APPENDIX.

GENERAL RULES OF SYNTAX

Given here in a body, for convenience of reference, in the order and form in which they occur in the standard edition of Harkness's LATIN GRAMMAR, together with the numbers of sections in which the Rules are given respectively in this Volume, and their grammatical reference numbers.

AGREEMENT OF NOUNS.

RULE I.-Predicate Nouns (59).

362. A noun predicated of another noun denoting the same person or thing agrees with it in CASE:

Brutus custos libertatis fuit, Brutus was the guardian of liberty.

RULE II.-Appositives (28).

363. An appositive agrees in CASE with the noun or pronoun which it qualifies:

Cluilius rex moritur, Cluilius the king dies.

NOMINATIVE.-VOCATIVE.

RULE III.—Subject Nominative (12).

368. The Subject of a Finite verb is put in the Nominative:

Servius rēgnavit, Servius reigned.

RULE IV.-Case of Address (190).

369. The Name of the person or thing addressed is put in the Vocative :

Perge, Laeli, proceed, Laelius.

ACCUSATIVE.

RULE V.-Direct Object (16).

371. The DIRECT OBJECT of an action is put in the Ac

cusative :

Deus mundum aediñcavit. God made (built) the world.

RULE VI.-Two Accusatives-Same Person (153). 373. Verbs of MAKING, CHOOSING, CALLING, REGARDING, SHOWING, and the like, admit two Accusatives of the same person or thing:

Hamilcarem imperātōrem fēcērunt, they made Hamilcar commander.

RULE VII.-Two Accusatives-Person and Thing (273). 374. Some verbs of ASKING, DEMANDING, TEACHING, and CONCEALING admit two Accusatives-one of the person and the other of the thing:

Me sententiam rogavit, he asked me my opinion.

RULE VIII.—Accusative of Specification.

378. A verb or an adjective may take an Accusative to define its application :

Capita vēlāmur, we have our heads veiled.

RULE IX.-Accusative of Time and Space (98).

379. DURATION OF TIME and EXTENT OF SPACE are expressed by the Accusative:

Septem et trigintā rēgnāvit annōs, he reigned thirty-seven years. Quinque milia passuum ambulare, to walk five miles.

RULE X.-Accusative of Limit (277).

380. The PLACE TO WHICH is designated by the Accusative:

I. Generally with a preposition-ad or in:

Legiōnēs ad urbem adducit, he is leading the legions to or toward the city. II. In names of towns without a preposition :

Nuntius Romam redit, the messenger returns to Rome.

RULE XI.-Accusative in Exclamations.

381. The Accusative, either with or without an interjection, may be used with Exclamations :

Heu me miserum, ah me unhappy!

DATIVE.

RULE XII.-Dative with Verbs (54).

384. The INDIRECT OBJECT of an action is put in the Dative. It is used

I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE verbs:

Tibi serviō, I am devoted to you.

II. With TRANSITIVE verbs, in connection with the DIRECT OBJECT;

Agrōs plebi dedit, he gave lands to the common people.

RULE XIII.-Two Datives-To which and For which (281). 390. Two Datives-the OBJECT TO WHICH and the OBJECT or END FOR WHICH-occur with a few verbs:

I. With INTRANSITIVE and PASSIVE verbs:

Malo est hominibus avaritia, avarice is an evil to men.

II. With TRANSITIVE verbs in connection with the AccUSATIVE: Quinque cohortēs castris praesidio reliquit, he left five cohorts for the defence of the camp.

RULE XIV.-Dative with Adjectives (141).

391. With adjectives, the OBJECT TO WHICH the quality is directed is put in the Dative:

Omnibus cărum est, it is dear to all.

RULE XV.-Dative with Nouns and Adverbs.

392. The Dative is used with a few special nouns and adverbs:

I. With a few nouns from verbs which take the Dative:

Justitia est obtemperātið lēgibus, justice is obedience to laws.

II. With a few adverbs from adjectives which take the Dative:
Congruenter naturae vivere, to live in accordance with nature.

GENITIVE.

RULE XVI.-Genitive with Nouns (28).

395. Any noun, not an Appositive, qualifying the mean ing of another noun, is put in the Genitive:

Catōnis ōrātiōnēs, Cato's orations.

RULE XVII.-Genitive with Adjectives.

399. Many adjectives take a Genitive to complete their

meaning:

Avidus laudis, desirous of praise.

RULE XVIII.-Predicate Genitive.

401. A noun predicated of another noun denoting a different person or thing is put in the Genitive:

Omnia hostium erant, all things belonged to the enemy.

RULE XIX.-Genitive with Special Verbs.

406. The Genitive is used

I. With misereor and miserēscō:

Miserere labōrum, pity the labors.

II. With recordor, memini, reminiscor, and obliviscor:
Meminit praeteritorum, he remembers the past.

III. With refert and interest:

Interest omnium, it is the interest of all.

RULE XX.—Accusative and Genitive (285).

409. The ACCUSATIVE of the PERSON and the GENITIVE of the THING are used with a few transitive verbs:

I. With verbs of reminding, admonishing:

Tē amicitiae commonefacit, he reminds you of friendship.

II. With verbs of accusing, convicting, acquitting :

Viros sceleris arguis, you accuse men of crime.

III. With miseret, paenitet, pudet, taedet, and piget:
Eōrum nōs miseret, we pity them.

ABLATIVE PROPER.

RULE XXI.-Place from which (277).

412. The PLACE FROM WHICH is denoted by the Abla tive:

I. Generally with a preposition—ā, ab, dē, or ex:

Ab urbe proficiscitur, he sets out from the city.

II. In NAMES OF Towns without a preposition :

Platōnem Athenis arcessivit, he summoned Plato from Athens.