LESSON XXVI.

CERTAIN FORMS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

69. In verbs of the THIRD CONJUGATION, the THIRD PERSON in the singular and plural of the present, imper、 fect, and future tenses of the indicative mood has the fol lowing

NOTE. In these examples fortiter (bravely), and nōn (not) are adverbs modifying pugnat. The use of adverbs is expressed in the following

RULE LXI. - Use of Adverbs.

551. Adverbs qualify VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and other

ADVERBS:

Sapientes féliciter 1 vivunt, the wise live happily. Cic. Facile doctissimus, unquestionably the most learned. Cic. Haud aliter, not otherwise. Verg.

1 The Adverb is, therefore, the part of speech which is used to qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Feliciter, 'happily,' is an adverb qualifying the verb vivunt, 'live' (live happily). Facile, easily,' 'unquestionably,' is an adverb qualifying the adjective doctissimus, 'the most learned' (easily, i.e. unquestionably the most learned). Haud, 'not,' is an adverb qualifying the adverb aliter, 'otherwise' (not otherwise). The adverb in Latin usually stands directly before the word which it qualifies, as in these examples.

71. Adverbs, unlike Nouns and Adjectives, from which they are largely derived, are indeclinable. They have a variety of endings, of which we now notice e, o, and ter: modeste, modestly'; saepe, 'often'; tuto, 'safely'; fortiter, 'bravely.'

10.

1. Dīcit, dicebant, dicet. 2. Legunt, legebat, legent. 3. Dicunt, scribunt. 4. Dicebat, scribēbat. 5. Dicent, scribent. 6. Ducit, ducebat, dūcet. 7. Regunt, regebat, regent. 8. Consul modestē dicebat. 9. Pueri modestē dicunt. Rex breviter dicet. 11. Consulēs breviter dicunt. 12. Judex feliciter vivit. 13. Cīvēs fēlīciter vivēbant. Pastōrēs simpliciter vīvunt.

14.

15. Jūdex librum legebat. 16. Jūdicēs ōrātiōnēs Cicerōnis legebant. 17. Judices bonī ōrātiōnēs Ciceronis consulis

diligenter legebant. 18. Epistulas consulis diligenter legent. 19. Hostés lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt. 20. Hostēs lēgātōs ad regem mittent. 21. Militēs fortiter pūgnābant. 22. Consul amicōs multōs habebat. 23. Consul magnum amīcōrum numerum habebat.

74. Translate into Latin.

1. He leads, he was leading, he will lead. 2. He rules, he was ruling, he will rule. 3. They lead, they rule. 4. They were leading, they were ruling. 5. They will lead, they will rule. 6. The judge will speak the truth. 7. They speak the truth. 8. They will speak modestly. 9. Cicero was writing to a friend. 10. The boys will write often. 11. Cicero was writing about friendship.

12. The king is writing a book. 13. He will write many books. 14. The boy is writing about virtue. 15. The boys will write about the victory. 16. The king lives happily. 17. The father of the good queen was living happily. 18. He was reading a good book. 19. The boys will read good books. 20. Caesar sends an ambassador to the enemy. 21. The king will send ambassadors to the enemy.

LESSON XXVII.

CERTAIN FORMS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. PERFECT TENSE.

75. In verbs of the FOURTH CONJUGATION, the THIRD PERSON in the singular and plural of the present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative mood has the following

76. In verbs of the FOUR CONJUGATIONS, the THIRD PERSON in the singular and plural of the perfect tense of the indicative mood has the following

77. In the verb Sum, the THIRD PERSON in the singular and plural of the perfect tense of the indicative mood has the following forms:

NOTE.

He obtained the kingdom BY MERIT.

He fortified the town BY MEANS OF A

RAMPART.

Observe in these examples that virtute, by merit,' and vallo, 'by means of a rampart,' are both in the Ablative. This Latin idiom is expressed in the following

1 Or he loved, they loved. 2 Rēxit=rēg-sit, rēxerunt=rēg-sērunt; p. 3, 30.

RULE XXV. — Ablative of Means.

420. INSTRUMENT and MEANS are denoted by the Ablative:

Cornibus taurī sē tūtantur, bulls defend themselves WITH THEIR HORNS. Cic. Glōriā dūcitur, he is led BY GLORY. Cic. Sol omnia luce collustrat, the sun illumines all things with its light. Cic. Lacte vivunt, they live upon milk. Caes. Tellus saucia vomeribus, the earth turned (wounded) with the ploughshare. Ovid.

1 As the ending of the third person singular of the present indicative is the same in the fourth conjugation as in the third, verbs of the fourth conjugation for the present will be distinguished in the vocabularies by the numeral 4.