109. Translate into English.1

1. Galli ea loca incolunt. 2. Galli fortes sunt. 3. Gallī, qui2 ea loca incolunt, fortēs sunt. 4. Germānī, qui cis Rhēnum incolunt, in armis sunt. 5. Hostes urbem, de qua2 suprā scripsit Caesar, vallo fossaque muniebant. 6. Reliqui omnes Belgae in armis erant. 7. Hi cōnstanter omnēs idem1 nūntiant. 8. Venetī nāvēs habent multas, quibus in Britanniam navigant. 9. Iī qui vōbīs omnia debent, vōs semper amābunt. 10. Cīvēs nobis gratias cotidie agunt.

11. Ille princeps doctrinae, Plato, virtutem et sapientiam laudat. 12. Ii qui hanc civitatem regunt, sapientes sunt. 13. Quid dixit? Hoe dixit. 14. Num haec dixerunt? Nōn dixerunt. 15. Omnes ferè Belgae in armis fuērunt. 16. Cicero in illo ipsō libro de amicitia scripsit.

110. Translate into Latin.

1. Who was the king? 2. Was not Romulus king? He was.10 3. Who was the leader of the Romans? Was not

1 In preparing the longer and more difficult sentences in this and in the subsequent exercises, it is recommended that the pupil should follow the Suggestions which are inserted in this volume, page 200, and which are intended to aid him in discerning the process by which he may most readily and surely reach the meaning of a Latin sentence.

2 For Gender and Number, see 107, Rule XXXV.

In reading this sentence in the Latin slowly and attentively, in accordance with Suggestion IV., which words do you recognize? What parts of speech do you find? What cases, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons? What does each case, mood, tense, number, and person show you? 4 Direct Object of nuntiant.

5 Ablative of Means. See 78, Rule XXV.

6 Ille is often thus used of what is WELL KNOWN, FAMOUS.

7 Observe that the auxiliaries does, do, did, are often used in interrogative and negative sentences in English, but that no corresponding auxiliaries are used in Latin. Thus, nōnne dicit, does he say? non dicit, he does not say. Remember this difference in rendering into Latin, as in 110, 4 and 5, Did not Cicero, etc.?

8 Illō ipsō, that very; ipse is sometimes best rendered VERY.

9 What Interrogative will you use? See 106, 351, 1, notes.

10 See 106, 352.

Caesar the leader of the Romans?

Caesar was the leader of the Romans. 4. Did not Cicero write this book? He wrote it. 5. Did he write the book that1 the pupils are reading? He did not write it. Caesar, who conquered the Gauls, wrote that book. 6. Cicero, who wrote these books, was at that time a very renowned orator.

7. The enemy, about whom Caesar wrote above, were Gauls. 8. The Belgae, who were at that time in arms, were the bravest of the Gauls. 9. What did Plato praise? Did he not praise learning and wisdom? He always praised virtue. 10. Who has written in regard to friendship? Cicero, the consul, wrote a book in regard to friendship.

LESSON XXXVIII.

PRESENT AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE, AND PRESENT IMPERATIVE ACTIVE, IN CONJUGATIONS I. AND II., AND IN THE VERB Sum. - RULE XXXVII.

111. Lesson from the Grammar.

196. The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD2 expresses not an actual fact, but a possibility or conception. It is best translated

1. Sometimes by the English auxiliaries, let, may, might, should, would:

Amēmus patriam, LET US LOVE our country. Sint beati, MAY THEY BE happy. Quaerat quispiam, some one MAY INQUIRE. Hoc nēmo dixerit, no one WOULD SAY this. Ego censeam, I SHOULD THINK, or I AM INCLINED TO THINK.

2. Sometimes by the English Indicative, especially by the Future forms with shall and will:

Huic cēdāmus, SHALL WE YIELD to this one? Quid dies ferat incertum est, what a day WILL BRING FORTH is uncertain. Quaesivit si liceret, he inquired whether IT WAS LAWFUL.

1 For the Gender, Number and Case of the Latin Pronoun, see 107, Rule XXXV., and 16, Rule V.

2 for the Imperative Mood, see p. 13, 196, III.

3. Sometimes by the Imperative, especially in prohibitions:

Nē transieris Hiberum, Do not CROSS the Ebro.

4. Sometimes by the English Infinitive:1

Contendit ut vincat, he strives TO CONQUER. Missi sunt qui cōnsulerent Apollinem, they were sent TO CONSULT Apollo.

112. Examples. - Indicative Mood.

1. Galli ea loca incolunt.

The Gauls INHABIT those places.

2. Hostes urbem muniebant. The enemy WERE FORTIFYING the city.

NOTE. Observe in these examples that the verbs incolunt, inhabit,' and muniebant, were fortifying,' relate to facts. They are in the Indicative Mood, in accordance with the Latin usage,2 expressed in the following

RULE XXXVII. — Indicative.

474. The Indicative is used in treating of facts:

Deus mundum aedificavit, God made (built) the world. Cic. Nonne expulsus est patria, was he not banished from his country? Cic. Hoc féci dum licuit, I did this as long as it was permitted. Cic.

113. Certain Forms of the Subjunctive and Imperative. I. In the Verb Sum, I am.

1 Observe, however, that the Infinitive here is not the translation of the Subjunctive alone, but of the Subjunctive with its subject and connective: ut vincat, to conquer (lit., that he may conquer); qui cōnsulerent, to consult (lit., who should or would consult).

2 All the verbs in the preceding Lessons are in the Indicative Mood, and are illustrations of this usage.

LESSON XXXIX.

SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE ACTIVE IN CONJUGA

TIONS I. AND II., AND IN THE VERB Sum.

Subjunctive and Imperative.

LET US LOVE our country.
LET THEM not DARE.

MAY THEY BE happy.

PRACTISE justice.

Go, Catiline.

RULES

NOTE 1.In the first three of these examples, observe that the verbs amemus, audeant, and sint all express or imply a desire or wish on the part of the speaker. These verbs are all in the Subjunctive, in accordance with the Latin usage expressed in the following

RULE XXXVIII.

Subjunctive of Desire, Command.

483. The Subjunctive is used to represent the action NOT AS REAL, but AS DESIRED:

Valeant civēs, MAY the citizens BE WELL. Cic. Amēmus patriam, LET US LOVE our country. Cic. Ā nōbis dīligātur, LET HIM BE LOVED by us. Cic. Scribere nē pigrēre, Do not NEGLECT to write. Cic.

1. The Subjunctive of Desire is often accompanied by utinam, and sometimes, especially in the poets, by ut, sī, ō si :

Utinam cōnāta efficere possim, may I be able to accomplish my endeavors. Cic. Ut illum di perdant, would that the gods would destroy him. Ter.

2. FORCE OF TENSES. - The Present and Perfect imply that the wish may be fulfilled; the Imperfect and Pluperfect, that it cannot be fulfilled:

Sint beati, may they be happy. Cic. Nē transieris Hibērum, do not cross the Ebro. Liv. Utinam possem, utinam potuissem, would that I were able, would that I had been able. Cic.

3. NEGATIVES.

With the Subjunctive of Desire, the negative is nē, rarely nōn; with a connective, nēve, neu, rarely neque :