomes more to imagine, be found to be a mode of application by white mulberry trees, ruquiring a space of 33 feet striking. which the annihilation of friction has been effected

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square eacn, and each tree feeding 6,000 silk worms. In converting cast into wrought iron, a mass of to as great an extent as by any plan yet devised: it We intended to be understood as saying that by pro- metal of about a hundred weight is heated almost has this to recommend it, that it has been very exper management 20 young trees might be multiplied to a white heat, and placed under a heavy hammer tensively used in a district where almost every means to 20,000 young trees in three years. By layering moved by water or steam power. This is raised by has been resorted to in the economy of conveying

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goods, and every other plan has yielded to its adop- The dragging of boats upon Canals, from one tion, when the diminution of friction became an level to another, to save lockage water, by means" principle may also be applied to locomotive enWe observed it stated in the specification, that the object, of sloping planes, has long been in use; but the in- gines upon MeAdamized and other roads, by means The simplicity of the construction of this kind of troduction of steam engines to drag carriages up of rack and pinion, pully and cord, or by any other wheel, and the inanner of placing it, concealed from ascending planes upon Railroads is comparatively means adapted to the purpose. injury and sheltered from the weather, are also cir- recent. Mr. S. Cooke, in 1808, erected an engine We learn that Mr. John Wernwag (son of the cumstances which recommend it: in addition to the upon Birtley Fell, in the county of Durham, to draw inventor) is now engaged in the construction of a consideration of diminishing the friction. Barrel- the loaded carriages of the Urpeth colliery across Car upon this principle. From his talent as a scienrolle, where the rope winds upon itself, have been the Durham and Newcastle turnpike road, up a tific mechanic, we may look for a splendid effort. used, as before stated, when the excess of preponde steep ascent; and since that time, they have been rance rendered it necessary: but these requiring much used upon the Railroads in the neighborhood [From the Dansville Chronicle.] double ropes, the other plan is, on that account, su- of Newcastle. DANSVILLE AND RUCHESTER RAILROAD. The folperior, The following are the different kinds of planes lowing letter from Mr. Almy will be read with pleaThe amount of friction being always proportion. with which I am acquainted, and the manner of sur. sure by all who feel an interest in the contemplated ale to the extent of rubbing surface, by placing the mounting them: Railroad from this village to Rochester. rope upon sheeves, and causing it to pass down the Descending planes, or inclinations, where the gra. plane, along their peripheries, we diminish it in the vity of the carriages which have to pass downwards Geneseo, Aug. 13, 1832. James Faulkner, Esq.-Dear sir: I have passed ratio of the diameter of the sheeves to the diameter is sufficient to drag the rope after thein; by which over and examined, as critically as circumstances of the axle; hence, the larger the diameter of the rope the returning train is drawn up by a w sheeves. the better, provided the weight of the gine. This kind of planes may be formed of a sin. Dansville and Rochester Railroad. sheeves is not thereby increased. It is also necessa-gle or double line of road. If single, one train of We are now 101 feet below your village, 45 of ry that the surface of the sheeves, whereon the rope carriages only is in action at a time, and one rope which we ran down the first half mile. I think I traverses, when running, is always of the same ra- only is used; the descending train drawing the rope hazard nothing in saying that these seventeen miles dius: for, if the rope runs upon a surface not every out from the ongine upon the plane, to which, when of road can be graded as cheap, nay, cheaper than where the same distance from the centre of motion, the descending carriages reach the bottom, the as any road ever was graded since this species of imit must experience a rubbing from the different ve.cending carriages are attached, and they are thus provement came into existence; and although the locities of the surface of the she ves at the different drawn up by the engine. If double, then there is a manner of my operating does not admit of at all times radii; the velocity of the rope in every part being double line of road, or one similar to a self acting selecting the most feasible ground, still the Level the same, similar to a flat surface rolling along the plane, with a passing place in the middle; the des. Book shows an astonishing uniformity in the surperiphery of a conical sheeve. In some of the cending train of carriages passing down on one side, face of the ground, and its gentle inclination towards sheeves shown in the drawing, the surface whereon while at the same time the ascending train is drawn the north. The first four miles abound in quarries the rope runs is quite flat, with side flanches, to keep by the engine up the other. In this case, if there of fine stone, suitable for building culvert walls and the rope on; but the width will appear greater than be any oxcess, or preponderance of gravity, in the covering for the same, and for all other purposes rerequisite, being on an enlarged scale; the general descending carriages, beyond what is requisite to quiring the use of this material.

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width is from three to four inches, and the diameter drag the rope down the plane, this preponderance If the remainder of the route should prove as fawhere the rope runs from eleven to twelve inches; comes in aid of and assists the engine in dragging vorable as that already passed over, I have come to and the weight about twenty-one to twenty-five the ascending carriages up the plane. the conclusion that it will not be necessary to rise

traffic is such as will allow of the trains to be thus

pounds. In the other plan for the purpose of redu. The above kind of planes is principally used in or fall to exceed eight feet in any mile in the whole cing the weight, the surface whore the rope runs is private Railroads, or on those where the quantity of distance, nor be obliged to vary far from a direct made concave, nearly equal to the size of the rope; goods descending the plane is considerably greater course. You shall hear from me as often as circumand the weight is generally about twenty pounds, han the quantity ascending, and where the transit stances shall permit.—I am, dear sir, yours &c. the diameter being about twelve inches. can be regulasly carried on, and the rate at which J. ALMY. The limit in the application of self-acting planes the goods are to be conveyed is no object; as it will will be, when the preponderance of the gravitating readily be seen, that there must be as great a num. Congress has passed a law to authorize the surforce of the descending train of carriages is suffiber of descending trains of carriages as will drag wardly, by the way of Schiawassee, to the mouth of veying and laying out of a road from Detroit, westcient to drag the ascending carriages up the plane the rope out as many times as there are ascending Grand River. Such a road will greatly facilitate with the requisite velocity, and always upon descend. trains to be breught up; and that the nature of the the sale of a large tract of some of the best land in ing lines of road. Steam Engine fixed upon ascending Planes. alternately passed up and down; the descending rizing the survey and making of a road from La our Territory. An act has also been passed authoThe preceding planes, as before stated, are neces. train waiting until the ascending train is brought Plaisance bay, to intersect the Chicago road at some sarily descending planes, down which the goods are "P, or vice versa. These inconveniences may be. eligible point. We shall publish both Acts in our supposed to be conveyed, and up which only the modified, by erecting powerful engines to drag up a next.-[Detroit Journal.] empty carriages, or a very small portion of return. greal number of carriages at a time, if there is not an ing carriages of goods are supposed to ascend. In adequate number to descend: or skeleton carriages [From the Petersburg Intelligencer, Aug. 31.] the construction of general lines of road, extending, loaded with metal or other heavy substances might THE RAILROAD.-The ship Equator, from Liverfrom place to place, distant from each other, and be made use of to drag, at all times, the rope down pool, which arrived at this port a few days ago, between which the face of the country is perhaps the plane; but both these latter modes throw a great brought out a Locomotive Engine, called the "Rouneven, undulating, and hilly, we cannot always di. strain upon the rope, and perhaps should only be anoke," with a Tender and Wagon, for the Petersvide the line into platforms, or stages, with little resorted to on extraordinary occasions. burg and Roanoke Railroad Company. Previous to inclination: and when we descend planes, we fre- The books for the subscription of the stock of the being shipped, the locomotive engine underwent a quently meet with acclivities which cannot possibly Mad River and Erie Railroad Company were open trial on the Liverpool and Manchester Railroad, be avoided, up which the loaded carriages must be ed a few days since, at Sandusky, and various other and we understand gave entire satisfaction both as conveyed: also in public lines of road, where the places in the state At Sandusky $11,400 were sub. to speed and construction. carriage is, perhaps, the same in both directions, or scribed, and the first instalment (10 per cent.) paid As it has been some time since we referred to the even though the preponderance may be in one direc-in. Arrangements are to be made forthwith, to sur. progress of the Railroad, it may be satisfactory to tion, where loaded carriages occasionally have to vey the route.—{Salem, (Ohio,) Adv. of Aug. 23.] mention that about 20 miles (commencing at the Corpass and repass, it is necessary that a passage should, poration line and extending beyond Stony Creek) is at all times, be afforded to the transit of goods. I [From the Charleston Virg. Free Press, Aug. 23.] entirely completed and ready for use. From Stony shall, therefore, now describe the means which have A NEW RAILROAD CAR.-We have before us, at our Creek to the Meherrin river, the road has been grabeen employed to surmount such ascents with the request, a model of a Railroad Car, called "Worn- ded; on the first ten miles of which the wooden loaded carriages. wag's Self-Regulating of Self-Directing Railroad rails have been laid, and the contractors engaged in I have previously described the action of two Car," invented by that ingenious and well-known laying down the iron. From the Meherrin to the kinds of motive power, viz. HORSES and GRAVITY.-architect, Lewis Wernwag, of Harpers Ferry. Roanoke the road is under contract, with the exThe former has been explained to be limited in ac. Knowing but little of the principles of mechanics, ception of about two and a half miles. The Town tion to very inconsiderable acclivities: the latter to we are unable to give any thing like a correct de- section, commencing at the depot, at the corner of declivities solely. The kind of power which is the scription of the invention. We can only state, in Union and Washington streets, and connecting subject of this chapter will be applicable to all other general terms, that it is peculiarly calculated to run with that portion already completed, is also under inclinations of road; whether they be level, ascend-upon short curves-thereby saving both time and contract, and about two hundred hands actively ening, descending, or undulating. It will not here be space. It consists of six wheels; the centre ones gaged upon it. From present appearances, it is proattempted to point out the particular degree of in. being the regulators. From the axle of the centre bable that in little more than twelve months the enclination or elevation which should be observed in wheels are hounds or guiding poles affixed to the ax-tire line will be completed, and the enterprize of our Burmounting the summit of a hill, nor how far it les of the other wheels, to guide them according to citizens rewarded, by seeing their favorite town be may be advisable to divert the line to obtain a clear the curves. The axles of the main wheels are sepa- coming the mart for the rich products of the country inclination of plane, or to avoid such a rising rated in the centre, so as to allow either wheel to bordering on the Roanoke. ground; that part of the subject will be more pro move with greater or less velocity as the curves may We believe it is the intention of the Directors to perly discussed when we are fully acquainted with require. This saves the friction which occare to place the locomotive and two passenger cars on the the expenses of surmounting different acclivities. the inuer a heel of all cars in which the axle is fas-road in about ten days, when an opportunity will be I shall, therefore, first of all, describe the different tened to both wheels, and obviates a difficulty which afforded for a pleasant excursion to Stony Creek. A · methods of surmounting those ascents which occur strikes every observer at first sight. splendid Omnibus has been obtained for the conin some of the principal Railroads that have come We think the invention a highly important one; veyance of passengers to the temporary depot at under my observation: and, afterwards, compare and therefore invite all persons interested to call North Spring, where the cars will be in readiness to the effect on different planes with each other, by and examine the model. We particularly commend receive them. The iron work for about fifteen transwhich we may be able to deduce some practical data it to the attention of our Winchester friends--te portation cars has also been received. for the guidance of engineers in laying cut the most whom, if we can get the privilege, we will take advantageous line, or the most beneficia't inclination pleasure in sending it. of planes across the country through which a Rail. We verily believe a car might be constructed upon road is to be carried. this plan, to run round a common-giza haystack.

We have heard but one opinion as to the manner in which the work on this road has been executed(and that opinion is highly favorable to the skill and enterprize of all employed upon it.

580

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD AND CHESAPEAKE From the February No. of the Journal of the Frank wheels finding a less early practical limit, it is evi-] dont that a saving in the moving power is effected, AND OHIO CANAL COMPANIES.-The controversy be

lin Institute of Philadelphia.

Specification of a patent for an improvement in the as the power acts at a mechanical advantage equi- tween these two Companies, which has so long pa

all cases, however, the value of my invention de.

pressure occurs.

a half tons, and to use wheels of from two and a

construction of the axics or bearings of Railway, valent to the increased ratio of the diameter of the Granted to Ross wheel to that of the axle. These dudgeons, so con ralyzed the energies of both, will not, we regret to or other wheeled carriages. structed, were exhibited by me in England, as before say, soon be so adjusted as to enable cach to complete Winans, city of Baltimore, July 20, 1831. stated and have been adopted there without my de- its noble work. After the decision, by the highest To all whom it may concern, be it known, that I, court in Maryland, which gave to the Canal Co. the Ross Winans, havo invented an improvement in the ring any advantage therefrom; as, by the laws of that country, I could not secure the invention by right of way along the difficult passes from the Point construction of the axles, or bearings, of Railway, patent, after having publicly exhibited it. or other wheeled carriages, and that the following is The object of the invention, and a practical de- of Rocks to Harper's Ferry, a proposition was made a full and exact description thereof. monstration, of its utility having been shown, its by the Railroad company, which seemed to us-alThe axle, with my improved journals, or bearings, though we are not, we admit, so well informed upon may be made straight, and the wheels placed there application and adaptation to the different Railroad carriages, burthen wagons, locomotive engines, on in the usual way; but instead of forming the The offer was, if our recollection serves, to bearing under the body of the carriage, and withine, and to the different hearing hoxes that may be the subject as to be able to give an opinion-a fair preferred for different purposos, (either revolving, one. the naves, or hubs, of the wheels, there to sustain or common, will be evident, and easy, to any person construct the Canal along those difficult passes the weight of the load, I extend the axles out at acquainted with the building of Railway earriages. at the estimate of the engineers of the two Each end. projecting beyond the naves to such a randar it still mare en the following general directions and proportions are given, which I think companies, (the Canal company to pay at regu. geons. The lengths and diameters of these gud- will be found to be a near approximation to what lar intervals as the work progressed) and to keep h geons, I regulate according to the load they are in- will be required in practice. When it is intended in repair, at their own (the Railroad Co's) expense tended to sustain, and to other circumstances. In to convey loads of from two and a half to three and for five years, if the Caual Co. would permit them pends upon the gudgeons having their diameters as half to three feet in diameter, the general diameter to construct the Railroad at the same time along its inall as a due attention to the strength required. of the axles may be from two and three fourths to banks. By this proposition, the Canal would be conwill allow. The causing the axles to run in boxes, three inches, and extending through and beyond structed as cheap as it could otherwise be, and proor upon hearings, without the naves, admits of the naves of the wheels on each side, far enough to bably more permanently, as the Railroad would of their being made much smaller than usual, the de-) gree of diminution which I have found to answer go under and conveniently receive the side frame well in practice, will hereafter be stated. of the load bed, and to have their ends turned, or course run between it and the river, and must uecesThey should be formed of good wrought iron, and case- inches in length, and from one and a half to two should suppose also facilitate its progress. "The formed into gudgeons about two and a half to three sarily be a guarantee to its permanency, and we hardened; or overlaid, or casod, with the best steel, inches in diameter. and hardened, which materially diminishes the ex-formed, the carriage body rests by means of any hard On the four gudgeons thus Canal company, however, at their late meeting, detest of bearing surface necessary to enable them to metal bearings attached to the before mentioned clined the proposition, assigning at the same time receive and resist the pressure of the load, and their side pieces; which side pieces are so framed with their reasons, and in turn submitting a preposition, tendency to wear; they may therefore be short, and the cross pieces of the bed as to go on the outside which we annex: are consequently strong, when of comparatively of the wheels, either over or under the gudgeons, as It appeared perfectly obvious to the committee very small diameter. convenience inay require. The friction occasioned that it must at once seem to every individual that The tendency to lateral movement is checked, or by the tendency to a lateral movement of the gud- the mere circumstance of close contiguity between limited by forming the end, or point of the axle, or gudgeon, so as to be mat occasionally by the exter.on is limited by causing the end cover of the bear- two such works of internal improvement, ceuld be nal cap or cover of the gudgeon box, when lateral to meet the end of the gudgeon as near to the productive of benefit to neither. It could not in contre of action as possible. When my revolving any particular enhance the value of the canal, that By placing the hearing outside, (as aforesaid,) the box is intended to be used, this end is attained by a rival enterprize was constructed immediately upon forming the end perfectly square; and when the com- its margin, and it is equally obvious that no Stockdiameter of the wheels inay be enlarged with more advantage than formerly, as the axles between the mon box is used, by forming the end of the gudgeons holder in the Railroad would feel that his interest convex or rounding. wheels may be made of any required strength, (to was promoted by a contiguous canal. The most resist the increased stress thrown on to that part of In consequence of the small extent of hearing sur-sanguine anticipations of the future growth and face embraced by the bearing on the journal, the prosperity of our country must postpone, for many them by an onlargment of the wheels,) without af bearing box, (to guard against wear,) should be made fecting the size or strength, of the bearing journals. years, the period when it will exhibit such an acBy the foregoing means, the leverage of the as hard as the use of the most favorable materials cumulation of commodities, and such an increase of wheels, (or the mechanical advantage with which for that purpose would permit. The oiling or lubri- business, as will furnish full employment to both In the indefinite interval, all the produce the moving power acts, to overcome the resistance cation of the gudgeons may be effected in any of works. the usual or convenient ways. But to guard as much which will descend the valley of the Potomac may to motion,) is increased, and consequently the fric.] tion or resistance to motion in Railroad carriages, as possible against the oil working from the gud-conveniently be transported on either of these chan geons on to the rail wheels, it is advisable to turn nels of communication, while all the commodities This improvement in the axles and journals of one or two small rings, or grooves, on a portion of supplied from the sea board for consumption of the Railway carriages, was devised and carried into axle between the gudgeon and the nave of the interior must, as is equally obvious, afford much operation on my experimental Railway, and exhibi- wheel, which will obviate that difficulty. I do not less than full employment to either work. Their intend to be understood as claiming all merely pro- proximity to each other limits them to the same ted to various persons in the early part of the year 1827; and it was put into practical operation, un the wheels; the single wheel of Sargeant's and of jecting axles with bearing beyond, or external to, range of country. der my direction, on the Baltimore and Ohio, and Without instituting any comparison between the on the Liverpool and Manchester, Railroads, Palmer's rail-way carriage, for single railways, had two important projects, or endeavoring to ascertain in the early part of 1829, in connection with ejecting axies, and several kinds of rail-way car- their relative value as means of intercourse, points anatner improvement for the farther diminution of ages have been devised with four wheels, each haupon which great diversities of opinion prevail, it friction, by means of a revolving bearing, or frieving soparate axles, with both inside and outside, must be sufficiently obvious that if each of them tion wheel, for which other improvement a patent rings, with a view to turning curves with facility separately possesses the capacity to perform all the was granted to me on the 11th of October, 1898. A carriage was made at Liverpool, in England, at a business which the country requires, the proximity I constructed for use, on the latter of the beater date than my invention, with outside bearings of a rival enterprize cannot but be pernicious in its fore mentioned roads, a number of cars with the of the usual size for the purpose of using a broad influence. If they hold out equal inducements to axles and journals, or gudgeons, of various descrip.body, temporarily, and without any view to the ob- the merchant and the farmer, they will share in the tions and dimensions; the gudgeons, or immedi.ject of this improvement, nor effecting the like pur- same proportion, the business which is to be per. ate place of bearing for the load, varied from 1 1.4 pose. My invention is sufficiently distinguished from formed. Ruinous competitions to engross the to 2 1.4 inches in diameter, and from 1 3.4 to three all others before known and used by the new and whole, or an undue proportion of the transporta. inches in length. Some of them were made of useful effect produced in the manner aforesaid. tion may be confidently anticipated, and the two wrought iron and case hardened, and some of iron I therefore declare that the improvement, or im- companies will inevitably find themselves eccupied overlaid with steel and hardened. The axles provements, above explained and described, in di. in useless and unprofitable, if not destructive collibetween the wheels were mostly of wrought inishing the resistance to motion in wheeled car- sions. Inadequate profits upon the large amount of iron of from 2 1-2 to three inches in diameter.riages to be used on rail-ways, which I claim as my capital invested, will speedily induce neglect, and Several cars, however, were constructed with hollow own invention, is the extending the axles each way neglect will rapidly bring both to destruction.cylindrical cast iron axles, secured to the wheels by outside of a pair, or pairs, of wheels, far enough to Should experience demonstrate the decided superiflanches on the ends of the axle, and bolts, the gud. form external gudgeons to receive the bearing box ority of either over its rival, the deterioration in the geons being separate pieces firmly fixed into the of the load body, and diminished as aforesaid, with value of the less fortunate, because less useful unnaves of the wheels. (Wood may also be used for a view to lessen the resistance of friction, as small dertaking, may prompt to self-immolation as the the axles to keep the wheels in their parallel relation as its situation, with the use of the most favorable means of involving both in one common ruin. Fairto each other, with stooled gudgeons, as aforesaid, metal for wear, will permit. Thus conveniently in-noss and liberality on both sides, with an equal par to receive the bearings.) creasing the leverage of the wheels, without impair ticipation in the entire trade must render the stock of The result of experience by the practical use of ing their effective strength or durability. each unproductive to the proprietors. those cars for the conveyance of loads, for three to Ross WINANS. With these views, which to the committee appear six tons, and under various circumstances, is that, undeniable and incontrovertible, we cannot but re

diminished to a greater extent than heretofore.

(for the support of a given load,) the gudgeons or Seelding. I never knew a scolding porson that gard the project of carrying on the two works in im bearing for the load night, in the manner herein was able to govern a family. What makes people mediate contact with each other, as calculated serispecified, be safely used of from one third to one scold, is, because they cannot govern themselves. ously to impair the utility and value of both. So halfless in diameter than those in common use, with- Hory then can they govern others? Those who long as they are in juxta position, all the business out imparing, but rather increasing, the strength govern well, are generally calm. They are prompt performed by one would substantially be so much and durability of a car; and the diameter of the api resolute, but steady and mild. subtracted from the other, and an application to el

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